The aim of the research described in this thesis is to improve our understanding of how the central nervous system (CNS) integrates feedback information from different sensory modalities to permit skill acquisition, and the subsequent consolidation of that skill, when exposed to a novel visuomotor environment. Indeed, such adaptation must be consolidated and recalled when appropriate such that we do not have to continually relearn skills we once possessed. By manipulating the sensory feedback available from the visual and proprioceptive systems during learning, it is possible to determine those facets of the sensory feedback that are essential for adaptation to occur. The thesis consists of seven chapters. The first and last provide a conceptual basis for, and an overall discussion of, the research. Chapter 2 reviews current visuomotor adaptation research, with particular focus on the manner in which information about novel tasks is stored within the CNS as we adapt, and the sensory information that is necessary to allow this adaptation to occur. Furthermore, this chapter serves to introduce many of the experimental techniques that are used to investigate motor learning in humans. Chapter 3 is a report of an investigation of the issues of interference and consolidation in an isometric target acquisition task. Exposure to a 30° counter-clockwise (CCW) rotation was followed by a period of rest, trials with no rotation, or trials with a 60° clockwise (CW) rotation. Retention of the initial adaptation was assessed 5 hours later. Full interference was manifested in circumstances in which either counter-rotated or non-rotated trials were encountered following the initial learning period. These results are consistent with the view that the observed interference is anterograde in nature, and highlight differences in the mechanisms employed by the CNS when compensating for novel kinematics (e.g. visuomotor rotations) compared with adapting to novel dynamics (e.g. external forces). Chapter 4 is a report of an investigation of the role of visual feedback in adapting to novel visuomotor environments in an isometric target acquisition task. Following trials with no rotation, participants adapted to a 60° CCW visuomotor rotation before returning to the non-rotated condition. Separate groups received either continuous visual feedback (CF) of cursor position during task execution or post-trial visual feedback (PF), both indicating task performance. One CF group were instructed to make any (feedback) modifications necessary during the task to reduce errors and acquire the target, while another CF group were instructed to make uncorrected, ballistic movements. Colour cues permitted the identification of the task environment (nonrotated/ rotated) on every trial. The results indicate that an automatic recalibration of the visuomotor mapping occurs when CF is provided, and suggest that performance improvements with PF may occur via the adoption of a cognitively mediated strategy. Furthermore, execution of feedback motor commands to correct errors did not enhance the adaptation that occurred when CF was provided, indicating that the perception of sensory errors (and not feedback commands that may be applied to reduce those errors) drives feedforward visuomotor adaptation. To investigate whether additional proprioceptive feedback associated with movement altered the adaptation patterns observed in chapter 4, a study similar to that reported in chapter 4 was undertaken, and is reported in chapter 5. In this instance a discrete, goaldirected, movement task replaced the isometric task. Subjects were deprived of vision of their arm, but were provided with PF or CF indicating task performance. The patterns of adaptation noted in the isometric task were also exhibited in this dynamic task, indicating that the timing of the visual feedback of task performance has a profound effect on how performance improvements in a novel visuomotor rotation occur. The experiment reported in Chapter 6 assessed the ability to adapt to two conflicting visuomotor rotations interleaved within the same training period, when each task variant (rotation) could be identified by contextual (colour) cues. While full dual adaptation was not observed, the results suggest that the colour cues may have been utilised to explicitly select distinct motor commands for each task rotation.

The aim of the research described in this thesis is to improve our understanding of how the central nervous system (CNS) integrates feedback information from different sensory modalities to permit skill acquisition, and the subsequent consolidation of that skill, when exposed to a novel visuomotor environment. Indeed, such adaptation must be consolidated and recalled when appropriate such that we do not have to continually relearn skills we once possessed. By manipulating the sensory feedback available from the visual and proprioceptive systems during learning, it is possible to determine those facets of the sensory feedback that are essential for adaptation to occur. The thesis consists of seven chapters. The first and last provide a conceptual basis for, and an overall discussion of, the research. Chapter 2 reviews current visuomotor adaptation research, with particular focus on the manner in which information about novel tasks is stored within the CNS as we adapt, and the sensory information that is necessary to allow this adaptation to occur. Furthermore, this chapter serves to introduce many of the experimental techniques that are used to investigate motor learning in humans. Chapter 3 is a report of an investigation of the issues of interference and consolidation in an isometric target acquisition task. Exposure to a 30° counter-clockwise (CCW) rotation was followed by a period of rest, trials with no rotation, or trials with a 60° clockwise (CW) rotation. Retention of the initial adaptation was assessed 5 hours later. Full interference was manifested in circumstances in which either counter-rotated or non-rotated trials were encountered following the initial learning period. These results are consistent with the view that the observed interference is anterograde in nature, and highlight differences in the mechanisms employed by the CNS when compensating for novel kinematics (e.g. visuomotor rotations) compared with adapting to novel dynamics (e.g. external forces). Chapter 4 is a report of an investigation of the role of visual feedback in adapting to novel visuomotor environments in an isometric target acquisition task. Following trials with no rotation, participants adapted to a 60° CCW visuomotor rotation before returning to the non-rotated condition. Separate groups received either continuous visual feedback (CF) of cursor position during task execution or post-trial visual feedback (PF), both indicating task performance. One CF group were instructed to make any (feedback) modifications necessary during the task to reduce errors and acquire the target, while another CF group were instructed to make uncorrected, ballistic movements. Colour cues permitted the identification of the task environment (nonrotated/ rotated) on every trial. The results indicate that an automatic recalibration of the visuomotor mapping occurs when CF is provided, and suggest that performance improvements with PF may occur via the adoption of a cognitively mediated strategy. Furthermore, execution of feedback motor commands to correct errors did not enhance the adaptation that occurred when CF was provided, indicating that the perception of sensory errors (and not feedback commands that may be applied to reduce those errors) drives feedforward visuomotor adaptation. To investigate whether additional proprioceptive feedback associated with movement altered the adaptation patterns observed in chapter 4, a study similar to that reported in chapter 4 was undertaken, and is reported in chapter 5. In this instance a discrete, goaldirected, movement task replaced the isometric task. Subjects were deprived of vision of their arm, but were provided with PF or CF indicating task performance. The patterns of adaptation noted in the isometric task were also exhibited in this dynamic task, indicating that the timing of the visual feedback of task performance has a profound effect on how performance improvements in a novel visuomotor rotation occur. The experiment reported in Chapter 6 assessed the ability to adapt to two conflicting visuomotor rotations interleaved within the same training period, when each task variant (rotation) could be identified by contextual (colour) cues. While full dual adaptation was not observed, the results suggest that the colour cues may have been utilised to explicitly select distinct motor commands for each task rotation.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-07-22T20:50:54Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2009-10-28. Added 1 bitstream(s) on 2015-08-11T03:26:00Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 Publico-11922.pdf: 2026305 bytes, checksum: 6748d516ad453759f76cc254710a50b1 (MD5) / OBJETIVO: avaliar o efeito de um programa de treinamento de força muscular progressiva e propriocepção, na força muscular do quadríceps, no equilíbrio, na qualidade de vida e na redução do risco de quedas em mulheres com osteoporose pós-menopausa. MÉTODOS: Foram selecionadas cem mulheres sedentárias com idade entre 55 e 75 anos com osteoporose pós-menopausa, randomizadas em dois grupos: grupo intervenção composto por 50 pacientes submetidas a 18 semanas de treinamento de força muscular progressiva do quadríceps (a 50%, 60%, 70% até 80% de 1-RM – uma repetição máxima), e de propriocepção, associados ao tratamento clínico medicamentoso para osteoporose; e grupo controle também composto por 50 pacientes que receberam apenas o tratamento clínico medicamentoso. Força muscular, equilíbrio, mobilidade funcional e qualidade de vida foram avaliados no início e ao final da pesquisa através do Teste de Uma Repetição Máxima (1-RM), Berg Balance Scale (BBS), Timed Up & Go Test (TUG) e SF-36. Número de quedas foi avaliado 6 meses que antecederam à pesquisa e nos 6 meses seguintes. RESULTADOS: 85 pacientes concluíram a pesquisa. Os valores para SF-36 melhoraram em todas as oito sub-escalas no grupo intervenção (p ≤ 0.0018), Timed Up & Go Test (p < 0,0001), do teste de 1-RM (p < 0,0001), da Berg Balance Scale (p < 0,0001), e, ainda, uma redução do risco de quedas no grupo intervenção comparada ao grupo controle (IRR 0.263, 95% IC 0.10, 0.68). CONCLUSÃO: A associação do treinamento de força muscular progressiva para quadríceps e o treinamento proprioceptivo é efetivo na redução do risco de quedas, no aumento da força muscular do quadríceps, na melhora do equilíbrio estático e dinâmico, na melhora da capacidade funcional e da qualidade de vida em mulheres com osteoporose pós-menopausa. / OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effect of a progressive muscular strength and proprioception training program on the muscle strength of the quadriceps, balance, quality of life and reduction in the risk of falls in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis. METHODS: One hundred sedentary postmenopausal women with osteoporosis, ages ranging from 55 to 75, were selected and randomized into two groups: the intervention group comprised of 50 patients who underwent a 18-week of progressive load training for the quadriceps muscle (50%, 60%, 70% up to 80% of 1- RM – one maximum repetition) and proprioception training associated to a drug treatment of osteoporosis and the control group that included 50 patients who only underwent a drug treatment of osteoporosis. The muscular strength, balance, functional mobility and quality of life were evaluated in the beginning and end of the research through the One Maximum Repetition Test (1-RM), Berg Balance Scale (BBS), Timed Up & Go Test (TU & GT) and SF-36. The number of falls was evaluated 6 months preceding the research and in the following six months. Results: Eighty-five patients concluded the research. The program promoted a significant difference among the groups for SF-36 in the eight sub-scales (p ≤ 0.0018), Timed Up & Go Test (p < 0.0001), 1-RM test (p < 0.0001), Berg Balance Scale (p < 0.0001) and also a decrease in the number of falls in the intervention group compared to control (IRR 0.263, 95% CI 0.10, 0.68). Conclusion: The association of progressive strength training for the quadriceps and the proprioceptive training is effective for the prevention of falls, increasing the muscle power, the static and dynamic balance and increasing the speed of the motor responses, therefore improving the performance of daily activities. / TEDE / BV UNIFESP: Teses e dissertações

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Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-02T20:19:05Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 DissDFML.pdf: 4036926 bytes, checksum: 7de4e9f504405a41c208a231ddcb7e1c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007-02-26 / Financiadora de Estudos e Projetos / Several studies have shown the important role of the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) in the knee proprioception. However, there are still few studies that had evaluate the characteristics of proprioception acuity in the early period of rehabilitation after the ACL-reconstructed surgery, over all when it was associated to functional outcomes. Thus, the objective of this study was to evaluate knee proprioception and subjective knee function in subjects who had an ACL injury, before and after (3 months) the reconstruction surgery with the middle third of patellar tendon autograft; and in control subjects. Ten volunteers who had unilateral ACL injury (26.9±6.8 years) reconstructed group - and fifteen health volunteers (22.1±3.0 years) control group performed a proprioceptive evaluation (joint position sense - JPS during active and passive movements, threshold for detection of passive movement TDPM) on a Biodex Multi-Joint System III Pro isokinetic dynamometer, at 2º/s and at two target-angles (30º and 60º of knee flexion). The variables analyzed were the mean of angular displacement (TDPM) and the mean of absolute error (JPS) in relation to each target-angle. The subjective knee function was evaluated by Lysholm scale. The analyses of variance showed subjective functional deficit in involved limb, compared to the uninvolved limb, as well as in relation to the control group, in both test moments (p<0.01). Although no significant, the results showed a tendency for higher TDPM in the reconstructed group (p=0.06). There was no significant difference in the mean of absolute error between the groups (p>0.05), for any modality of JPS, target-angles or test moments. The TDPM showed strong correlation with the subjective knee functional score (just in the involved limb). Under the experimental conditions utilized, the subjects who had an anterior cruciate ligament injury didn t show proprioceptive deficits in relation to the control group, although of the subjective functional limitations presented. / Diversos estudos têm evidenciado o importante papel do ligamento cruzado anterior (LCA) na propriocepção do joelho. No entanto, ainda há poucos estudos que tenham investigado as características da acuidade proprioceptiva no período inicial de reabilitação após a reconstrução cirúrgica do LCA, sobretudo quando associada a aspectos funcionais. Diante do exposto, foi objetivo do presente estudo avaliar a sensibilidade proprioceptiva e a função subjetiva do joelho em indivíduos com lesão do LCA, antes e após (3 meses) a reconstrução cirúrgica pelo terço médio do tendão patelar autógeno; e em indivíduos controle. Dez voluntários com lesão unilateral do LCA (26,9±6,8 anos) grupo reconstruído - e quinze clinicamente sadios (22,1±3,0 anos) - grupo controle - realizaram uma avaliação proprioceptiva (percepção da posição articular PPA - durante os movimentos ativo e passivo, limiar de detecção do movimento passivo LDMP) no dinamômetro isocinético Biodex Multi-Joint System III Pro, a 2º/s e em dois ângulos-alvo (30º e 60º de flexão do joelho). As variáveis estudadas foram o deslocamento angular médio (LDMP) e o erro absoluto (PPA) em relação a cada ângulo-alvo. A função subjetiva do joelho foi avaliada por meio da Escala de Lysholm. A análise de variância indicou déficit funcional subjetivo no membro envolvido, comparado ao membro contralateral, bem como em relação ao grupo controle, nos dois períodos de teste (p<0,01). Embora não significativo, os resultados indicaram tendência de maior LDMP para o grupo reconstruído (p=0,06). Não houve diferença significativa entre os grupos quanto à média de erro absoluto (p>0,05), para qualquer uma das modalidades de PPA, ângulos-alvo ou períodos considerados. O LDMP apresentou forte correlação com o escore funcional do joelho (apenas para o membro envolvido). Nas condições experimentais utilizadas, os indivíduos com lesão do LCA não apresentaram déficits proprioceptivos significativos em relação ao grupo controle, apesar das limitações funcionais verificadas subjetivamente.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T15:16:10Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 NiciaFBM_DISSERT.pdf: 1728497 bytes, checksum: a256b529408b17ed552e700e78441abd (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-05-14 / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior / Muscle fatigue is a phenomenon that promotes physiological and biomechanical disorders and their changes in healthy subjects have been widely studied and have significant importance for care in preventing injuries, but we do not have many information about its effects in patients after ACL reconstruction. Thus, this study is to analyze the effects of fatigue on neuromuscular behavior of quadriceps after ACL reconstruction. To reach this objective, participants were forty men, twenty healthy (26,90 ? 6,29 years) and twenty after ACL reconstruction (29,75 ? 7,01 years) with a graft of semitendinosus and gracilis tendons, between four to six months after surgery. At first, there was an assessment of joint position sense (JPS) at the isokinetic dynamometer at a speed of 5?/s and target angle of 45? to analyze the absolute error of JPS. Next, we applied the a muscle fatigue protocol, running 100 repetitions of isokinetic knee flexion-extension at 90?/s. Concurrently with this protocol, there was the assessment of muscle performance, as the peak torque (PT) and fatigue index, and electromyographic activity (RMS and median frequency). Finally, we repeated the assessment of JPS. The statistical analysis showed that patients after ACL reconstruction have, even under normal conditions, the amended JPS compared with healthy subjects and that after fatigue, both have disturbances in the JPS, but this alteration is significantly exacerbated in patients after ACL reconstruction. About muscle performance, we could notice that these patients have a lower PT, although there are no differences between the dynamometric and EMG fatigue index. These findings show the necessity about the cares of pacients with ACL reconstruction in respect of the risks of articulate instability and overload in ligamentar graft / A fadiga muscular ? um fen?meno que envolve dist?rbios fisiol?gicos e biomec?nicos. A an?lise de suas altera??es, em indiv?duos sadios, possui grande import?ncia na preven??o de les?es, mas pouco se sabe sobre suas repercuss?es em pacientes ap?s reconstru??o do LCA. Dessa forma, o objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar os efeitos da fadiga no comportamento neuromuscular do quadr?ceps femoral de indiv?duos ap?s reconstru??o do LCA. Para tanto, participaram deste estudo quarenta homens, sendo vinte saud?veis (26,90 ? 6,29 anos) e vinte ap?s reconstru??o de LCA (29,75 ? 7,01 anos) com enxerto dos tend?es semitendinoso e gr?cil, entre 4 a 6 meses de p?s-operat?rio. Em princ?pio, realizou-se uma avalia??o do senso de posi??o articular (SPA) ativo, no dinam?metro isocin?tico, a uma velocidade de 5?/s e ?ngulo-alvo de 45?, sendo a vari?vel analisada o seu erro absoluto. Em seguida, aplicou-se uma avalia??o isom?trica m?xima em extens?o do joelho, a 60? de flex?o, por 10 segundos e um protocolo de fadiga muscular, sendo executadas 100 repeti??es isocin?ticas conc?ntricas de flexo-extens?o do joelho a 90?/s. Concomitantemente a esse protocolo, realizou-se a avalia??o do desempenho muscular, observando o pico de torque (PT), o ?ndice de fadiga (IFD) e a atividade eletromiogr?fica (Root Mean Square - RMS e freq??ncia mediana - Fm). Por fim, repetiu-se a avalia??o da SPA. As avalia??es detectaram que pacientes ap?s reconstru??o do LCA apresentaram, ainda em condi??es pr?-fadiga, o SPA alterado quando comparado com indiv?duos sadios e que quando fatigados, ambos possu?ram dist?rbios no SPA, sendo que essa altera??o foi significativamente mais exacerbada em pacientes ap?s reconstru??o de LCA. Quanto ao desempenho muscular, constatou-se que esses pacientes apresentam um menor PT, RMS e Fm quando comparado ao grupo controle, mas n?o possuem diferen?as quanto ao ?ndice de fadiga, dado pela Fm e pela dinamometria. Ademais, constatou-se que as vari?veis isocin?ticas e eletromiogr?ficas, em sua grande maioria, apresentam correla??es positivas. Os achados refor?am a necessidade dos cuidados aos pacientes ap?s reconstru??o do LCA, quando submetidos ? fadiga, no que diz respeito aos riscos de instabilidade articular e sobrecarga do enxerto ligamentar

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T15:16:15Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 FranciscoLN_DISSERT.pdf: 4822164 bytes, checksum: cc0478a8a23dc6bbd47f43aca8f238f6 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-12-07 / Objective: To evaluate the effect of different resting periods, after induced muscle fatigue, in the quadriceps femoris neuromuscular performance, in healthy subjects. Methods: Sixty-four volunteers, of both genders, with an average of 21,8 ? 1,7 years and mean body mass index of 24,2 ? 3,7 Kg/m2 were randomly assigned into 4 groups: control group (was not induced fatigue); Experimental Group 1 (Exp. 1 1 minute of rest after fatigue); Experimental Group 3 (Exp. 3 3 minutes of rest after fatigue) and Experimental Group 5 (Exp. 5 5 minutes of rest after fatigue). The subjects were evaluated to the knee?s joint position sense (JPS), followed by 5 flexion-extension knee concentric isokinetic contractions at 60?/s, with concomitant recording of median frequency (Fmed) of rectus femoris (RF), vastus lateralis (VL) and vastus medialis (VM). Then they underwent a muscle fatigue protocol (30 flexion-extension knee concentric contractions at 60?/s) and were reevaluated on the isokinetic performance, Fmed and JPS. Blood lactate levels were measured before initial assessment, immediately after the fatigue protocol and 5 minutes after the end of the rest period. Results: The adoption of 3 minutes of rest was sufficient to restore the initial conditions for the peak torque normalized by body weight and the VL and VM Fmed. The joint position sense returned to its initial values with 1 minute rest. The lactate concentration remained high regardless of the adopted rest period. Conclusion: The use of 3-minute rest period is sufficient for the reestablishment of the neuromuscular parameters to the pre fatigue values. / Objetivo: Avaliar o efeito de diferentes tempos de repouso, ap?s fadiga muscular induzida, no desempenho neuromuscular do quadr?ceps femoral, em indiv?duos saud?veis. M?todos: Sessenta e quatro volunt?rios, de ambos os g?neros, com m?dia de 21,8 ? 1,7 anos e ?ndice de massa corp?rea m?dio de 24,2 ? 3,7 Kg/m2 foram distribu?dos aleatoriamente em 4 grupos: Grupo Controle (n?o foi induzida fadiga); Grupo Experimental 1 (Exp. 1 1 minuto de repouso ap?s fadiga); Grupo Experimental 3 (Exp. 3 3 minutos de repouso ap?s fadiga); e Grupo Experimental 5 (Exp. 5 5 minutos de repouso ap?s fadiga). Os sujeitos realizaram uma avalia??o que consistiu na determina??o do senso de posi??o articular (SPA) do joelho, seguida de 5 contra??es isocin?ticas conc?ntricas de flexo-extens?o do joelho a 60?/s, com concomitante registro da frequ?ncia mediana (Fmed) dos m?sculos reto femoral (RF), vasto lateral (VL) e vasto medial (VM). Em seguida, foram submetidos a um protocolo de fadiga muscular (30 contra??es conc?ntricas de flexo-extens?o do joelho a 60?/s) e reavaliados quanto ao desempenho isocin?tico, Fmed e SPA. Os n?veis de lactato sangu?neo foram mensurados antes da avalia??o inicial, imediatamente ap?s o protocolo de fadiga e 5 minutos ap?s o t?rmino do tempo de repouso. Resultados: A ado??o de 3 minutos de repouso foi suficiente para restabelecimento das condi??es iniciais para o pico de torque normalizado pelo peso corporal e para a Fmed do VL e VM. O senso de posi??o articular atingiu seus valores iniciais com 1 minuto de repouso. A concentra??o de lactato permaneceu alta independente do repouso adotado. Conclus?o: A ado??o de 3 minutos de repouso ? suficiente para o restabelecimento dos par?metros neuromusculares para os valores pr? fadiga.

Proprioception is the ability to sense body position necessary for coordinate precise movements. Despite the low complexity of insect neuronal systems, scientists are studying their motor control system. Researchers performed experiments in desert locusts by stimulating their apodeme and recording the neuronal response. Previous studies reported variations in neuronal spiking rates related to acceleration, velocity and position sensitivity. Their results led us to the assumption that either there are different kinds of sensory neurons, or there is only one type of neuron responding to various Physical quantities. Therefore, this research intends to investigate the different spiking rates. We also want to study the influence of apodemes excitations in sensory neurons with information theoretical measures. However, the way signals were recorded does not allow the calculation of delayed transfer entropy (DTE) between sensory neurons. To solve that problem we propose a method to estimate parameters of connections in such scenarios. Our analysis will model the time spent between spikes with survival functions. The influence of excitation in the neuronal response will be analyzed with DTE, which will also be used to validate the methods of simulation. Results show that there is evidence to support the assumption of different spiking rates among sensory neurons. DTE suggests the existence of intermediate processing nodes between excitation and some sensory neurons. A further simulation joining the methods proposed and neuronal signals showed that models considering intermediate pathways present a good fit to the data. We suggest that the different responses of sensory neurons are not due to various types of neurons, but to a preprocessing layer. / Propriocepção é a capacidade de monitorar a posição do corpo necessária para coordenar movimentos precisos. Apesar da baixa complexidade dos sistemas neuronais de insetos, cientistas têm estudado seu controle motor. Pesquisadores realizaram experimentos em gafanhotos estimulando mecanicamente seu apódema e registrando a resposta neuronal. Estudos anteriores relatam variações nas taxas de spiking, e as relacionam com sensibilidades à aceleração, à velocidade e à posição. Seus resultados nos levaram às suposições de que ou existem diferentes tipos de neurônios sensores ou há apenas um tipo de neurônio sensível à diferentes grandezas físicas. Portanto, esta pesquisa pretende investigar as diferentes taxas de spiking e estudar a influência das excitações do apódema em neurônios sensores com medidas de teoria da informação. No entanto, a forma como os sinais foram gravados não permite calcular-se a transferência de entropia atrasada (DTE) entre neurônios sensores. Para tanto, propôs-se um método de estimação de parâmetros para ligações em tais cenários. As análises modelarão o tempo gasto entre spikings com funções de sobrevida. Além disso, a influência da excitação sobre a resposta neuronal será analisada com DTE, a qual também será utilizada para validar os métodos de simulação. Os resultados mostram que há evidências para suportar a hipótese de diferentes taxas de spiking. A DTE sugere a existência de nós intermediários (entre excitação e alguns neurônios sensoriais). Posteriormente, uma simulação juntando os métodos propostos e os sinais neuronais mostrou que modelos considerando caminhos intermediários se ajustam bem aos dados. Por fim, os resultados sugerem que as diferentes respostas de neurônios sensores não acontecem devido a diferentes tipos de neurônios, mas sim à uma camada de pré-processamento.

O objetivo deste estudo foi comparar o equilíbrio postural entre sedentários e jogadores recreacionais de futebol com e sem reconstrução do LCA usando o Biodex Balance System (BBS). Métodos: é um estudo descritivo transversal, controlado e observacional, sem intervenção terapêutica que avaliou 64 indivíduos do sexo masculino, idade entre 20-40 anos. Foram avaliados três grupos: jogadores de futebol com reconstrução do LCA, jogadores de futebol sem lesão e um grupo de sedentários. Todos os indivíduos realizaram o teste de equilíbrio postural em dois níveis de estabilidade oito (mais estável) e dois (menos estável). Os índices de estabilidade avaliados foram: geral, ântero/posterior e medial/lateral. Resultados: Os resultados da avaliação do equilíbrio postural intragrupo foram: o lado operado dos atletas operados foi mais estável do que o lado não operado. Não houve diferenças entre o lado dominante e não dominante dos grupos de atletas sem lesão e sedentários. Na comparação intergrupos, o lado operado dos atletas operados foi mais estável que o dos atletas sem lesão (lado dominante e não dominante). O grupo dos sedentários foi mais estável que os atletas operados nas duas comparações feitas: com o lado operado e não operado, e que o grupo dos atletas sem lesão: lado dominante e não dominante. Conclusão: O membro operado apresentou maior equilíbrio postural comparado ao lado não operado e ao grupo de atletas sem lesão. Os sedentários apresentaram maior equilíbrio postural comparado aos atletas operados e sem lesão. A dominância dos membros inferiores não exerce influência significante no equilíbrio dos indivíduos sem lesão e sedentários / The objective this study was to compare the postural balance between sedentary recreational players of soccer with and without reconstruction of the LCA using the Biodex Balance System (BBS). Methods: This was a descriptive, transversal, observacional and controlled study, without therapeutic intervention, that evaluated 64 male individuals, aged between 20-40 years, assessed three groups: Soccer players with reconstruction of the LCA, soccer players without injury and a sedentary group. All the individuals realized the test of postural balance in the BBS in two levels of stability: eight (more steady) and two (less steady). The evaluated indexes of stability were: general, anterior/posterior and medial/lateral. Results: The result of the postural balance evaluation in intragroup were: the operated side of the athletes was steadier than the side not operated. There were no difference between the dominant and not dominant side of the athletes without injury and sedentary. In the comparison intergrups, the operated side of the athletes was steadier than athletics without injury. The group of the sedentary was steadier that athletes operated in two comparisons: with operated limb and, not operated, and than the group without lesion: dominant limb and, not dominant. Conclusion: The operated member shown greater postural balance than the not operated side and group of athletes without injury. The Sedentary shown greater postural balance compared to the group of the operated athletes and without injury. The dominance of inferior limbs does not influence significantly in the postural balance in subjects without lesion and sedentary

The thesis "Judging the influence of constitutional hypermobility on postural stability" focuses on the problem of constitutional hypermobility (CH) and the influence of joint instability on stability mechanisms. The aim of the research was to find out whether there is a difference in stability mechanisms with tested subjects with CH and without it. Furthermore, the research focuses on the influence of mobility techniques on postural stability by the means of chosen tests carried out on Balance Master® System platform. The tested sample includes 14 women aged from 20 to 28, 7 women with constitutional hypermobility and 7 women as a control group. 6 tests were chosen for the measurement on Balance Master® platform. 2 static tests: modified Clinical Test of Sensory Interaction on Balance (mCTSIB), Unilateral Stance (US), and 4 dynamic tests: Limits of Stability (LOS), Rhytmic weight shift (RWS), Step Up Over (SUO) a Forward Lunge (FL). We compared the medians of output values of individual tests. It was assumed that subjects with KH would have significantly worse test results than the control group. Furthermore, it was supposed that the mobilization processes cause stability disturbance on the basis of cancellation of compensational , thus protective block in comparison with KS. Powered by TCPDF (www.tcpdf.org)