The growing concern around per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) and their negative health and environmental effects have lately become more apparent which also is reflected in the new, more strict regulations of permitted levels of PFAS in drinking water extracted from water resources. However, many point sources of PFAS pollution to the environment and to water resources are still not identified and assessed for risk. This is also the case around the Mälaren-Görväln which is used as a drinking water resource. Work has been initiated to map sources of PFAS pollution to the water resource. However, hitherto, the risk of PFAS pollution from landfills surrounding the water intake is under-studied. This thesis has thus tried to address the issue by investigating landfills’ potential PFAS contribution to Mälaren-Görväln water body. Active and inactive landfills which are located within the Östra Mälaren water protection area have been researched. Furthermore, field sampling and measurements of PFAS in surface water have been conducted in connection with three landfills within the water protection area and in Brobäcken. Data from the Högbytorp facility which incorporates three landfills has also been used for comparison. The PFAS load from the landfills to Mälaren-Görväln has been estimated. Lastly a principal component analysis (PCA) has been carried out to trace the sources of sampled PFAS levels. The research of landfills located within the water protection area, led to identification of 32 different landfills of which almost all are believed to be inactive. All field samples taken in connection to Skå, Svartsjö and Johannelund landfill indicated levels of PFAS. The levels detected were lower than the levels measured downstream Högbytorp and in Brobäcken. At all sampling locations, including downstream Högbytorp and excluding the sample by Svartsjö, the levels detected exceed at least one current guiding and soon to be limiting value. The estimated mass flows of PFAS received at the sampling locations showed that landfills can potentially account for a considerable share of the estimated loads to Mälaren-Görväln. However, the results should be interpreted with caution due to the small dataset analysed and as it proved to be difficult to determine specifically the landfills’ share of the PFAS concentrations detected as the other potential sources of PFAS can have an influence on the sampled surface water. It remains to carry out a more in-depth risk assessment of the landfills' potential impact on Mälaren-Görväln where, among other things, PFAS pollution to the soil and groundwater are included. Further, more research of all identified landfills is needed to estimate the cumulative potential impact of landfills’ PFAS load to Mälaren-Görväln and the extracted drinking water. / Det växande problemet kring per- och polyfluoralkylsubstanser (PFAS) och deras negativa hälso- och miljöeffekter har på senare tid blivit allt mer uppenbar. Angelägenheten återspeglas i nya och striktare regler för tillåtna halter av PFAS i dricksvatten som utvinns från vattenresurser. Flertalet punktkällor för PFAS-föroreningar som påverkar miljö och vattenresurser är varken identifierade eller riskbedömda. Så är även fallet för Mälaren-Görväln som används som en dricksvattenresurs. Visserligen har arbete inletts för att kartlägga källor av PFAS-föroreningar till Mälaren-Görväln. Däremot saknas undersökningar om risken för PFAS-förorening kring vattenresursen. I syfte att fylla föregående nämnda forskningsgap, syftar denna avhandling till att studera deponiers potentiella PFAS-bidrag till Mälaren-Görvälns vattenförekomst. Inom ramen för studien har både aktiva och inaktiva deponier inom Östra Mälarens vattenskyddsområde undersökts. Vidare har fältprovtagning och mätningar av PFAS i ytvatten genomförts i anslutning till tre deponier inom vattenskyddsområdet och i Brobäcken. Data från Högbytorps anläggning som innefattar tre deponier har även använts för jämförelse. PFAS-belastningen från de studerade deponierna till Mälaren-Görväln har uppskattats. Slutligen har en principalkomponentanalys (PCA) genomförts för att spåra källorna till provtagna PFAS-nivåer.  Undersökningen resulterade i identifiering av 32 olika deponier varav nästan alla tros vara inaktiva. Alla provtagningar som tagits i anslutning till deponierna Skå, Svartsjö och Johannelunds visar uppmätta halter av PFAS. De påvisade halterna var lägre än de halter som uppmätts nedströms Högbytorp och i Brobäcken. På alla provtagningsplatser, inklusive nedströms Högbytorp och exklusive provtagning vid Svartsjö, överstiger de påvisade halterna minst ett vägledande och framtida gränsvärde. De uppskattade massflödet av PFAS vid provtagningsplatserna visade att deponier potentiellt kan stå för en betydande andel av de beräknade belastningarna till Mälaren-Görväln. Resultaten bör dock tolkas med försiktighet på grund av den lilla datauppsättning som har analyserats och eftersom det visade sig vara svårt att specifikt bestämma deponiernas andel av de PFAS-koncentrationer som uppmätts. Andra potentiella PFAS källor i anslutning till deponierna kan ha en inverkan på de ytvatten som har provtagits i studien.   Framtida forskning bör utföra en mer djupgående riskbedömning av deponiers potentiella påverkan på Mälaren-Görväln där även PFAS-föroreningar till mark och grundvatten bör ingå. Avslutningsvis efterfrågas vidare undersökning av den kumulativa potentiella påverkan av deponiers PFAS-belastning på Mälaren-Görväln och det extraherade dricksvattnet.

Le patrimoine culturel chinois se compose d’une multitude de biens matériels et immatériels. Il incarne la vitalité et la créativité de la nation chinoise. Il participe aussi au devenir de la civilisation chinoise. La question du patrimoine culturel constitue une préoccupation majeure dans la société chinoise contemporaine. Selon l’évolution politique du pays, des mesures juridiques ont été adoptées. Enjeu actuel pour le Gouvernement et les autorités locales, des règlementations spécifiques ont été mises en place pour assurer la protection du patrimoine culturel. Elles ne cessent d’être complétées et améliorées dans un contexte de patrimonialisation mondialisée dans le cadre de la Convention concernant la protection du patrimoine mondial, culturel et naturel de 1972 et de la Convention pour la sauvegarde du patrimoine culturel immatériel. L’application de la loi sur la protection du bien culturel et de la loi pour la sauvegarde du patrimoine culturel immatériel et l’intervention du juge permettent d’apprécier leur portée effective / Chinese cultural heritage consists of a multitude of tangible and intangible assets. It embodies the vitality and creativity of the Chinese Nation, and also participates in the pursuit of Chinese civilization Cultural heritage is the main problem of contemporary Chinese society. According to political developments, legal measures have been adopted. Because of current challenges for the Government and local authorities, specific regulations have been put in place to ensure the protection of cultural heritage. They are constantly being added to and improved in with the Global Heritage phenomenon, under the Convention Concerning the Protection of World Cultural and Natural Heritage and the Convention for the safeguarding of Intangible Cultural Heritage. The application of the law for the protection of Cultural Relics and the law for the safeguarding of Intangible Cultural Heritage and the intervention of jug allow appreciating its effective range

Made available in DSpace on 2014-07-29T15:32:06Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao kharen t.pdf: 424366 bytes, checksum: 132d3e1c31f3805a2aebd2752bb74780 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-01-29 / The Unit of Conservation (UCs) has been seen as an important instrument to protect biodiversity and the natural resources. However, it´s necessary to combine this protection with human presence and its need of economical, social and cultural development. The most indicated way of ensuring the envolvement and participation of the society in discussions related to the UCs is through the implementation of Management Councils. Nevertheless, it can be seen in Goiás, and in other estates of the country, the lack of efficiency of these councils, which are stuck on paper, managing to follow the rules. Out of paper, the discussed and carried out actions are still insignificant. This research aimed to make analizes of the active management efficiency through the action of management councils of Conservation Units, having the Advisory Council of the Environment Protection Area (APA) of João Leite as the subject of study. The methodology used here consisted of analising the criation and introduction process of management councils of Conservation Units in Goiás and of the existing bibliographic documents on the matter, aiming to understand its social, economical, and supporting structure, as well as the criation, introduction and management of its Council. The results show that the Council of APA of João Leite has a GOOD level of efficiency according to the pattern of efficiency test of the active management in units of conservation. The criation stage of the management council was classified as GREAT, and the implementation one as GOOD, having shown as critical aspects the patterns concerning to the items 8 (population participation); 11 (requests/discussions sent to the council); 13 (existence of management plans); 15 (administration plans usage); 18 (technical staff formation); 19 (council member condition) and 20 (communication level between the institution and society). / As Unidades de Conservação (UCs) têm se mostrado um importante instrumento para proteção da biodiversidade e dos recursos naturais. Entretanto, é necessário conciliar essa proteção com a presença humana e sua necessidade de desenvolvimento econômico, social e cultural. A maneira encontrada para assegurar o envolvimento e a participação da sociedade nas discussões relacionadas com as UCs é através da implementação de conselhos gestores. Contudo, observa-se em Goiás, e em outros estados da federação, a falta de efetividade desses conselhos que funcionam apenas no papel, tentando cumprir a legislação. Na prática, as ações discutidas e executadas ainda são insignificantes. A presente pesquisa objetiva analisar a efetividade da gestão participativa por meio da atuação de conselhos gestores de unidades de conservação, tendo como estudo de caso o Conselho Consultivo da Área de Proteção Ambiental (APA) do João Leite. A metodologia utilizada consistiu na análise do processo de criação e implantação de conselhos gestores de unidades de conservação em Goiás e da documentação bibliográfica existente sobre a área de estudo visando compreender sua configuração física e socioeconômica, bem como o processo de criação, implantação e gestão de seu conselho consultivo. Os resultados demonstraram que o conselho consultivo da APA do João Leite possui grau de efetividade BOM de acordo com a matriz para verificação da efetividade da gestão participativa em unidades de conservação. A fase de criação do conselho consultivo foi classificada como ÓTIMA e a fase de implementação foi classificada como BOA, tendo apresentado como pontos críticos os parâmetros relativos aos itens 8 (participação da sociedade civil); 11 (demandas/discussões encaminhadas ao conselho); 13 (existência de planos de gestão); 15 (aplicabilidade dos planos de gestão); 18 (capacitação para equipe técnica); 19 (capacitação para os membros do conselho) e 20 (grau de comunicação entre o órgão gestor e a sociedade).

Seit mehreren Jahrzehnten nehmen die Bestandszahlen von Bodenbrütern europaweit ab, ein Prozess, der hauptsächlich auf die Intensivierung der Landwirtschaft zurückzuführen ist. In diesem Zusammenhang könnte aber auch die zunehmende Prädation von Raubsäugern (Carnivora, Mammalia) eine wichtige Rolle spielen. Ziel dieser Studie war die Bewertung und Einschätzung des Prädationspotentials ausgewählter Raubsäugerarten auf Bodenbrüter im brandenburgischen Vogelschutzgebiet "Mittlere Havelniederung". Von Mai 2015 bis Juni 2017 wurde die Raumnutzung verschiedener Raubsäugerarten mittels Kamerafallen und einer Telemetriestudie untersucht und anschließend mit den Ergebnissen einer Vogelkartierung verglichen. Ergänzt wurden die Untersuchungen mit einer Losungsanalyse der am häufigsten beobachteten Raubsäugerarten Waschbär (Procyon lotor) und Rotfuchs (Vulpes vulpes). Waschbären wiesen eine hohe Standorttreue sowie eine hohe Präferenz für Gewässer und Feuchtgebiete auf, während Rotfüchse eine hohe intraspezifische Variabilität in Bezug auf ihre Habitatnutzung sowie ein hohes Abwanderungsverhalten zeigten. Die Ergebnisse lassen außerdem ein hohes Prädationspotential des Waschbären auf Wasservögel vermuten, während der Einfluss auf Wiesenbrüter geringer zu sein scheint. Diese scheinen den höchsten Prädationsdruck durch den Rotfuchs zu erfahren. Die Nahrungsanalysen bestätigen diese Ergebnisse und spiegeln auch räumliche Bewegungsmuster beider Arten wieder. Diese Studie liefert als eine der europaweit ersten Studien empirische Belege für ein starkes indirektes und direktes Prädationspotential des Waschbären insbesondere auf Wasservögel. Zudem hebt diese Studie die Notwendigkeit einer differenzierten Betrachtung potenzieller Auswirkungen von Raubsäugern auf Bodenbrüter hervor und gibt einen Hinweis darauf, dass das Prädationspotential einer Raubsäugerart eng mit der Strukturvielfalt eines Lebensraums und somit mit der Intensität der landwirtschaftlichen Bewirtschaftung zusammenhängt. / Over recent decades, a general decline in ground-nesting bird species has been recorded all over Europe and this trend is mainly a result of agricultural intensification. However, increasing predation pressure by carnivores (Carnivora, Mammalia) might also play an important role in this context. The aim of this study was to assess and evaluate the predatory potential of selected carnivore species on ground-nesting birds in the Special Protection Area `Mittlere Havelniederung’ in Brandenburg, Germany. Between May 2015 and June 2017, camera- trapping and a telemetry study were carried out to investigate the spatial behavior of mesocarnivore species. Subsequently, spatial data were compared with results of a bird mapping and complemented by an analysis of scat contents of the most abundant carnivore species raccoon (Procyon lotor) and red fox (Vulpes vulpes). Camera trapping revealed a high diversity of carnivores. In addition, spatial distribution patterns showed high site fidelity and an exclusive preference for waters and swamplands in raccoons, while red foxes showed a high level of intraspecific variance in habitat use and a pronounced level of migratory activity. Predator-prey spatial overlap assumes a high potential impact of raccoons on water-associated bird species, while their impact on grassland birds appears not as important. Grassland birds seem to experience highest predatory pressure by red foxes. Dietary analysis support these results and confirm species-specific spatial patterns. As one of the first studies in Europe, this study provides empirical evidence of raccoons’ strong indirect and direct predatory potential in particular on water-associated bird species. Besides, this study highlights the need for a differentiated view on the potential impact of carnivore species on ground-nesting birds and suggests, that the predatory potential of a carnivore species is linked with landscape diversity and thus with intensity of agricultural land use practices.