The present study was aimed at extending our knowledge of the antioxidative properties of the milk protein products, whey protein isolate (WPI) and sodium caseinate (NaCas), in oil-in-water (O/W) emulsions rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs). In particular, the objective was to contribute to our understanding of the compositional and processing factors that influence the oxidative stability of protein-stabilised O/W emulsions. Linoleic acid (approximately 60 %) was used as the lipid for the oil phase (10.6 %). The emulsion samples were usually incubated at 50 °C to accelerate lipid oxidation. Lipid oxidation indicators were lipid hydroperoxides and headspace hexanal, determined by solid phase microextraction (SPME) combined with gas chromatography (GC). WPI- or NaCas-stabilised emulsions were prepared using a wide range of protein concentrations (0.5, 1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0, 7.0 or 10.0 %) at two droplet sizes (d32 = 0.31 and 0.65 µm). In general, higher lipid oxidation levels were found for the larger droplet size. Increasing protein concentration led to a decrease in the lipid oxidation rate. The greatest decrease in lipid hydroperoxide levels (values after 4 h) occurred at up to 4.0 % protein concentration. The greatest decrease in hexanal levels (values after 24 h) occurred at up to 4.0 % protein concentration in WPI emulsions (0.31 µm). The hexanal levels were more independent of the protein concentration in the other emulsion types. The hexanal level decreased at protein concentrations > 4.0 % in NaCas emulsions (0.31 and 0.65 µm) and at protein concentrations > 7.0 % in WPI emulsions (0.65 µm). The difference between lipid hydroperoxide generation in emulsions with small and large droplet sizes decreased with increasing protein concentration. This effect was more pronounced in NaCas emulsions. In general, NaCas was a better inhibitor of lipid oxidation than WPI, but WPI appeared to be the better antioxidant at some droplet size/protein concentration combinations. The protein in the continuous phase, i.e. the unadsorbed protein, played an important role in lipid oxidation. In principal, the lipid hydroperoxide and hexanal levels showed the same development over the continuous phase protein concentration as over the protein concentration in WPI and NaCas emulsions (d32 = 0.31 µm). A low NaCas level in the continuous phase already led to a relatively low hexanal level, whereas a higher WPI level was required. When NaCas solution was added to a WPI emulsion or WPI solution was added to a NaCas emulsion, a synergistic antioxidative effect was observed. The high molecular weight fractions (molecular weight = 12000-14000) of WPI and NaCas contained pro-oxidative metal ions that contributed to lipid oxidation in the emulsions. An enrichment of NaCas emulsions with the low molecular weight fraction of NaCas (with a molecular weight = 12000-14000) notably inhibited lipid oxidation. An enrichment of WPI emulsions with the low molecular weight fraction of WPI (with a molecular weight = 12000-14000) also seemed to inhibit lipid oxidation, but the effect was not significant. The protein solutions were enriched with these fractions before emulsion preparation. Pure WPI solution or mixed WPI/NaCas (1:1, weight/weight) solution with 1.12 or 2.24 % protein concentration was heated at 84 °C for up to 40 min, cooled and then used to prepare emulsions. Lipid oxidation was generally not affected by the heat treatment or the degree of whey protein denaturation. However, at the lower WPI concentration, more hexanal was produced for the longer heating times (20, 30 and 40 min) and this appeared to be connected with the physical instability of the emulsions. Greater oxidative stability was found at the higher protein concentration and when the proteins were mixed, pointing to a possible synergistic antioxidative effect of WPI and NaCas. The addition of the free radical source 2,2’-azobis(2-amidinopropane) dihydrochloride (AAPH) greatly increased the oxygen uptake and the generation of lipid hydroperoxides in the emulsions. The oxidative stability increased with increasing protein concentration (1.0, 4.0 and 7.0 %). NaCas had a greater antioxidative effect than WPI. The inhibition of oxygen uptake appeared to be largely influenced by the free-radical-scavenging activity of the system, determined by the protein type and the protein concentration, as the radicals were produced linearly over time and oxygen was consumed linearly over time. It can therefore be concluded that free-radical-scavenging activity represents a major antioxidative mechanism of the milk proteins. Oxygen was consumed much faster in emulsions than in protein solutions when the same level of AAPH was incorporated. In a WPI (1.0 % protein) emulsion, much lower levels of protein hydroperoxides than of lipid hydroperoxides developed. This pointed to a much greater reactivity of linoleic acid than of the milk proteins with oxygen. In contrast, the exposure of WPI to oxidising linoleic acid in an emulsion (1.0 % protein) or to AAPH in aqueous solution led to oxidative damage of the whey proteins, indicated by the loss of amino acids. The loss of specific amino acids was different for proteins in the continuous phase or cream phase of an emulsion or in WPI solution. The present study confirms the antioxidative potential of WPI and NaCas and gives new insights into their functionality as oxidative stabilisers in O/W emulsions.

The present study was aimed at extending our knowledge of the antioxidative properties of the milk protein products, whey protein isolate (WPI) and sodium caseinate (NaCas), in oil-in-water (O/W) emulsions rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs). In particular, the objective was to contribute to our understanding of the compositional and processing factors that influence the oxidative stability of protein-stabilised O/W emulsions. Linoleic acid (approximately 60 %) was used as the lipid for the oil phase (10.6 %). The emulsion samples were usually incubated at 50 °C to accelerate lipid oxidation. Lipid oxidation indicators were lipid hydroperoxides and headspace hexanal, determined by solid phase microextraction (SPME) combined with gas chromatography (GC). WPI- or NaCas-stabilised emulsions were prepared using a wide range of protein concentrations (0.5, 1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0, 7.0 or 10.0 %) at two droplet sizes (d32 = 0.31 and 0.65 µm). In general, higher lipid oxidation levels were found for the larger droplet size. Increasing protein concentration led to a decrease in the lipid oxidation rate. The greatest decrease in lipid hydroperoxide levels (values after 4 h) occurred at up to 4.0 % protein concentration. The greatest decrease in hexanal levels (values after 24 h) occurred at up to 4.0 % protein concentration in WPI emulsions (0.31 µm). The hexanal levels were more independent of the protein concentration in the other emulsion types. The hexanal level decreased at protein concentrations > 4.0 % in NaCas emulsions (0.31 and 0.65 µm) and at protein concentrations > 7.0 % in WPI emulsions (0.65 µm). The difference between lipid hydroperoxide generation in emulsions with small and large droplet sizes decreased with increasing protein concentration. This effect was more pronounced in NaCas emulsions. In general, NaCas was a better inhibitor of lipid oxidation than WPI, but WPI appeared to be the better antioxidant at some droplet size/protein concentration combinations. The protein in the continuous phase, i.e. the unadsorbed protein, played an important role in lipid oxidation. In principal, the lipid hydroperoxide and hexanal levels showed the same development over the continuous phase protein concentration as over the protein concentration in WPI and NaCas emulsions (d32 = 0.31 µm). A low NaCas level in the continuous phase already led to a relatively low hexanal level, whereas a higher WPI level was required. When NaCas solution was added to a WPI emulsion or WPI solution was added to a NaCas emulsion, a synergistic antioxidative effect was observed. The high molecular weight fractions (molecular weight = 12000-14000) of WPI and NaCas contained pro-oxidative metal ions that contributed to lipid oxidation in the emulsions. An enrichment of NaCas emulsions with the low molecular weight fraction of NaCas (with a molecular weight = 12000-14000) notably inhibited lipid oxidation. An enrichment of WPI emulsions with the low molecular weight fraction of WPI (with a molecular weight = 12000-14000) also seemed to inhibit lipid oxidation, but the effect was not significant. The protein solutions were enriched with these fractions before emulsion preparation. Pure WPI solution or mixed WPI/NaCas (1:1, weight/weight) solution with 1.12 or 2.24 % protein concentration was heated at 84 °C for up to 40 min, cooled and then used to prepare emulsions. Lipid oxidation was generally not affected by the heat treatment or the degree of whey protein denaturation. However, at the lower WPI concentration, more hexanal was produced for the longer heating times (20, 30 and 40 min) and this appeared to be connected with the physical instability of the emulsions. Greater oxidative stability was found at the higher protein concentration and when the proteins were mixed, pointing to a possible synergistic antioxidative effect of WPI and NaCas. The addition of the free radical source 2,2’-azobis(2-amidinopropane) dihydrochloride (AAPH) greatly increased the oxygen uptake and the generation of lipid hydroperoxides in the emulsions. The oxidative stability increased with increasing protein concentration (1.0, 4.0 and 7.0 %). NaCas had a greater antioxidative effect than WPI. The inhibition of oxygen uptake appeared to be largely influenced by the free-radical-scavenging activity of the system, determined by the protein type and the protein concentration, as the radicals were produced linearly over time and oxygen was consumed linearly over time. It can therefore be concluded that free-radical-scavenging activity represents a major antioxidative mechanism of the milk proteins. Oxygen was consumed much faster in emulsions than in protein solutions when the same level of AAPH was incorporated. In a WPI (1.0 % protein) emulsion, much lower levels of protein hydroperoxides than of lipid hydroperoxides developed. This pointed to a much greater reactivity of linoleic acid than of the milk proteins with oxygen. In contrast, the exposure of WPI to oxidising linoleic acid in an emulsion (1.0 % protein) or to AAPH in aqueous solution led to oxidative damage of the whey proteins, indicated by the loss of amino acids. The loss of specific amino acids was different for proteins in the continuous phase or cream phase of an emulsion or in WPI solution. The present study confirms the antioxidative potential of WPI and NaCas and gives new insights into their functionality as oxidative stabilisers in O/W emulsions.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The fish is a major source of protein for human consumption, among its many species is the croaker (Micropogonias furnieri), it has low commercial value and can be used for food production.This study aimed to evaluate the use of beef and fish (Micropogonias furnieri) in a sausage with replacing fat with protein isolated from fish waste evaluating its stability with the use of lipid extract of marcela (Achyrocline satureioides) as a natural antioxidant. Marcela extract was evaluated by its content of phenolic compounds, flavonoids and antioxidant capacity by inhibiting DPPH (IC50%) that was equal to 0.1382 mg / ml and correlation coefficient R2 = 0.9955. The two independent variables were concentrations of fish protein isolate and concentration of natural antioxidant marcela (Achyrocline satureioides). The ranges of variation between the bottom and top of each variable were determined by following indications from the literature. The physical-chemical products were composed of moisture, protein, ash, fat, pH, TBARS, color and texture objectively. Tests of acceptance the products were determined by analyzing the sensory acceptability test and purchase trends. Analyses were performed at 0, 7, 14, 21, 28 and 35 days of storage along with microbiological analysis. The results obtained in the composition of the productsare in accordance to the required by Brazilian law ,with respect to color ,this is colored with a lighter shade , due to lower haem pigment content in fish than red meat . The pH values were around 6.47 and 6.93 as expected emulsified sausages. The EtOH extract hydro-efficiency in inhibiting lipid oxidation of sausage. The values obtained coagulase-positive staphylococci, Salmonella, total coliforms and fecal coliforms are found with values below the limits set by legislation. The rate of acceptability (% IA) for the attributes, aroma, flavor and texture of the products were above 70%, but the color of the product for the treatment with 11% of fish protein isolate showed unsatisfactory values. We conclude that it is possible to prepare sausage meat of fish of low commercial value by replacing fat with protein isolated from fish waste and extract of marcela as natural antioxidant, obtaining - if a product with low lipid content, high content protein and can be regarded as a product "light." / O pescado uma das principais fontes de proteínas na alimentação humana, dentre suas diversas espécies está à corvina (Micropogonias furnieri), esta possui baixo valor comercial, podendo ser utilizada para a produção de alimentos. O presente estudo teve por objetivo avaliar a utilização da carne de pescado (Micropogonias furnieri) em um embutido emulsionado com substituição da gordura por isolado protéico de resíduo de pescado avaliando sua estabilidade lipidica com a utilização de extrato de marcela (Achyrocline satureioides) como antioxidante natural. O extrato de marcela foi avaliado através da sua quantidade de Fenólico Totais, Flavonóides Totais e a capacidade antioxidante através da inibição do radical DPPH (IC50%) que apresentou valor igual a 0,1382mg/ml e coeficiente de correlação R2=0,9955. As duas variáveis independentes analisadas foram concentrações de isolado protéico de pescado e concentração de antioxidante natural marcela (Achyrocline satureioides). As faixas de variação entre o limite inferior e o superior de cada variável foram determinadas seguindo-se indicações da literatura. As análises físico-químicas dos embutidos foram compostas por umidade, proteínas, cinzas, gordura, pH, TBARS, cor e textura objetiva. Os testes de aceitabilidade produtos foram determinados através da análise sensorial pelo teste de aceitabilidade e tendência de compra. As análises foram realizadas nos 0, 7º, 14º, 21º, 28º e 35º dias de armazenamento. Os resultados obtidos na composição centesimal dos produtos estão de acordo com o exigido pela legislação brasileira, com relação à cor, este apresenta uma coloração com uma tonalidade mais clara, devido ao menor conteúdo de pigmentos heme no peixe do que na carne vermelha. Os valores obtidos de pH ficaram em torno de 6,47 e 6,93 dentro do esperado para produtos embutidos emulsionados. O extrato hidro-etanólico mostrou eficiência na inibição da oxidação lipidica do embutido emulsionado. Os valores obtidos Staphylococcus coagulase positiva; Samonella e Coliformes totais encontra-se com valores inferiores aos limites estabelecidos pela legislação. Os índices de aceitabilidade (IA%) para os atributos, aroma, sabor e textura dos produtos foram superiores a 70%, no entanto a cor do produto para o tratamento com 11% de isolado protéico de pescado apresentou valores insatisfatórios. Conclui-se que é possível elaborar embutido emulsionado a base de carne de pescado com substituição de gordura por isolado protéico de resíduo de pescado e extrato de marcela como antioxidante natural, obtendo-se um produto com baixo teor lipidico, alto teor de proteína e que pode ser considerado um produto light .

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No. of bitstreams: 1 carolina moroni - atividade antioxidante e antimicrobiana apresentada por hidrolisados enzimticos obtidos de subprodutos da corvina micropogonias furnieri.pdf: 1099496 bytes, checksum: f4121ee0cb5558274a8aa510dfe92eaf (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014 / A corvina (Micropogonias furnieri) é a principal espécie processada pelas indústrias de Rio Grande, na Região sul do Brasil. Desse processamento é descartado e ou subutilizada grande quantidade de subprodutos (carcaça, pele, vísceras), se tornando necessário encontrar meios de aproveitamento dessa matéria, uma vez que estes subprodutos apresentam uma quantidade valiosa de proteínas. Um método eficiente para o aproveitamento destas proteínas é a hidrólise enzimática para obtenção de peptídeos bioativos. Maior atenção tem se concentrado sobre peptídeos com atividades antioxidantes devido aos radicais livres que são gerados pela oxidação, um processo vital em todos os organismos vivos, sendo que estes radicais estão relacionados com muitas doenças tais como: doenças do coração, arteriosclerose e câncer e sobre atividade antimicrobiana (PAM), devido aos PAM apresentarem uma atividade microbicida rápida e potente contra inúmeros micro-organismos. Desta forma o objetivo deste trabalho foi obter peptídeos bioativos, a partir de um processo de hidrólise enzimática, utilizando como substratos o isolado proteico obtido da carne mecanicamente separada de corvina (IP) e ossos de corvina (OC). A reação de hidólise ocorreu em banho termostatizado, utilizando três enzimas em separado: Alcalase (pH 8,0 e 50 °C), Flavourzyme (pH 7,0; 50 °C) e Protamex (pH 7,0; 40 °C). A concentração de enzima e substrato proteico foi de 1:10(U/g) segundo a atividade específica de cada uma (Alcalase 99,75 U/g, Flavourzyme 2,07 U/g e Protamex 8,41 U/g), quando o processo de hidrólise se tornou constante a reação foi interrompida pela inativação da enzima à 90°C/10 min. Foi então realizado o fracionamento dos peptídeos pelo método de ultrafiltração, nas fraçõe maiores que 3 kDa foram avaliadas as atividades antioxidantes e antimicrobianas, sendo que a fração obtida dos OD, utilizando a enzima Protamex apresentou atividade antioxidante, onde em concentrações de 1,0 mg/mL, pode se observar uma diminuição de espécies reativas de oxigênio no interior da células de hepatócitos de Zebrafish. A fração obtida do IP utilizando a Flavourzyme e a fração obtida dos OD utilizando a Alcalase apresentaram zona de inibição para a bactéria Salmonella Enteritidis, valores estes de 48,0 mm e 54,7 mm, respectivamente, já para a bactéria Staphylococcus coagulase positiva três frações apresentaram zona de inibição, uma obtida do IP utilizando a Alcalase e duas dos OD uma utilizando a Alcalase e outra a Protamex, com zona de inibição de 37,3, 32,7 mm e 69,3 mm, respectivamente. Com esses resultados pode-se concluir que os subprodutos da corvina, podem ser uma fonte de peptídeos bioativos, a fim de avaliar a incorporação destes em alimentos funcionais. / Whitemouth croaker (Micropogonias furnieri) is the main specie processed by Rio Grande industries in southerv Brazil. From this processing, a large amount of byproducts (carcasses, skin, offal) are discarded, making it necessary to find means to use this material. Since these byproducts have a number of valuable proteins. An efficient method for the utilization of these proteins is the enzymatic hydrolysis to obtain bioactive peptides. Increased attention has focused on antioxidant activity due to oxidation, which is a vital process in all live organisms, and its effect generates free radicals which are linked to many diseases such as heart disease, atherosclerosis, and cancer and has on antimicrobial ativicty, due since these have a rapid and powerful microbicidal activity against numerous micro-organisms. Thus the aim of this study was to obtain bioactive peptides from a process of enzymatic hydrolysis, using the protein isolate obtained from meat that is mechanically separated from croaker (PI) and croaker bones (CB) as substrates. The hydrolysis reaction occurred in a thermostated bath using three separate: Alcalase (pH 8.0, 50 °C), Flavourzyme (pH 7.0, 50 °C) and Protamex (pH 7.0, 40 °C), the enzyme concentration and protein substrate was 1:10 (U/g) according to each specific activity (Alcalase 99.75 U/g, Flavourzyme 2.07 U/g and Protamex 8.41 U/g) and when the hydrolysis process became constant, the reaction was stopped by inactivating the enzyme at 90 °C/10 min. It was then held fractionation of peptides by ultrafiltration method, the 3 kDa larger than fraçõe antioxidant and antimicrobial activities were evaluated, and the fraction obtained from the OD Protamex using the enzyme showed antioxidant activity, and at concentrations of 1.0 mg / mL, can observe a reduction of reactive oxygen species inside the cells of zebrafish hepatocytes. The fraction obtained using the IP Flavourzyme and the fraction of OD obtained using Alcalase showed zone of inhibition for Salmonella Enteritidis, values of 48.0 mm and 54.7 mm, respectively, while for the bacteria Staphylococcus coagulase positive three fractions exhibited zone of inhibition obtained from one IP using Alcalase one and two of OD using Alcalase and another Protamex with inhibition zone 37.3, 32.7 mm and 69.3 mm, respectively. With these results it can be concluded that the products of croaker, can be a source of bioactive peptides to assess their incorporation into functional foods.

Orientador: Fernanda Paula Collares / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia de Alimentos / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-06T15:44:35Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 UclesSantos_JoseRicardo_M.pdf: 2719947 bytes, checksum: c27f8219ba712b28246c216abd73b478 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006 / Resumo: O pão de queijo, um produto tipicamente brasileiro, é considerado um produto de panificação que não contém glúten, pois em sua formulação não é utilizada farinha de trigo e sim fécula nativa de mandioca ou fécula de mandioca fermentada naturalmente e/ou modificada. Devido ao seu alto teor de carboidratos, possui grande aceitabilidade e pode ser utilizado por pessoas portadoras de doença celíaca. O alto consumo deste produto no Brasil e a procura crescente dos consumidores por produtos alimentícios não somente nutritivos e saborosos, mas que também tragam benefício à saúde, estimula o estudo da incorporação de ingredientes nutricionais e funcionais à massa de pão de queijo que não afetem suas propriedades reológicas, físicas e sensoriais. O objetivo deste trabalho, portanto, foi avaliar o efeito da incorporação de componentes nutricionais e funcionais, como o isolado protéico de soja e a polidextrose, na qualidade da massa e do pão de queijo assado, com e sem adição de fécula de mandioca pré-gelatinizada, visando determinar quais dos teores adicionados de cada um destes ingredientes conferem as melhores características físicas e sensoriais ao pão de queijo. Para atingir este objetivo, o trabalho foi dividido em três etapas: (i) avaliação do teor adequado de fécula de mandioca e polvilho azedo adicionado à formulação de pão de queijo, através da determinação de suas propriedades físicas, reológicas e sensoriais; (ii) análise do efeito combinado dos ingredientes nutricionais e funcionais incorporados à massa de pão de queijo com diferentes teores de fécula de mandioca e polvilho azedo, com e sem a etapa de escaldamento, nas suas propriedades reológicas, físicas e sensoriais, utilizando a metodologia de superfície de resposta; (iii) caracterização física, química, reológica e sensorial das formulações de pão de queijo, com e sem a adição de fécula de mandioca pré-gelatinizada, escolhidas no item anterior. Na primeira etapa do trabalho, massas elaboradas com teores de 70% e 100% de fécula de mandioca apresentaram maiores consistências em U.F. em relação às massas elaboradas com altos teores de polvilho azedo, durante o processo de mistura similado no farinógrafo Brabender. Os pães de queijo elaborados com altos teores de polvilho azedo apresentam coeficientes de expansão de até 80,00%, sendo que os pães elaborados com fécula de mandioca apresentaram valor máximo de expansão de 66,67%. Devido a este poder de expansão apresentado pelos pães de queijo elaborados com polvilho azedo, a força de compressão (textura dos pães) obtida foi de 7,85% a 28,40% menor à reportada para pães de queijo elaborados com fécula de mandioca. Sensorialmente, os pães de queijo elaborados com altos teores de fécula de mandioca apresentaram as maiores médias em relação aos atributos de aceitação geral, textura, cor e sabor em comparação com os pães de queijo com altos teores de polvilho azedo, que segundo os provadores lembra o biscoito de polvilho. Na segunda etapa do trabalho, foi possível a determinação de um modelo matemático para o volume específico dos pães de queijo elaborados com adição de fécula de mandioca pré-gelatinizada, e para o ângulo de tonalidade do miolo (h) de pães de queijo elaborados sem adição de fécula de mandioca prégelatinizada, explicando a interação que existe entre as variáveis (fécula de mandioca, polvilho azedo, isolado protéico de soja e polidextrose). O modelo matemático do volume mostra que a utilização de teores entre 79,76% e 100% de polvilho azedo, 5,50% de isolado protéico de soja e teores abaixo de 1,03% de polidextrose confere grandes volumes ao pão de queijo, assim como teores de 0,00% de polvilho azedo, 5,50% de isolado protéico de soja e teores de polidextrose acima de 5,07%. Para o ângulo de tonalidade (h), o modelo matemático determinou que a utilização dos valores extremos, teores mínimo e máximo, de polvilho azedo (0,00% e 100,00%) com teores de 0,00% a 9,00% de isolado protéico de soja e teores médios de polidextrose (2,21%) na formulação de pão de queijo, conferiu altos ângulos de tonalidade do miolo. Os parâmetros de textura, luminosidade e saturação da cor da crosta e do miolo dos pães de queijo, com e sem a adição de fécula de mandioca prégelatinizada, não apresentaram diferença significativa (p=0,05), sendo que a elaboração de pães de queijo utilizando concentrações na faixa estudada não produz alterações na qualidade do produto. Na última etapa do trabalho, duas formulações de pão de queijo, selecionadas na 2a etapa considerando os escores sensoriais de aparência geral, textura, aroma e sabor, foram caracterizadas física, química, reológica e sensorialmente, sendo que as duas formulações apresentaram diferença significativa (p=0,05) no perfil reológico da massa, no volume, textura e cor dos pães de queijo assados, mas sensorialmente foram igualmente aceitas pelos consumidores, quanto à aparência geral, cor do miolo, textura, aroma e sabor / Abstract: ¿Pao de queijo¿ (cheese bread), a typically Brazilian product, is considered a gluten-free bakery product, as its formulation does not contain wheat flour but native cassava starch, naturally fermented and/or modified. Due to its high content of carbohydrates, it has great acceptance and can be consumed by individuals who suffer from celiac disease. The high consumption of this product in Brazil and the growing demand, by consumers, of food products that are not only nutritious and tasty, but also bring health benefits, stimulates the study of the incorporation of nutritional and functional ingredients to cheese bread doughs, which do not affect its rheological, physical and sensorial properties. The objective of this study, therefore, was to evaluate the effect of the incorporation of the nutritional and functional components, such as soy protein isolate and the polydextrose, on the quality of cheese bread dough and of baked cheese bread, with or without the addition of pre-gelatinized cassava starch, with the objective of determining the contents of each of these ingredients that confer the best physical and sensorial characteristics to cheese bread. In order to achieve this objective, the study was divided in three phases: (i) evaluation of the appropriate content of cassava starch and sour cassava starch added to the formulation, by determining physical, rheological and sensorial properties; (ii) analysis of the combined effect of functional and nutritional ingredients incorporated to the cheese bread dough with different contents of cassava starch and sour cassava starch, with and without the scalding process, on rheological, physical and sensorial properties, using the response surface methodology; (iii) physical, chemical and rheological characterization of the cheese bread formulations, with or without the addition of pre-gelatinized cassava starch, chosen in the previous stage/step. In the first phase of the study, doughs elaborated with 70% and 100% of cassava starch presented greater consistency profiles when compared to high contents of sour cassava starch, during the mixing process simulated in the Brabender farinograph. The cheese breads elaborated with high contents of sour cassava starch presented expansion coefficients of up to 80.00%, while the cheese breads elaborated with cassava starch presented a maximum value of expansion of 66.67%. Due to this power of expansion presented by the cheese breads elaborated with sour cassava starch, the force of compression (texture of breads) obtained was 7.85% to 28.40% lower than that of those reported for cheese breads elaborated with cassava starch. Sensorially, the cheese breads produced with high contents of cassava starch presented the highest scores with respect to the attributes general acceptance, texture, color and flavor, in comparison to the cheese breads with high contents of sour cassava starch, which according to the panelists resembled the sour cassava starch biscuits (¿biscoito de polvilho¿). In the second phase of the study, it was possible to determine a mathematical model for the specific volume of cheese breads elaborated with the addition of pre-gelatinized cassava starch, and for the shade angle (h) of cheese breads elaborated without the addition of pre-gelatinized cassava starch, explaining the interaction between the variables (cassava starch, sour cassava starch, soy protein isolate and polydextrose). The mathematical model showed that the use of contents between 79.76% and 100% of sour cassava starch, 5.50 % of soy protein isolate and contents below 1.03% of polydextrose confers great volumes to cheese bread, as well as contents of 0.00% of sour cassava starch, 5.50% of soy protein isolate and contents of polydextrose above 5.07%. For the shade angle (h), the mathematical model determined that the use of extreme values, minimum and maximum contents, of sour cassava starch (0.00% and 100.0%) with contents of 0.00% to 9.00% of soy protein isolate and intermediate contents of polydextrose (2.21%) in the formulation of cheese bread conferred high shade angles to the crumb. The parameters of texture, luminescence (L*) and color saturation (C*) of the crust and crumb of the cheese breads, with and without the addition of pregelatinized cassava starch, did not present significant difference (p=0.05), indicating that the elaboration of cheese breads using the concentrations in the range studied for the different variables does not produce alterations in the quality of the product. In the last phase of the study, two formulations of cheese bread, selected in the second phase considering the sensorial scores of general appearance, aroma and flavor, were characterized physically, sensorially, rheologically and chemically. These two formulations presented significant differences (p=0.05) in the rheological profile of the dough, specific volume, texture and color of the baked cheese breads, but were equally accepted by consumers, as to general appearance, color of the cr8umb, texture, aroma and flavor / Mestrado / Mestre em Tecnologia de Alimentos

Os isolados protéicos de soja são utilizados como ingredientes em diversos alimentos e sua utilização vêm aumentando juntamente com o aumento das pesquisas sobre os metabólitos secundários da soja, as isoflavonas. Alguns efeitos benéficos vem sendo associados às isoflavonas, entre estes a sua ação antioxidante, a redução ao risco de câncer, doenças cardiovasculares e osteoporose. O objetivo deste estudo foi o de otimizar as condições de extração das isoflavonas e de suas formas conjugadas a partir da farinha desengordurada de soja, visando o preparo de isolado protéico de soja. Os resultados mostraram que a obtenção de isolados protéicos de soja com teor aumentado de isoflavonas depende da utilização de condições brandas de centrifugação para a separação do precipitado isoelétrico, assim como da utilização de água acidificada na sua lavagem. A presença de isoflavonas no isolado resulta de três fatores, o primeiro referindo-se à associação entre isoflavonas e proteínas através de interações hidrofóbicas, eletrostáticas, e pontes de hidrogênio; o segundo à menor solubilidade das isoflavonas presentes na farinha desengordurada de soja no pH isoelétrico; e o último ao processo de carreamento (físico) das isoflavonas pelas proteínas insolubilizadas. / Soy protein isolates are used as ingredients in several food products and their use is increasing together with the increase of the researches on the secondary metabolites of soy, the isoflavones. Some beneficial effects have been associated to the isoflavones, among these their antioxidant action, prevention of cancer, cardiovascular diseases and osteoporosis. The objective of this study was to optimize the extraction conditions of the isoflavones from the defatted soy flour, seeking the preparation of soy protein isolates. The results showed that the obtention of soy protein isolates with increased content of isoflavones depends on the use of mild conditions of centrifugation for the separation of the isoelectric precipitate, as well as on the use of water acidified in the washing step. The presence of isoflavones in the isolates resulted from three factors, the first refers to the association between isoflavones and proteins through hydrophobic; and electrostatic interactions, and hydrogen bonding; the second to the decreased solubility of the isoflavones extracted from the defatted soy flour in the isoelectric pH; and the last to the carrying process (physical) of isoflavones by the precipitating proteins.

<p>  </p> <p>  In this study, whey protein isolate (WPI) and high gellan gum (HAGG) were selected as natural ingredients to produce food-grade biopolymer particles for stabilizing the air-water interface. To achieve this, different mixing ratios of WPI and HAGG were employed, and heat treatment was implemented at different pH levels under the same concentration based on investigations of the pH-driven phase behavior of the WPI/HAGG complex system. The resulting WPI/HAGG complex particles were then evaluated for their ability to stabilize air-water interfaces by measuring their foaming properties.</p> <p><br></p> <p>  Foams generated using 0.1% (wt/wt) WPI/HAGG complex particles, heated at pH 5 with the mixing ratio 2:1 has demonstrated enhanced stability over a period of 30 hours compared to the WPI alone. The unique properties of these complex particles, including their smaller size (around 500nm), greater negative charge (more negative than -30 mV), and compact spherical core-shell structure, along with the higher viscosity in the continuous phase as well as the presence of small protein particles and gellan chains at the interface, collectively contribute to their superior performance as foam stabilizers. This allows for the creation of aerated food products with desirable characteristics, including product handling, enhanced texture, and prolonged shelf life in food industry.</p>

Under det här kandidatexamensarbetet har protein-nanofibers påverkan på material undersökts genom att jämföra fibrillerade filmer med ofibrillerade. Sojaproteinisolat fibrillerades under förhållandena pH 2 och 85 ◦C under minst ett dygn och de syntetiserade nanofibrerna analyserades med Thioflavin T (ThT) fluorescens och atomkraftsmikroskopi (AFM). Spektra från analysmetoden ThT fluorescens indikerade på förekomsten av β-flak och analyserna med AFM visade på att fibrerna hade en morfologi som är karakteristisk för protein-nanofibrer. Resultaten antyder att de parametrar som påverkar morfologin hos fibrerna är fibrilleringstid och typ av protein. De gjutna filmerna från fibrillära respektive ofibrillära proteiner var sammanhängande bortsett från vissa sprickor. Värdena på E-modulen från AFM visade att det fibrillerade materialet var mer heterogent än det ofibrillerade. Filmer med sammanhängande yta erhölls vid tillsats av det mjukgörande additivet glycerol. Slutligen, material av både fibrillär och ofibrillär form kan framställas, däremot krävs vidare forskning för att optimera materialens egenskaper. / During this bachelor thesis project, the impact of protein nanofibers on materials has been analysed by comparing films made from fibrillar and non-fibrillar protein. Fibrillation of soy protein isolate was performed during at least 24 hours at pH 2 and a temperature of 85 ◦C. Analysis of the nanofibers was made with Thioflavin T (ThT) fluorescence and atomic force microscopy (AFM). The spectra from ThT Fluorescens indicated the presence of β-sheets and AFM confirmed that the fibrils had a morphology that is characteristic of protein nanofibers. The results indicated that heating time and protein type were the parameters which had the largest impact on the morphology of the fibrils. The synthesised films from both fibrillar and non-fibrillar protein were coherent with exception of some cracks. The elastic modulus from AFM indicated that the fibrillar film was more heterogeneous compared to the non-fibrillar film. To attain coherent films, the plasticising agent glycerol was added. To summarise, both fibrillar as well as non-fibrillar materials were successfully synthesised, however, further research is necessary to optimise the properties of the material.

No description available.

[EN] Persimmon (Diospyros kaki L.) 'Rojo Brillante' is an astringent variety characterised by good growing conditions, excellent colour, size, sensory characteristics and good nutritional properties. In the last decade, its production has grown substantially in Spain given the application of high levels of CO2 to remove astringency while firmness is preserved. This technology has also increased its potential as a fresh-cut commodity. However, physical damage during processing result in degradation of the colour and firmness of the product and a higher susceptibility to microbial spoilage that significantly reduces the fruit's shelf life. The objective of the present thesis was to develop optimum procedures for processing and marketing 'Rojo Brillante' persimmon into a fresh-cut product with the maximum shelf life and best physicochemical, nutritional, sensory and microbiological quality. Firstly, the objective was to evaluate the effect of the maturity stage (MS) at harvest, storage time at 15 ºC before processing, and the application of different antioxidant treatments on enzymatic browning, sensory and nutritional quality of fresh-cut 'Rojo Brillante' persimmon during storage at 5 ºC. Concentrations of 10 g L-1 ascorbic acid (AA) or 10 g L-1 citric acid (CA) controlled tissue browning and maintained the visual quality of fresh-cut persimmon above the limit of marketability for 6-8 storage days at 5 ºC, depending on the MS. However, these acidic solutions reduced fruit firmness as compared to control samples. Further studies showed that the combination of these antioxidants with 10 g L-1 CaCl2 maintained firmness of the persimmon slices within the same range as the control samples. In another work, the application of 1-methylcyclopropene (1-MCP) allowed to process fruits after 45 days of storage at 1 ºC with commercial firmness and the antioxidant solution (10 g L-1 CA + 10 g L-1 CaCl2) extended the limit of marketability up to 9 days of storage at 5 ºC. Different controlled atmosphere conditions in combination with AA or CA dips were also evaluated as a first step to select optimum O2 and CO2 concentrations for modified atmosphere packaging (MAP) of fresh-cut 'Rojo Brillante' persimmons. Overall, the combination of antioxidant dips and a controlled atmosphere composed of 5 kPa O2 (balance N2) was proved to be the most effective combination to control enzymatic browning. This atmosphere maintained the visual quality of persimmon slices within the limit of marketability during 7- 9 days at 5 ºC. On the contrary, high CO2 concentrations (10 or 20 kPa) induced darkening in some tissue areas, associated with a flesh disorder known as 'internal flesh browning'. Later studies confirmed the beneficial effect of an active MAP in 5 kPa O2 compared to passive MAP to improve the visual quality of fresh-cut 'Rojo Brillante' persimmon, showing a synergic effect with the antioxidant dip (10 g L-1 CA + 10 g L-1 CaCl2). Antioxidant edible coatings were prepared from whey protein isolate (WPI), soy protein isolate (SPI), hydroxylpropyl methylcellulose (HPMC) and apple pectin as the polymeric matrix. All edible coatings were amended with the antioxidant combination selected (10 g L-1 CA + 10 g L-1 CaCl2). All the edible coatings tested proved effective to control enzymatic browning of persimmon slices. However, the samples treated with the HPMC- and pectin- based coatings were scored with a better visual quality that the rest of the treatments. In general, free radical scavenging activity and total carotenoid content increased in late-season persimmons; whereas, processing (cutting and storage at 5 ºC), antioxidant dips, controlled atmosphere storage or edible coatings had no clear effect on nutritional quality (vitamin C, free radical scavenging activity, total phenolic content, and carotenoids) of fresh-cut persimmons. / [ES] El caqui persimmon (Diospyros kaki L.) 'Rojo Brillante' es un cultivar astringente que presenta unas propiedades organolépticas y nutricionales excelentes. En la última década, su cultivo en el área mediterránea de España se ha incrementado de manera exponencial con el desarrollo de la tecnología que permite eliminar la astringencia, manteniendo la firmeza del mismo. Esta nueva forma de presentación, aporta numerosas ventajas, entre la que se incluye la posibilidad de ser comercializado como fruta fresca cortada. Sin embargo, el éxito comercial del producto está limitado por el pardeamiento enzimático, la pérdida de firmeza y al crecimiento microbiano. En este contexto, el objetivo de la Tesis ha sido el desarrollo de caqui 'Rojo Brillante' fresco cortado mediante un enfoque que integra el estudio de las características del producto en el momento del procesado y de distintas tecnologías que mantengan la calidad físico-química, sensorial, nutricional y microbiológica del producto durante un periodo que permita su comercialización. En primer lugar, se evaluó el efecto del estado de madurez (MS) en el momento de recolección, el tiempo de almacenamiento a 15 ºC antes del procesado y la aplicación de diferentes antioxidantes en el pardeamiento enzimático y la calidad sensorial y nutricional del caqui 'Rojo Brillante' cortado y almacenado a 5 ºC. La aplicación de 10 g L-1 de ácido ascórbico (AA) ó 10 g L-1 ácido cítrico (CA) controló el pardeamiento enzimático y mantuvo la calidad visual del caqui por encima del límite de comercialización entre 6 y 8 días de almacenamiento a 5 ºC, dependiendo del MS. Sin embrago, la aplicación de estos antioxidantes redujo de manera significativa la firmeza del fruto respecto al control. La combinación de estos antioxidantes con 10 g L-1 de CaCl2 permitió mantener la firmeza en el mismo rango que las muestras control. En un trabajo posterior, la aplicación de 1-metilciclopropeno (1-MCP) permitió procesar caqui almacenado 45 días a 1 ºC con una buena firmeza comercial y el tratamiento antioxidante (10 g L-1 CA + 10 g L-1 CaCl2) consiguió alcanzar un límite de comercialización del producto de 9 días a 5 ºC. La evaluación de distintas atmósferas controladas en combinación con tratamientos antioxidantes (AA o CA), como paso previo al envasado en atmósfera modificada (MAP) del caqui, mostró como más efectiva en el control del pardeamiento enzimático la atmósfera compuesta por 5 kPa O2 (balance N2). Esta atmósfera mantuvo la calidad visual del caqui cortado dentro del límite de comercialización durante 7-9 días a 5 ºC. Por el contrario, la aplicación de altas concentraciones de CO2 (10 ó 20 kPa) dio lugar a un pardeamiento en ciertas zonas de la pulpa que se conoce como 'internal flesh browning'. Estudios posteriores confirmaron el efecto beneficioso del envasado de caqui cortado y tratado con solución antioxidante (CA-CaCl2) en una MAP activa de 5 kPa O2 en la calidad visual del fruto frente a la aplicación de una MAP pasiva. El desarrollo de recubrimientos comestibles con capacidad antioxidante se realizó mediante la incorporación de antioxidantes (10 g L-1 CA + 10 g L-1 CaCl2) a formulaciones a base de proteína de suero lácteo (WPI), proteína de soja (SPI), hidroxipropilmetilcelulosa (HPMC) y pectina. Todos los recubrimientos fueron efectivos controlando el pardeamiento enzimático del caqui cortado, siendo las muestras recubiertas con HPMC y pectina las mejor evaluadas visualmente. En general, el procesado, la aplicación de antioxidantes, el envasado en atmósferas controladas y los distintos recubrimientos comestibles estudiados, si bien no mostraron un efecto claro en los parámetros de calidad nutricional evaluados, no tuvieron un efecto negativo en los mismos. Por otra parte, los frutos cosechados a final de campaña tuvieron mayor actividad antioxidante y contenido en carotenoides. / [CAT] El caqui persimmon (Diospyros kaki L.) 'Rojo Brillante' és un cultiu astringent que presenta unes propietats organolèptiques i nutricionals excel¿lents. En la última dècada, el seu cultiu en l'àrea mediterrània d'Espanya s'ha incrementat de manera exponencial amb el desenvolupament de la tecnologia que permet eliminar l'astringència, mantenint la fermesa del mateix. Esta nova forma de presentació, aporta un gran nombre d'avantatges, entre els quals s'inclou la possibilitat de comercialitzar-lo com fruita fresca processada. No obstant, l'èxit comercial del producte està limitat per pardetjament enzimàtic, la pèrdua de fermesa i el creixement microbià. L'objectiu de la Tesis ha estat en el desenvolupament de caqui 'Rojo Brillante' tallat en fresc mitjançant un enfocament que integra l'estudi de les característiques del producte en el moment del processat i de diferents tecnologies en el manteniment de la qualitat físico-química, sensorial, nutricional i microbiològica del producte durant un període que permeta la seua comercialització. En primer lloc, es va avaluar l'efecte de l'estat de maduresa (MS) en el moment de recol¿lecció, el temps d'emmagatzemament a 15ºC abans del processat i l'aplicació de diferents tractaments antioxidants en el pardetjament enzimàtic i la qualitat sensorial i nutricional del caqui 'Rojo Brillante' tallat i emmagatzemat a 5 ºC. L'aplicació de 10 g L-1 d'àcid ascòrbic (AA) o 10 g L-1 d'àcid cítric (CA) va controlar el pardetjament enzimàtic i va mantenir la qualitat visual del caqui per damunt del límit de comercialització entre 6-8 dies d'emmagatzemament a 5 ºC, depenent del MS. No obstant, l'aplicació d'antioxidants va reduir de manera significativa la fermesa del fruit comparat amb el control. La combinació d'aquestos antioxidants amb 10 g L-1 de CaCl2 va permetre mantenir la fermesa en el mateix rang que les mostres control. En un treball posterior, l'aplicació de 1-metilciclopropeno (1-MCP) va permetre processar caqui emmagatzemat 45 dies a 1 ºC amb una bona fermesa comercial i a més, el tractament antioxidant (10 g L-1 CA + 10 g L-1 CaCl2) va aconseguir un límit de comercialització del producte tallat de 9 dies a 5 ºC. L'avaluació de diferents atmosferes controlades en combinació amb tractaments antioxidants (AA o CA), com a pas previ a l'envasament en atmosfera modificada (MAP) del caqui 'Rojo Brillante, va mostrar com a més efectiva en el control del pardetjament enzimàtic l'atmosfera composta per 5 kPa O2 (balanç N2). Aquesta atmosfera va mantenir la qualitat visual del caqui tallat dins del límit de comercialització durant 7-9 dies a 5 ºC. Per contra, l'aplicació d'altes concentracions de CO2 (10 ó 20 kPa) va donar lloc a un pardetjament en certes zones de la polpa, el qual és conegut com 'internal flesh browning'. Estudis posteriors van confirmar l'efecte beneficiós de l'envasament de caqui tallat i tractat amb solució antioxidant (CA-CaCl2) en una MAP activa de 5 kPa O2 millorant la qualitat visual de la fruita front a l'aplicació de una MAP passiva. El desenvolupament de recobriments comestibles amb capacitat antioxidant es va realitzar mitjançant la incorporació d'antioxidants (CA-CaCl2) en formulacions a base de proteïna de sèrum làctic (WPI), proteïna de soia (SPI), hidroxipropilmetilcel-lulosa (HPMC) i pectina. Tots els recobriments van ser efectius controlant el pardetjament enzimàtic del caqui tallat. No obstant, les mostres recobertes amb HPMC i pectina van ser millor avaluades visualment que la resta de tractaments. En general, el processat, l'aplicació d'antioxidants, l'envasament en atmosferes controlades i els distints recobriments comestibles estudiats, si bé no van mostrar un efecte clar en els paràmetres de la qualitat nutricional avaluats, no van tindre un efecte negatiu en els mateixos. Per altra banda, els fruits recol¿lectats a final de temporada van tenir major activitat antioxidant i contingut en / Sanchís Soler, E. (2016). Effect of processing on the physicochemical, sensory, nutritional and microbiological quality of fresh-cut 'Rojo Brillante' persimmon [Tesis doctoral no publicada]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/62588 / TESIS