Why public officials complicit in corruption? It is absolutely a nagging and antiquated question. This thesis examines the corruption on a micro-scale from those convicted in corruption cases in Central Java Province, Indonesia, more specifically by taking the personal views and experiences of the imprisoned actors into account. Broadly speaking, the problem of corruption is a tantalizing daily issue around Indonesia. Despite the government is highly committed to overcome corruption, it is argued that national corruption eradication efforts have not simply failed to diminish the number of corruption cases, but they - at least until 2019 – failed to impede the deployment of corruption from central to local government levels. Empirically, this study explores corruption from leadership theories to build its own analytical framework of corruption, namely administrative and political corruption. Using narrative analysis methods, this study analyses nine interviews with elective public officials at district and village levels, combined with several secondary techniques. In drawing its conclusions, this study highlights three major findings to understand the failure of government in addressing corruption, each of which is related to 1) critical role of public legitimacy built upon informal norms; 2) strict bureaucratic function built upon formal norms; 3) cleavages between formal and informal norms that encourage public officials to enact one or both types of corruption. Above all, the idea of ‘private gain’ as the central element of corruption cannot be found in this study. Ultimately, this study provides some direction for future research that would suggest academia and policymakers to better understand the corruption in the public sector by taking informal norms into consideration.

Utifrån en pågående neutralitetsdebatt inom biblioteks- och informationsvetenskap är studiens syfte att undersöka bibliotekariers uppfattning av neutralitet som professionsvärde, detta utifrån huruvida bibliotekarier uppfattar eventuella spänningar mellan deras professionella yrkesidentitet och ett aktivt politiskt engagemang. Kvalitativa semistrukturerade intervjuer har genomförts med bibliotekarier. Detta resultat har analyserats med hjälp av Macdonald och Birdis (2020) beskrivningar av neutralitets-uppfattningar och Hysing och Olssons (2012) tjänstemannaroller som teoretiska verktyg. Genom en idé- och ideologianalys har bibliotekariernas uppfattningar om neutralitet karaktäriserats. Analysen utvecklas genom att deras idéer om bibliotekarierollen karaktäriseras i relation till olika tjänstemannaroller. Studiens slutsatser visar att det förekommer skilda uppfattningar kring hur neutralitet kan tolkas. Gemensamt för informanterna är dock att de uppfattar att det är omöjligt att uppnå en fullständig neutralitet. Neutralitet uppfattas vara viktigast i mötet med användare. Bibliotekarierna skiljer mellan en personlig och professionell roll, men kombinationen av rollerna anses lättast när professionens ideal går i linje med det personliga politiska engagemanget. Ställningstaganden är en del i bibliotekariens yrkesroll vilket gör vissa tjänstemannaroller lättare att axla än andra. / From an ongoing neutrality debate in library and information science, the aim of this study is to investigate librarians’ conception of neutrality as a professional value. This is based on whether librarians consider there to be possible tensions between their professional identity and active political engagement. Qualitative semi-structured interviews have been conducted with librarians. The results have been analyzed with Macdonald and Birdi’s (2020) descriptions of conceptions of neutrality and Hysing and Olsson’s (2012) roles of public officials as theoretical tools. The librarians’ conceptions of neutrality have been characterized through an idea- and ideology analysis. The analysis is developed through characterizing the interviewees’ ideas of the librarian role with different roles of public officials. The study’s conclusions show that there are different conceptions of how neutrality can be interpreted. The respondents have in common that they consider it impossible to reach full neutrality. Neutrality is considered most important whilst facing users. The librarians differentiate between a personal and professional role, but the combination of roles is considered easiest when professional ideals accord with the personal political engagements. Statements are a part of the librarian’s professional role which makes some of the roles as public official easier to assume than others.

El presente trabajo de investigación tiene como fin determinar criterios jurídicos en la postura de garante de los altos funcionarios, a partir del análisis y verificación del estatus que poseen, en razón del cargo, como criterio configurador del delito de homicidio doloso en las manifestaciones sociales. La tesis explora-como referencia-la denuncia constitucional N°1502020, en contra del ex Presidente Merino de Lama, como presunto autor del delito en cuestión. De ahí que, se estudió el delito de omisión impropia, en tanto que, el sujeto activo/autor tiene incito el nexo de evitación, por lo que, está obligado a evitar que se produzca el resultado lesivo, y permite que se afecte al bien jurídico. Frente a ello, el estudio desarrollado tiene sustento en la tesis de infracción de deber, en la cual el estatus del alto funcionario por su condición especial y personal, no tiene relación directa con el resultado lesivo en el delito de homicidio. En tal sentido,no es posible pretender encajar la tesis del dominio del hecho, por cuanto, no domina ni el riesgo típico que exige un deber específico-deber que el Presidente no defrauda-previsto en una norma extra-penal. De ahí que, se propone la implementación de los criterios jurídicos de: el nexo de evitación, la previsibilidad y el hombre promedio en sociedad; en la postura de garante. Y a fin de operativizar los conceptos propuestos, se concluye que, no es posible atribuir responsabilidad penal al Presidente de la República. / The purpose of this research work is to determine legal criteria regarding the position of guarantor held by high-ranking officials, based on the analysis and verification of the status they possess by virtue of their office, as a determining factor in the crime of intentional homicide during social demonstrations. The thesis explores, as a reference, the constitutional complaint No. 150-2020 against former President Merino de Lama as the alleged author of the aforementioned crime. From there, improper omission offenses were studied, considering that the active/author subject has a duty to prevent the harmful outcome and allows the infringement of the legal interest. In light of this, the study is grounded in the theory of breach of duty, in which the status of a high-ranking official, due to their special and personal condition, does not have a direct relationship with the harmful outcome in the crime of homicide. Thus, it's not possible to fit the theory of control of the act, as there is no control over the typical risk that requires a specific duty - a duty that the president does not breach - provided by an extrapenal norm. Therefore, the implementation of the following legal criteria in the position of guarantor is proposed: the duty to prevent, foreseeability, and the average person in society. In order to operationalize the proposed concepts, it is concluded that it is not possible to attribute criminal responsibility to the President of the Republic.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate and examine governance structures and practices and service delivery to provide comprehensive understanding of governance and service delivery situation at sub-national levels in Namibia. Public service agencies are presumed to lack good governance practices which adversely affect service delivery. It was argued that good governance practices improve public service performance and ultimately enhances service delivery. Furthermore, the study noted that the delivery of basic services such as potable water, health, education, electricity and proper road communication can augment the living standard of the people. Various public service reforms undertaken by the Government of Republic of Namibia since independence in 1990 explain government’s resolve to good governance and improved service delivery. Consequently, workable relationship between government and citizens is needed to realise national development plans and Vision 2030. The study used the Oshana Region case study in order to determine whether governance practices have bearing on service delivery at sub-national levels in Namibia. Qualitative research approach was utilised and qualitative data were collected in addition to rigorous literature review and analysis. Scientifically, gathered information suggested that good governance practices are certainly fundamental to service delivery and subsequently improve people’s living standard particularly those residing in rural areas. The study found that the Namibian government exercised good governance practices and provided basic services to citizens. Nonetheless, inappropriate governance practices by some public institutions delay service delivery. The study concluded that while poor governance and ineffective service delivery are considerable challenges faced by public service, they are not insurmountable. The thesis acknowledged a significant progress made by creating governance structures at sub-national levels to provide and accelerate the delivery of essential services to citizens in Namibia. Notwithstanding the above, more still need to be done to improve the socio-economic welfare of Namibian people. Therefore, the research recommended that the Government of Republic of Namibia ought to provide sufficient resources and promote public participation to address the needs and aspirations of the citizens particularly the previously marginalised people in rural areas. Moreover, sub-national governance structures should be strengthened and essential government functions and services be devolved. / Public Administration and Management / D. (Public Administration)

本論文共分成五章。第一章「緒論」，旨在說明公平而競爭的選舉，對於民主國家的重要性，其對於一個開放社會而言，任何僵化的意識型態皆是極權統治的象徵，是不切實際的烏托邦，本章藉學者卡爾、巴柏之筆，首先點出一個多元化民主化的社會，才是我們所要追求的。 　　第二章「理論與實際」則企圖利用立法程序的過程面和民主化理論的動態面為經緯，鋪陳我國選舉政策之變遷情形，為力求明確清晰，政策之本體係以選罷法諸條文之規定為代表，立法程序之變遷係反應以國會結構之調整，而時空環境之變化則以民主化理論中的不斷舉行之選舉為最佳的個案。 　　第三章「我國選舉政策合法化過程分析」，則詳細說明歷次選罷法之修正情形，主要分成在行政機關的部分和立法機關的階段，環環相扣，但兩機關對於政策之主導權限則互有消長之情形，而黨政關係自解嚴與開放黨禁之後，其對於公共政策之影響，也產生了相當程度之變化。 　　第四章「我國選舉政策重要內容分析」，其內容在於說明我國選舉政策之諸多規範要項，為求分析之便，部分選罷法條文之說明係採用各國制度比較之方式，或特別註引其是某一次重要修正時之產物，或是因為曾經產生重大爭議事件，以突顯政策內容之特殊性。 　　第五章「結論」。依研究之發現，可以論證我國選舉活動舉行之頻繁和我國政治發展之過程有相當密切之關係，而選舉政策之變遷，亦與時推移的對我國之民主發展產生不同程度之影響。

The purpose of this study was to evaluate and examine governance structures and practices and service delivery to provide comprehensive understanding of governance and service delivery situation at sub-national levels in Namibia. Public service agencies are presumed to lack good governance practices which adversely affect service delivery. It was argued that good governance practices improve public service performance and ultimately enhances service delivery. Furthermore, the study noted that the delivery of basic services such as potable water, health, education, electricity and proper road communication can augment the living standard of the people. Various public service reforms undertaken by the Government of Republic of Namibia since independence in 1990 explain government’s resolve to good governance and improved service delivery. Consequently, workable relationship between government and citizens is needed to realise national development plans and Vision 2030. The study used the Oshana Region case study in order to determine whether governance practices have bearing on service delivery at sub-national levels in Namibia. Qualitative research approach was utilised and qualitative data were collected in addition to rigorous literature review and analysis. Scientifically, gathered information suggested that good governance practices are certainly fundamental to service delivery and subsequently improve people’s living standard particularly those residing in rural areas. The study found that the Namibian government exercised good governance practices and provided basic services to citizens. Nonetheless, inappropriate governance practices by some public institutions delay service delivery. The study concluded that while poor governance and ineffective service delivery are considerable challenges faced by public service, they are not insurmountable. The thesis acknowledged a significant progress made by creating governance structures at sub-national levels to provide and accelerate the delivery of essential services to citizens in Namibia. Notwithstanding the above, more still need to be done to improve the socio-economic welfare of Namibian people. Therefore, the research recommended that the Government of Republic of Namibia ought to provide sufficient resources and promote public participation to address the needs and aspirations of the citizens particularly the previously marginalised people in rural areas. Moreover, sub-national governance structures should be strengthened and essential government functions and services be devolved. / Public Administration and Management / D. (Public Administration)

PhD (Public and Development Administration) / Department of Public and Development Administration / The aim of the study was to investigate the prevalence of unethical behaviour in the South African municipalities. Municipalities are responsible for providing services such as maintenance of local roads, refuse removals, water supply and sanitation, amongst others. However municipalities’ unethical behaviour have produced many disadvantages for themselves and the society at large. Effective and efficient service delivery is negatively affected by unethical behaviour resulting in the waste of government millions of rands each year, money that could have been spent on delivering services. The fact that there is unethical behaviour in municipalities can be interpreted as a total absence of ethical culture in the behaviour of municipal officials. Municipal officials are encouraged to uphold moral principles such as impartiality, accountability and trustworthy while performing their official duties. Given this background, the research project attempted to provide explanations for the patterns of unethical conduct and also pointed out strategies that could be employed to curb unethical behaviour in municipalities. For the purpose of this study, the researcher employed both qualitative and quantitative research methodologies. The researcher used purposive sampling to select respondents of the study. Two (2) instruments were used to collect data, namely, questionnaires and interviews. To analyse data, two types of data analysis were used. For data collected through questionnaires, the researcher used the Statistical Package for Social Sciences to analyse data. Data collected through interviews were analysed through the use of thematic analysis in the form of narrative. The study revealed specific unethical behaviour that were prevalent at Vhembe District Municipality. The study indicated that senior municipal officials must ensure that ethics initiatives systems and programmes should be put in place so that conducive ethical environment is created. The results indicated that despite challenges, employed strategies provided desired results. Specific solutions such improving employment practices and procurement activities were recommended that could improve ethical standards in the municipalities. / NRF

The thesis investigates corruption and the anti-corruption strategies. Focusing on the case study of Ukraine, it is shown how corruption can affect society and what particular measures can be undertaken for tackling this phenomenon. It is illustrated that the current level of corruption in Ukraine is high in all fields of public management: the customs and taxation systems, law enforcement agencies, the judicial system, business, and so on. The analysis of the Ukrainian government's anti-corruption strategies reveals that they are based primarily on deregulation, demonopolization, the creation of a strong institutional environment, and digitalization. In recent years, Ukraine has been able to achieve institutional advancements through the creation of new anti-corruption bodies and has initiated digitalization as a new strategic direction against corruption. However, none of these activities have brought tangible results so far. The thesis analyzes why the government's anti-corruption strategies have been fruitless to date and how the situation might develop in the future. Keywords anti-corruption strategies, bribery, corruption, European Union, institutional reforms, public officials, Ukraine. Abstrakt Práce zkoumá korupci a protikorupční strategie se zaměřením na případovou studii Ukrajiny. Je...

Ten einde arbitrere uitoefening van die diskresionere bevoegdhede waarmee staatsarnptenare beklee word, te voorkom en te beperk, is beheer van sodanige bevoegdhede noodsaaklik. In die verhandeling word die rol wat die Grondwet van die Republiek van Suid-Afrika, 1993 (Wet 200 van 1993) kan vervul in die uitoefening van beheer oor die diskresionere bevoegdhede van staatsarnptenare ontleed. Sodanige ontleding geskied met verwysing na die Handves van Menseregte en instellings en ampte wat hulle gesag en bevoegdhede aan die 1993-Grondwet ontleen. Bykomend hiertoe, word ondersoek ook ingestel na die belang en relevansie van konstitusionalisme binne die konteks van publieke administrasie. / In order to prevent and to limit the arbitrary exercise of discretionary powers with which public officials are endowed, it is necessary to control such powers. This dissertation explores the role which the Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, 1993 (Act 200 of 1993) can fulfil in the exercise of control over the discretionary powers of public officials. Analysis of the role of the 1993-Constitution in this regard, is done with reference to the Bill of Rights and institutions and offices which derive their authority and powers from the Constitution. In addition hereto, the importance and relevance of constitutionalism within the context of public administration is also explored. / Public Administration / M.A.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T20:20:24Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Edson Pereira Belo da Silva.pdf: 2085159 bytes, checksum: 665127316c53919fea187cedc09e4b95 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-09-01 / This study aims, in particular, examine the violations of the prerogatives of the professional criminal lawyer or public defender, particularly that of the constitutional guarantee of the right of the defense argued the prosecution, which is the instrument of realization of fundamental rights and guarantees of citizens, whose which safeguard the basic principles of citizenship and human dignity. Such professional prerogatives, exercised exclusively by the defender, belong to the citizen, the defender who has the professional criminal indispensable to the realization of Criminal Justice and the effectiveness of its principles, rights and constitutional guarantees. Violating the prerogatives of the defender means preventing the defense argued in the criminal prosecution, causing him substantial prejudice, segregation and the loss of freedom and equity, which affects their human dignity. The professional prerogatives are legal instruments that the defender can effectively perform criminal defense, without which the right of defense would not leave the paper. In this context, the victim can also play an active role in criminal prosecution to defend its interests, making defender, even to intervene in the prosecution watching the official charge. Violation of professional prerogatives, not only against the guarantee of due process as it becomes unfair to court, resulting in criminal prosecution, civil or administrative action against the offending officials. The Constitution introduced in the legal system and political principles and values, rights and guarantees to allow an effective balance of power between the state prosecutor on the one hand, and advocated a citizen on the other. The political and social evolution demonstrates, in this sense, how much of law and democratic governments have been concerned with the preservation of human dignity and the prevalence of Human Rights. Advocacy and Public Defender functions as essential to the Administration of Justice and endowed with prerogatives professionals play a key role in the effectiveness of constitutional provisions, especially in large, free access of citizens to legal assistance. The criminal defense attorney and public defender are indispensable guardians of constitutional values or legal rights such as freedom, privacy, security and patrimony / Este estudo objetiva, especialmente, analisar as violações das prerrogativas profissionais do advogado criminal ou do defensor público, sobretudo no exercício da garantia constitucional do direito de defesa do defendido no processo penal, que é o instrumento de materialização dos direitos e garantias fundamentais do cidadão, cujas quais salvaguardam os princípios fundamentais da cidadania e da dignidade humana. Tais prerrogativas profissionais, exercidas exclusivamente pelo defensor, pertencem ao cidadão, que tem no defensor criminal o profissional indispensável à realização da Justiça Penal e da efetividade dos seus princípios, direitos e garantias constitucionais. Violar as prerrogativas do defensor significa impedir à defesa do defendido na persecução penal, provocando-lhe substancial prejuízo, como a segregação da liberdade e perda patrimonial, o que atinge a sua humana dignidade. As prerrogativas profissionais são instrumentos legais para que o defensor possa desempenhar efetivamente a defesa penal, sem as quais o direito de defesa não sairia do papel. Nesse contexto, a vítima também pode atuar ativamente na persecução penal para defender seus interesses, constituindo defensor, inclusive para intervir na ação penal assistindo a acusação oficial. A violação das prerrogativas profissionais, não só contraria a garantia do devido processo legal como torna injusta a decisão judicial, resultando em ações penais, cíveis e administrativas contra os agentes públicos infratores. A Constituição Federal introduziu no sistema jurídico e político princípios e valores, direitos e garantias para permitir um efetivo equilíbrio de forças entre o Estado acusador, de um lado, e o cidadão defendido, do outro. A evolução política e social demonstra, nesse sentido, o quanto os Estados Democráticos e de Direito têm se preocupado com a preservação da dignidade humana e a prevalência dos Direitos Humanos. Advocacia e Defensoria Pública como funções essenciais à Administração da Justiça e dotadas de prerrogativas profissionais exercem papel fundamental na efetividade dos preceitos constitucionais, principalmente no acesso amplo e gratuito do cidadão à assistência jurídica. O advogado criminal e o defensor público são indispensáveis guardiões dos valores ou bens jurídicos constitucionais, como a liberdade, intimidade, segurança e patrimônio