The Canadian health care system is primarily public funded. With constant rise in health care costs, there is debate on how to best fund Canadian health care. <p>Public, private and mixed funding options are being discussed. The funding options people support will depend on how they view the health care system. Is health care a commodity or a public right? Pharmacists interact with patients daily and are involved in the delivery of health services. Their views on whether health care should be a public right or a commodity can add meaningful input to the debate.<p>The primary objective of this study was to develop a scale to measure pharmacists perceptions of health care as a commodity or a public right. In turn, this scale was used to see if a relationship exists between pharmacists orientation to health care (commodity vs. public right) and their support for different health care funding options.<p> A mail-in survey of community pharmacists in Saskatchewan was conducted based on the Dillman approach. The questionnaire consisted primarily of six-point Likert scale questions. Data analysis was performed using non-parametric tests such as Mann-Whitney U and Kruskal Wallis tests. One-way ANOVA was used for parametric data and post-hoc analysis was performed using Bonferroni test. Correlation of the scales was tested using Spearmans and Pearsons correlation coefficients. The response rate achieved was 64.2%.<p>The study results indicate that pharmacists are not willing to provide cognitive services free of charge. However, they are willing to continue providing OTC drug counseling free of charge. They will not restrict provision of cognitive services only to patients able pay. They prefer being reimbursed through other sources. They are unwilling to make time and income adjustments to improve patient health outcomes. They do not want to link the financial rewards they receive to the amount of benefit the patient receives.<p>Pharmacists favour the current system of funding health care in Canada but would prefer more choice in the delivery and funding methods. The results do not indicate any relationship between pharmacists orientation to health care (commodity vs. public right) and their level of support for different health care funding strategies. <p>The study conclusions suggest that pharmacists value and appreciate the direct impact of their work on patients. However they consider themselves to be professionals first and expect to be compensated financially for their services. Their willingness to spend time and effort towards provision of services as a public right seems to be predicated to a certain extent by the financial rewards they receive.

The Canadian health care system is primarily public funded. With constant rise in health care costs, there is debate on how to best fund Canadian health care. <p>Public, private and mixed funding options are being discussed. The funding options people support will depend on how they view the health care system. Is health care a commodity or a public right? Pharmacists interact with patients daily and are involved in the delivery of health services. Their views on whether health care should be a public right or a commodity can add meaningful input to the debate.<p>The primary objective of this study was to develop a scale to measure pharmacists perceptions of health care as a commodity or a public right. In turn, this scale was used to see if a relationship exists between pharmacists orientation to health care (commodity vs. public right) and their support for different health care funding options.<p> A mail-in survey of community pharmacists in Saskatchewan was conducted based on the Dillman approach. The questionnaire consisted primarily of six-point Likert scale questions. Data analysis was performed using non-parametric tests such as Mann-Whitney U and Kruskal Wallis tests. One-way ANOVA was used for parametric data and post-hoc analysis was performed using Bonferroni test. Correlation of the scales was tested using Spearmans and Pearsons correlation coefficients. The response rate achieved was 64.2%.<p>The study results indicate that pharmacists are not willing to provide cognitive services free of charge. However, they are willing to continue providing OTC drug counseling free of charge. They will not restrict provision of cognitive services only to patients able pay. They prefer being reimbursed through other sources. They are unwilling to make time and income adjustments to improve patient health outcomes. They do not want to link the financial rewards they receive to the amount of benefit the patient receives.<p>Pharmacists favour the current system of funding health care in Canada but would prefer more choice in the delivery and funding methods. The results do not indicate any relationship between pharmacists orientation to health care (commodity vs. public right) and their level of support for different health care funding strategies. <p>The study conclusions suggest that pharmacists value and appreciate the direct impact of their work on patients. However they consider themselves to be professionals first and expect to be compensated financially for their services. Their willingness to spend time and effort towards provision of services as a public right seems to be predicated to a certain extent by the financial rewards they receive.

Consacré par la loi de 1901 comme un droit, le fait de s'associer, de se regrouper, a connu d'importantes manifestations dès le XIXe siècle, malgré les interdictions révolutionnaires. La thèse se propose de comprendre à partir du département de l'Isère, les codes légaux et administratifs de l'existence d'une liberté publique en cours de constitution. Au travers du prisme du préfet, elle mettra en valeur les différentes techniques administratives du contrôle et de la surveillance, ainsi que l'adaptation des groupements visés, adaptations variables selon les domaines d'activité. Pour cela, cette étude constitue une enquête juridique et historique sur la pratique d'une liberté publique fondamentale antérieurement à la reconnaissance législative. / Established as a legal right through the law of 1901, the act of going into partnership and the act of joining together had been occurring in public circles from the 19th century on, despite the fact that these acts had been been banned by revolutionary decrees. This thesis uses as a focus the Isère Department, and analyses the French legal and administrative codes to scrutinise the real existence of a public freedom in its phase of construction. Using a theoretical framework which focuses on the French Departmental leader - the Préfet (the Prefect), this thesis will highlight the different administrative control and surveillance techniques as well as the adapatation of activity of its targeted groups. These adaptations were of a varied nature according their domain of business. To achieve this objective, this study is a legal and historical investigation on the practice of a fundamental public right before its legal acknowledgement.

Street trees are an important component of the urban forest that can provide direct and indirect benefits to social and ecological sustainability in cities. Temporal and spatial interactions between human and non-human management agents determine the distribution and health of street tree populations in urban areas. This dissertation seeks to enhance our understanding of the spatial patterns and processes affecting street trees by investigating the agents and social-ecological determinants of changes to street tree distributions in urban residential neighborhoods. The research was guided by three primary questions: (1) Are recent changes to the spatial distribution of street trees influenced by socio-demographic household and neighborhood characteristics? (2) Which management agents are the strongest predictors of recent changes to street tree distributions and does the contribution of these agents vary in relationship to social-ecological patterns within a city? (3) To what extent are household street tree management decisions related to the built and bioecological material characteristics of the public right-of-way? These questions were investigated in a case study that examined street tree management and public right-of-way (PROW) canopy change associated with single-family residential areas in and near the City of Tampa, Florida. The methodological approach employed a multi-method design using a conceptual framework developed to capture the complexity of management within human ecosystems. Urban remote sensing and spatial analytical techniques were used to examine the geographic association between patterns of street tree change and socio-demographic characteristics. Household survey techniques were utilized to examine the determinants of street tree management; specifically planting, removal, and trimming. Interviews with key informants familiar with urban forest management provided additional insights to complement the location specific knowledge of household survey respondents. Street tree change was examined for the period of 2003 to 2006, and information about household management actions also included recent years (i.e., 2009-2011). A citywide pattern of street tree increases was disproportionately distributed with respect to socioeconomic status; with greater increases in affluent neighborhoods. Patterns of change within local portions of the study area revealed significant and spatially variable relationships with socioeconomic status, as well as race/ethnicity variables and indicators of lifestyle differences. The findings suggest that the citywide pattern of change associated with socioeconomic status may perpetuate an inequitable outcome in the distribution of street trees at the expense of less affluent neighborhoods. The local patterns of change indicate that the processes driving street tree distributions may also reflect differences in attitudes toward trees. The case study did not find sufficient evidence to link the actions of individual agents with street tree change. Street tree increases were more likely in areas where tree trimming had been reported and where property market values were greater, but less likely in PROW segments with overhead power lines. Households, public agencies and builders, but not neighborhoods, were the primary human street tree management agents. Past and ongoing land development and redevelopment decisions, including the configuration of PROW infrastructures, may be one of the most important factors affecting patterns of street tree change. Landscape decisions and practices influenced by household and neighborhood group dynamics also appear to be important factors affecting street tree change. Damages caused by storm event and differences in tree species lifecycle characteristics represent important non-human agents of street tree change. The findings indicated that public agencies are not the only managers of street trees and household tree management does not stop at the boundary of private property. There was no evidence of a relationship between household management actions and the material conditions of the PROW. However, there was a relationship between the presence of either power lines or sidewalks and household survey responses about who should bear responsibility for street tree management and the liability. Household respondents expressed an increased sense of personal responsibility for street tree management when a sidewalk was in front of their home. This dissertation addressed an important gap in understanding about the factors driving street tree change. Planting, removal, and trimming of street trees in Tampa is a shared responsibility with complex spatial patterns and multi-scalar drivers. An important conclusion is that the sustainability of street tree populations within the urban forest will require urban planners and managers to better understand how these management agents cooperate if they are to promote healthy, safe and beneficial street tree populations as a part of the urban forest.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T20:27:20Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Marcos Neri de Almeida.pdf: 342262 bytes, checksum: 7887d7f5420d5504575c70c53e56f3eb (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-05-20 / This current master degree dissertation aims at showing that childhood education, fundamental children's right, is a State's obligation, who does not have the faculty to refrain from offering it under any circunstancies, chiefly for children, that has absolute priority on caring their demands due to the respect to person's condition in development proccess, as well as in virtue of indisponibility that regards their rights. Childhood education is a subjective public right to children and it has its foundations even in Federal Constitution as in Child and Teenage Status, that are the main diplomas that treat this autonomous Law subject from where we outlined and identified the two fundamental principles: the absolute priority and the respect to the person condition in development proccess. Meanwhile, although the Federal Constitution have already been promulgated 19 years before, thousands of children still do not attend daycare or preschools in virtue of not enough vacancies, as on the city of São Paulo, where the lack is of, approximately, 90 thousand vacancies. With the evolution of concept of administrative discretionarity, it is up to the Judicial Power to effective this right to childhood education when it is not voluntarily by Public Administration / A presente tese de mestrado tem por objetivo demonstrar que a educação infantil, direito fundamental das crianças, é uma obrigação do Estado, que não tem a faculdade de deixar de oferecê-la sob qualquer pretexto, ainda mais para crianças, que têm prioridade absoluta no atendimento de suas demandas em virtude do respeito à condição de pessoa em processo de desenvolvimento, bem como em virtude da indisponibilidade que marca os seus direitos. A Educação infantil é um direito público subjetivo das crianças e tem seu fundamento tanto na Constituição Federal quanto no Estatuto da Criança e do Adolescente, que são os principais diplomas que tratam do Direito da Infância e da Juventude, de onde delineamos e identificamos os seus dois princípios fundamentais: da prioridade absoluta e do respeito à condição de pessoa em processo de desenvolvimento. Entretanto, apesar da Constituição Federal já ter sido promulgada há mais de 19 anos, milhares de crianças ainda não freqüentam creches ou pré-escolas em virtude da falta de vagas, como na cidade de São Paulo, onde a carência é de, aproximadamente, 90 mil vagas. Assim, com a evolução do conceito de discricionariedade administrativa, cabe ao Poder Judiciário efetivar esse direito à educação infantil quando não implementado voluntariamente pela Administração Pública

Orientador: Paschoal Quaglio / Banca: Cristiano Amaral Garboggini Di Giorgi / Banca: José Augusto Chaves Guimarães / Banca: José Geraldo Alberto Bertoncini Poker / Banca: Marília Faria de Miranda / Resumo: Esta tese é uma tentativa de contribuir com a organização das escolas públicas no enfrentamento de uma demanda crescentemente mais “necessitada” e uma oferta progressivamente ‘minguada’ pelas imposições dos organismos internacionais. A pretensão desse trabalho é denunciar e dimensionar o problema sem, no entanto, infelizmente, oferecer nesse momento, algum conforto aos aflitos dessa turbulência desumana. A empreitada é analisar o nível de comprometimento da proposição e da ação dos três poderes republicanos, da sociedade política brasileira, na universalização da educação como direito público e subjetivo, nesse contexto globalizado e, anunciar que um outro mundo é possível através da adoção de concepções plurais de justiça que permitam, que as desigualdades sociais e econômicas sejam dispostas de tal forma que beneficiem mais aos menos aquinhoados. Por fim acreditar com mais convicção na orientação da sociologia interacionista para a qual, a sociedade é como uma cena, o indivíduo é como um ator social em comunicação significativa com outros atores e suas significações próprias e, a vida social é a composição dialética dessas ações na construção da personalidade individual e da ordem social. A teoria do currículo, a teoria do conhecimento, a governança democrática, a reflexão crítica e pesquisadora, proporcionam o arcabouço científico para a construção de uma escola sintonizada com a indigência da sociedade civil. / Abstract: This thesis is a temptive of contributing with the reorganization of the public schools in the fight by a more and more urgent necessity and a rare progressive offer by the power of the international institutions. The intention of this work is denounce the existing problem and show how serious it is without giving them in this moment any kind of comfort. The purpose is to analyse the level of dedication of the proposition and of the action of the three Republic powers, of the Brazilian Politics Society making the educational system global as a public and a subjective right in this globalized context, and showing that another world is possible through the adoption of plural conceptions of justice that permit that the economic and social differences among people are reorganized in a good way in order to help more and more the poors. Believing with more convinction in the orientation of the interactionist sociology that says the society is like a scene, the human being is like an actor in an important communication with other actors and their own meanings and, their social life is the dialetic composition of those actions.In the building of the individual personality and of the social order. The theory of the curriculum, the theory of the knowledge, the democractic behaviour, the crictical reflection and the investigating action give us a scientific fortress to the building of a school that are plugged to the civil society. / Doutor

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:33:30Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2003-10-17Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:04:31Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 rodrigues_aw_dr_mar.pdf: 856045 bytes, checksum: 4861dad84a5b5fffeb361aa21759b9f4 (MD5) / Esta tese é uma tentativa de contribuir com a organização das escolas públicas no enfrentamento de uma demanda crescentemente mais necessitada e uma oferta progressivamente minguada pelas imposições dos organismos internacionais. A pretensão desse trabalho é denunciar e dimensionar o problema sem, no entanto, infelizmente, oferecer nesse momento, algum conforto aos aflitos dessa turbulência desumana. A empreitada é analisar o nível de comprometimento da proposição e da ação dos três poderes republicanos, da sociedade política brasileira, na universalização da educação como direito público e subjetivo, nesse contexto globalizado e, anunciar que um outro mundo é possível através da adoção de concepções plurais de justiça que permitam, que as desigualdades sociais e econômicas sejam dispostas de tal forma que beneficiem mais aos menos aquinhoados. Por fim acreditar com mais convicção na orientação da sociologia interacionista para a qual, a sociedade é como uma cena, o indivíduo é como um ator social em comunicação significativa com outros atores e suas significações próprias e, a vida social é a composição dialética dessas ações na construção da personalidade individual e da ordem social. A teoria do currículo, a teoria do conhecimento, a governança democrática, a reflexão crítica e pesquisadora, proporcionam o arcabouço científico para a construção de uma escola sintonizada com a indigência da sociedade civil. / This thesis is a temptive of contributing with the reorganization of the public schools in the fight by a more and more urgent necessity and a rare progressive offer by the power of the international institutions. The intention of this work is denounce the existing problem and show how serious it is without giving them in this moment any kind of comfort. The purpose is to analyse the level of dedication of the proposition and of the action of the three Republic powers, of the Brazilian Politics Society making the educational system global as a public and a subjective right in this globalized context, and showing that another world is possible through the adoption of plural conceptions of justice that permit that the economic and social differences among people are reorganized in a good way in order to help more and more the poors. Believing with more convinction in the orientation of the interactionist sociology that says the society is like a scene, the human being is like an actor in an important communication with other actors and their own meanings and, their social life is the dialetic composition of those actions.In the building of the individual personality and of the social order. The theory of the curriculum, the theory of the knowledge, the democractic behaviour, the crictical reflection and the investigating action give us a scientific fortress to the building of a school that are plugged to the civil society.