This thesis examines the management of Broad-Based Black Economic Empowerment (B-BBEE) policy by the provincial government of KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. Several authors have analyzed the policy on B-BBEE in South Africa, mainly focusing on the impact of the policy on the ‘actors’, and the ethical implications of the policy, but no research has been done on its policy implementation and management, particularly in the public service in South Africa. The central aim of this thesis is to investigate the organizational complexities surrounding how the policy on B-BBEE is managed by the provincial government of KwaZulu-Natal. The study focuses on the three KwaZulu-Natal technical clusters: the economic sectors and infrastructure development, governance and administration, and the social protection, community & human development cluster. The thesis identifies various government departments in each cluster to examine how the policy on B-BBEE is managed. The investigation revealed that government has been successful in implementing some aspects of B-BBEE policy as the majority of blacks were holding key strategic positions within the provincial government. However, the provincial government was grappling with serious management challenges. This thesis explores instruments for policy management, that is, policy coordination, organizational transformation, organizational hierarchy, and policy communication. The results showed that much as the provincial government has been able to open up opportunities for black people there is still a long way to go in terms of transforming policy management structures, functions, processes, norms, values, procedures, organizational culture, and organizational decision-making in improving policy management. The study revealed that various government structures, functions, processes, procedures, norms, values and organizational culture are incompatible with B-BBEE policy objectives. Government decision-making is hierarchical which obstructs the management of B-BBEE policy implementation. Furthermore, B-BBEE policy is still yet to be institutionalized by most government organizations in the province. / Thesis (Ph.D.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, 2013.

Contractors have to construct the projects efficiently in accordance with the contract provisions when they accept a contract. All construction projects involve risk and there is no possibility to eliminate all the risks associated with a specific project. Management of risk requires identification and analysis of risk factors. After this risk assessment step, proper response strategies have to be developed so that an optimum risk-reward structure is ensured. Contracts are the grounds where risk allocation schemes between parties are settled and risk-reward mechanisms are defined. Since contractors are usually unable to influence the contract conditions and clauses, they should understand which risks they are retaining under contract conditions. Thus, succesful management of risk requires understanding of contract clauses and identification of secondary risk factors created due to poorly defined contract clauses. The aim of this thesis is to investigate standard conditions of contract, namely FIDIC and GSPW, which are the most widely utilised contracts by the Turkish contractors, from the risk management point of view. For this purpose an interview form is prepared and interviews are conducted using this structured form. Implications of the contract clauses for the risk management strategy of contractors are discussed based on interview findings. The basic philosophy of FIDIC and GSPW are investigated so that necessary suggestions for the contractors can be made considering the risk allocation schemes defined in these documents.

Public Private Partnership (PPP) is a well established methodology for procuring public works projects. By incorporating the private sector’s expertise, efficiency, innovation, business sense, risk sharing, financing etc. into public works projects, the quality of public services and facilities can be uplifted. Like many jurisdictions, Hong Kong is also keen to take aboard this methodology which is so familiar but yet so distant. Although they have been one of the first jurisdictions to utilise the private sector in public works projects, their comfortable financial reserves has meant that there has been no urge to push the movement until recently. PPP has become increasingly popular amongst governments. The Hong Kong Special Administrative Region (HKSAR) government is no exception. Some of the more active works departments have commissioned studies to investigate the best ways to deliver these projects, others have even trialed the method themselves. The efficiency Unit of the HKSAR government has also become an active arm in conducting research in this area. Although so, the information that is currently available is still very broad. Building from their works there is a need to develop a best practice framework for implementing PPP projects in Hong Kong by incorporating international experiences. To develop a best practice framework will require thorough investigation into the benefits, difficulties and critical success factor of PPP. PPP should also be compared with other procurement methods. In order to do so it is important to clearly understand the local situation by an analysis of projects conducted to date. Lessons learnt can further be derived from other countries and incorporated to those derived locally. Finally the best conditions in terms of project nature, complexity, types, and scales for adopting PPP should be derived. The aim and objectives of this study were achieved via a comprehensive literature review, in-depth case analyses, interview survey with experts from both Hong Kong and overseas, and finally a large scale data collection was conducted via a questionnaire survey with PPP practitioners. These findings were further triangulated before they were used as the basis to form the best practice framework presented in this thesis. The framework was then further validated by PPP experts to ensure it is comprehensive, objective, reliable and practical. This study has presented a methodology that can be adopted for future studies. It has also updated our knowledge on the development trends of PPP as well as opened up the experiences of other jurisdictions. The findings have shown that the local industry is familiar with “what” should be done in PPP projects but they are unsure of “how” these goals can be achieved. This framework has allowed this further knowledge to be delivered to PPP practitioners. As a result, the development of this framework can help to resolve the current economic crisis by encouraging more developments and business opportunities for the private sector. In addition, the correct projects can be delivered by PPP, the advantages of PPP can be maximised, and the general public can benefit from the private sector’s participation.

Le vocable des partenariats public-privé est peu utilisé par les textes officiels. Autrement dit, cette notion est peu définie d’une manière précise et didactique en droit positif français. L’appréhension de cette notion coïncide avec l’analyse du régime des montages juridico-financiers de la commande publique, résultant de la position de la collectivité publique en tant que demandeur de biens ou de services sur le marché. L’objectif commun à tous ces montages est de permettre le préfinancement privé d’ouvrages publics, de faire bénéficier les personnes publiques du savoir-faire du secteur privé et d’allouer de manière optimale les risques entre les parties.Toutefois, cette efficacité financière n’est pas systématique, d’où un encadrement juridique et modulé s’avère nécessaire. Ce qui implique l’opportunité du suivi de l’équilibre durant tout le processus contractuel et non pas uniquement la recherche d’une échappatoire aux règles de droit public. Il s’agit In fine de pallier l’asymétrie d’information et ce en faveur de la personne publique, mais en renforçant le contrôle de l’exécution de la dépense publique, par des organismes de nature diverse, notamment administrative, juridictionnelle et politique.Enfin, le contrôle exercé par le juge pénal sur les acheteurs publics, à l’instar du juge administratif en matière de contentieux précontractuel et contractuel, contribuent davantage la stabilité et la sécurité des relations contractuelles. / The term public, private partnership is not largely used by official consolidated texts. In other words, this notion is not much defined precisely and didacticly in the French positive pole. The apprehension of this notion matches with the analysis of the system of arranging legal financing of the public procurement, resulting from the position of public corporation as requisitioner of goods and services on the market. The common objective of all these arrangements aims to allow free pre-financing of private public works that are required and those that are permitted, to enable people to well benefit of private sector and allocate adequately (get expertise) all optimal risks between parties.However, this financial effectiveness is not systematic, so it’s necessary to emplement a judicial and moduled framework which implies the opportunity of follow up and monitoring for the balancing and stability all along the contractual processus and not only an escape (or violating) rules of public laws.All in all, the aim is to alleviate and overcome asymetric information for the benefit of public sector, but still reinforcing control of public execution via various organisms, mainly administrative, judicial and political. In the end, the study (investigations) conducted by the penal judge concerning the public buyers like the administrative judge about pre-contractual and contractural litigation, leads to complete stability and full security of contractual relations.

The present study aimed to analyze the public works management process and identify barriers that may compromise the success of a work regarding the budget, contracts management, planning and control of public works. In this sense, a documentary research, with on-the-spot observation and interviews with managers from UFSM. The results indicated that the obstacles pointed are assigned to planning failures, insufficient supervision, the precariousness of the projects or even the inadequacy of organizational structures of the agencies and entities responsible for the procurement and implementation of public works. All of these factors often result in stoppage of works, which penalizes the society in various ways: imposes losses of goods and services already performed, either by bad weather or depredations, and increases the final cost of the works as a result of the extension of the implementation period, mobilizations and finance charges not provided for originalment. / O presente estudo objetivou analisar o processo de gestão de obras públicas e identificar os entraves que podem comprometer o êxito de uma obra no que diz respeito ao orçamento, ao gerenciamento de contratos, ao planejamento e ao controle de obras públicas. Neste sentido, fez-se uma pesquisa documental, com observação in loco e entrevistas com os gestores da UFSM. Os resultados indicaram que os entraves apontados são atribuídos às falhas no planejamento, à insuficiência de fiscalização, à precariedade dos projetos ou mesmo à inadequação de estruturas organizacionais dos órgãos e entidades responsáveis pela contratação e execução das obras públicas. Todos esses fatores resultam, muitas vezes, na paralisação de obras, o que penaliza a sociedade de várias formas: impõe perdas de bens e serviços já executados, seja por intempéries ou depredações, e aumenta o custo final das obras em virtude da ampliação do prazo de execução, de mobilizações e encargos financeiros não previstos originalmente.

Submitted by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2016-06-01T10:17:34Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Helen Regina de Oliveira e Ribeiro - 2015.pdf: 3819762 bytes, checksum: 08272b175df3764bc8abd2b01886f769 (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2016-06-01T10:21:59Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Helen Regina de Oliveira e Ribeiro - 2015.pdf: 3819762 bytes, checksum: 08272b175df3764bc8abd2b01886f769 (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-01T10:21:59Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Helen Regina de Oliveira e Ribeiro - 2015.pdf: 3819762 bytes, checksum: 08272b175df3764bc8abd2b01886f769 (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-07-28 / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de Goiás - FAPEG / The creation of the Program - Programa de Apoio à Reestruturação e Expansão das Universidades Federais (REUNI) - together with the large represed demand, to the low number of technical and political pressure to meet deadlines, caused the Universidade Federal de Goiás (UFG) chose to outsource project design and execution of new works. The project contracting and execution of public works needs prior bidding procedure. The large volume of works and contracts raised increase in hiring additives. Although the regulatory government agencies consider the additives one of the main reasons for over invoicing and overpricing in public works, your contract can not be synonymous with public funds embezzlement. On the other hand, hiring is legitimate and additives provided by law. This study aims to make a analysis of the main factors that led to the hiring of additional services in new works construction contracts within the Universidade Federal de Goiás (UFG). The research is based on analysis of 42 new process works contracts, all for global price regime, contracted and completed between the years 2010 to 2014 and resulting from procurement modalities Pricing and Concurrency Taken. For the analysis of the justifications presented by the tax works, it was possible to identify the main factors and classify them into two parts. The first, relating the factors resulting from procedures failures of the elaboration of the basic projects, and the second, the factors linked to changes due to needs arising after contracting the work. The cauting of values and impacts corresponding to each of the factors indicated that most of the justifications of additives contracts (79,36%) is shed changes due to needs arising after contracting the work, indicating that most of the increases were carried out in accordance with the laws force for conclusion of such contracts and additives. The results achieved may assist Senior Management in the planning and distribution of resources to expand the physical space; demonstrating the impact of additives on two aspects. The analysis showed that the legality of the contracts additives met the legal requirements, and that most of the increases values have not altered the bidding modality. This analysis enabled us to verify which items had a higher incidence of contractual changes. Finally, this study opens new prospects for research related to analysis of public works budgets, aimed at continuous improvement of the project design process, hiring and supervision of public works and also contributed to the decrease in research gap in the topic. / A criação do Programa de Apoio à Reestruturação e Expansão das Universidades Federais (REUNI), somadas à grande demanda reprimida, ao baixo número de técnicos e à pressão política para o cumprimento dos prazos, fizeram com que a Universidade Federal de Goiás (UFG) optasse por terceirizar a elaboração de projetos e execução das novas obras. A contratação de projetos e execução de obras públicas necessita de procedimento prévio de licitação. O grande volume de obras e contratos suscitou aumento na contratação de aditivos. Embora os órgãos controladores considerem os aditivos uma das principais razões de superfaturamento e sobrepreço em obras públicas, sua contratação não pode ser sinônimo de malversação de recursos públicos. Por outro lado, a contratação de aditivos é legítima e prevista em lei. Este trabalho tem por objetivos realizar uma análise dos principais fatores que levaram à contratação de serviços adicionais em contratos de construção de obras novas, dentro da Universidade Federal de Goiás (UFG). A pesquisa está baseada na análise dos contratos de 42 processos de obras novas, todas pelo regime de preço global, contratadas e concluídas entre os anos de 2010 a 2014 e decorrentes de licitações das modalidades Tomada de Preços e Concorrência. Pela análise das justificativas apresentadas pelos fiscais das obras, foi possível identificar os principais fatores e classificá-los em duas vertentes. A primeira, relacionando os fatores decorrentes de falhas de procedimentos na elaboração dos projetos básicos, e a segunda, os fatores ligados às alterações decorrentes de necessidades surgidas após a contratação da obra. A apuração dos valores e impactos financeiros correspondentes a cada um dos fatores indicou que a maior parte das justificativas (79,36%) dos contratos de aditivos corresponde a vertente de alterações decorrentes de necessidades surgidas após a contratação, indicando que a maioria dos acréscimos foram realizados em conformidade com as leis vigentes para celebração desses contratos e aditivos. Os resultados alcançados podem auxiliar a Administração Superior no planejamento e distribuição de recursos para ampliação do espaço físico; demonstrando o impacto causado pelos aditivos nas duas vertentes. A análise da legalidade demonstrou que os aditivos de contratos atenderam aos requisitos legais, e que na maioria dos acréscimos de valores não alteraram a modalidade licitatória. Essa análise possibilitou verificar quais os itens que tiveram maior incidência de alteração contratual. Por fim, este estudo abre perspectiva para novas pesquisas relacionadas à análise dos orçamentos de obras públicas, visando a melhoria contínua do processo de elaboração de projetos, contratação e fiscalização de obras públicas e, ainda, contribuiu com a diminuição da lacuna de pesquisas no tema.

Magister Economicae - MEcon / Knowledge is recognised as a crucial resource in the knowledge-based economy; and it is believed to drive sustainable success in organizations. Knowledge management (KM) helps organizations identify, create, organize, distribute and transfer vital knowledge among employees within and across organizations. The underlying premise is that good KM leads to efficiency and effectiveness, which in turn, influences the total performance in an organization. Therefore, this study investigates the role of KM practices as they relate to projects in a South African government organisation. The problem was dwelt with by establishing research questions and objectives. In order to answer the research questions, a literature search was conducted in the area of KM to establish the KM enablers, barriers, and processes known to facilitate or hinder successful KM in organizations. This led to the identification of five enablers, including organizational culture, structure, technology, strategy and leadership, as well as the resources believed to be fundamental in the success of KM practices. Barriers to KM were identified as individual, organizational and technological. The study established four KM processes: acquisition, conversion, application and protection that were found to concur with good KM practices. A conceptual model was developed around these areas. The model assisted in developing qualitative and quantitative questions. In order to investigate the proposed research questions, the study identified a single directorate within the department of public works that is directly involved with the delivery of health infrastructure. The methodology used, which was mainly qualitative research, was conducted by using multiple-data evidences, namely: semi-structured interviews, document review; these were sourced from primary and secondary sources, as well as similar organizational best practices in KM. A total of nine interviews were conducted with individuals in managerial positions. A total of 7 of the 30 e-mailed questionnaires were completed and the data were used to supplement the qualitative data. This study used the Content-Analysis Technique approach to analyse the text data obtained from the interviews. It was established that successful KM implementation requires the promotion of an enabling environment. The results from the findings revealed that organizational culture, structure, leadership and strategy, ICT, as well as KM resources form, a foundation for the KM environment. KM processes, such as knowledge-retention, creation, capture, transfer and iv sharing, were found to be fundamental for KM practices to occur. Barriers to effective KM occurred largely due to the lack of awareness and time. To capitalize on knowledge, an organization must be prepared to balance its KM enablers and processes. The existing challenges impeding KM success should be identified and dealt with, in order to realize the KM benefits. The study, therefore, proposes a KM conceptual model to be integrated with the decision-making framework, as an implementation strategy for KM in the public sector. This would ensure an embedded knowledge-intensive environment in the Department, and hence the improvement of infrastructural delivery. This study is limited, since only a single case was used, which plainly suggests that there is a possibility that the results cannot be generalized beyond the researched organisation – without conducting any further study. It is recommended that for future research, this study be replicated through several other directorates, or even departments at various government levels (e.g. national, provincial). Also, quantitative analysis, together with qualitative analysis, should be used to create a triangulation between the two approaches.

Critical Infrastructure is often overlooked from an Information Security perspective as being of high importance to protect which may result in Critical Infrastructure being at risk to Cyber related attacks with potential dire consequences. Furthermore, what is considered Critical Infrastructure is often a complex discussion, with varying opinions across audiences. Traditional Critical Infrastructure included power stations, water, sewage pump stations, gas pipe lines, power grids and a new entrant, the “internet of things”. This list is not complete and a constant challenge exists in identifying Critical Infrastructure and its interdependencies. The purpose of this research is to highlight the importance of protecting Critical Infrastructure as well as proposing a high level framework aiding in the identification and securing of Critical Infrastructure. To achieve this, key case studies involving Cyber crime and Cyber warfare, as well as the identification of attack vectors and impact on against Critical Infrastructure (as applicable to Critical Infrastructure where possible), were identified and discussed. Furthermore industry related material was researched as to identify key controls that would aid in protecting Critical Infrastructure. The identification of initiatives that countries were pursuing, that would aid in the protection of Critical Infrastructure, were identified and discussed. Research was conducted into the various standards, frameworks and methodologies available to aid in the identification, remediation and ultimately the protection of Critical Infrastructure. A key output of the research was the development of a hybrid approach to identifying Critical Infrastructure, associated vulnerabilities and an approach for remediation with specific metrics (based on the research performed). The conclusion based on the research is that there is often a need and a requirement to identify and protect Critical Infrastructure however this is usually initiated or driven by non-owners of Critical Infrastructure (Governments, governing bodies, standards bodies and security consultants). Furthermore where there are active initiative by owners very often the suggested approaches are very high level in nature with little direct guidance available for very immature environments.

Trabajo de investigación

M.Sc. (Information Technology) / The purpose of the research presented in this dissertation is to explore the uses of an adaptive multi-agent system for critical information infrastructure protection (CIIP). As the name suggests, CIIP is the process of protecting the information system which are connected to the infrastructure essential to the continued running of a country or organisation. CIIP is challenging due largely to the diversity of these infrastructures. The dissertation examines a number of artificial intelligence techniques that can be applied to CIIP; these techniques range from multi-agent systems to swarm optimisation. The task of protection is broken into three distinct areas: preventing unauthorised communication from outside the system; identifying anomalous actions on computers within the system; and ensuring that communication within the system is not modified externally. A multi-agent learning model, MALAMANTEAU, is proposed as a way to address the problem of CIIP. Due to various problems facing CIIP, multi-agent systems present good opportunities for solving these many problems in a single model. Agents within the MALAMANTEAU model will use diverse artificial and computational intelligence techniques in order to provide an adaptable approach to protecting critical networks. The research presented in the dissertation shows how computational intelligence can be employed alongside multi-agent systems in order to provide powerful protection for critical networks without exposing further security risks.