The advent of a political democracy in South Africa in 1994 generated hope for a better life for all South Africans especially those marginalised during the apartheid era. The newly formed democratic government was confronted with the mammoth task of expounding and decreeing policies and processes that would warrant equality and equity in the provision of basic services to its citizens. Local government being the third sphere of government and which is closest to the people was entrusted with the responsibility of rendering basic services to its people as well as to address the backlogs that have accumulated during the apartheid era as depicted in the 1996 Constitution. Despite the efforts made by government to meet the requirements of the people in providing them with adequate basic services such as clean water, electricity, roads housing and refuse removal, these services were either not provided at all or it was done at a snail‟s pace. This led to widespread service delivery protests. In light of the above, this empirical study investigates the causes of the service delivery protests in City of Johannesburg (CoJ) from 2009 until 2014. Numerous studies have been pursued to examine the reasons and causes for service delivery protests and the conclusions derived is the slow pace of providing electricity, water and sanitation to the local communities. It therefore can be deduced that no democracy can subsist and prosper if citizens are still living in deprivation and in a state of discrimination and unemployment without them having visions for a better life. The manifestation of service delivery protests is thus a risk to South Africa‟s young democracy and its sustainability, which cannot be ignored. The findings of this study clearly revealed that communities in the CoJ are discontented and disgruntled because of, amongst other things, the lack of delivery of basic services, the deployment of cadres to municipal management positions, the abuse of the tendering system, nepotism and favouritism, which have negatively affected service delivery. / Public Administration and Management / M. Admin. (Public Administration)

MA.CRM / Department of Criminal Justice / The policing response to increasing violent community violent protests in South Africa has received global attention in the last decade. The study was conducted with a backdrop of increased concern over skirmish and sporadic fighting and violence during service delivery protests. Criticisms have been voiced by various role-players in violent protests concerning arrests, injuries and killing of civilians by police during these demonstrations. Hence the study aims to evaluate the effectiveness of POP strategies in curbing common acts of violence during violent protests particularly in Vuwani area of Vhembe District, Limpopo Province. The study adopted a mixed methods (qualitative and quantitative method). Purposive sampling was used to select POP officials wherein Focus Group Discussions (FGD) were conducted in 9 difference POP units, each FGD was comprised of approximately 5 members which total to 45 POP members. A total of 200 questionnaires were randomly distributed to community members of Vuwani within 5 were found invalid. Quantitative Data was analysed using Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) and qualitative data was analysed using thematic analysis. The findings indicated that (86,2%) of participants believed that Vuwani protest was caused by municipal demarcation issues. The favourite methods of protests include littering with (80,0 %) and burning tyres with (76,4%) of participants. A total of (52,8%) community members argued that police presence perpetuate violence during service delivery protest. Common crimes that occurred during the protests was vandalism with (82,6%) and arson with (81,0%). Furthermore, (83,6%) community members agrees that rubber bullets was used as a strategy by the police at Vuwani protests. The overwhelming majority of participants with 80,0% believe that negotiation during protests can curb death and injuries. On the other hand, the study finds that POP official strategies start by negotiating with the protestors, identifying the leader, use of water cannon, tear gas and rubber bullets as the last resort. Further emphasized that lack of manpower and resources are barriers that hinders effective policing of violent service delivery protests. It is therefore recommended that provision of resource and recruitment of manpower should be taken as a first priority by the SAPS national office. Lastly, the public should be educated about police presence during violent service delivery protests. / NRF

Women working in male-dominated professions and environments face experiences that are unique to their counterparts in more gender-balanced and female-dominated professions. The nature of these experiences affects women’s integration and potential success in male- dominated professions. To enhance employment equity in historically male-dominated professions and environments, an understanding of women’s experiences in such environments is beneficial. The purpose of this research was to explore the challenges and coping strategies of women working within male-dominated professions and environments. This was an exploratory qualitative study conducted within the interpretive research paradigm. A purposive sample consisting of five women working in identified male-dominated professions and environments was utilised. In-depth interviews were conducted and data was analysed using grounded theory. The main findings indicate that the central theme pertinent to women working in male-dominated professions and environments pertains to the types of challenges inherent in their work settings. The main challenges found were as follows: discrimination and bias; physical and health-related difficulties experienced; negative emotions resulting from working in male-dominated environments; lack of real transformation; and work/life balance. This study provides current insight into the plight of women working in male-dominated professions and environments in South Africa. / Industrial & Organisational Psychology / M.A. (Industrial and Organisational Psychology)

A large part of the study of politics is dedicated to identifying the circumstances under which democracy will flourish. Putnam made a major contribution to this field through his concept of social capital as developed in Making Democracy Work. Putnam found that communities with a high number of civic associations –i.e. social capital- had a better chance of developing an effective style of democratic government. This definition of social capital sparked much subsequent research and policy activity. It is argued here, however, that this work ignored the immediate needs of societies which do not have the required stock of social capital. There is still little guidance available on how effective government can be achieved even if the right societal circumstances are absent. This thesis hopes to find inspiration from government agencies that were successful despite their challenging social capital conditions. It specifically looks at sixteen public utilities on the Caribbean islands of Aruba, Curacao and St. Kitts between 2005 and 2009. The thesis then systematically investigates the relationship between the performance of the agencies and the behaviour of their senior officials. It emerges that in the absence of social capital, governance is in these cases mainly hampered by a deluge of irrelevant data. Successful utilities overcame this flood by constantly upgrading the quality of information, implementing a strict yet inclusive style of governance, and allowing strong leaders the space to translate words into actions. These outcomes suggest that social capital forms an important tool for ordering information, and that, in its absence, there are still alternative strategies available to secure success nonetheless.

Women working in male-dominated professions and environments face experiences that are unique to their counterparts in more gender-balanced and female-dominated professions. The nature of these experiences affects women’s integration and potential success in male- dominated professions. To enhance employment equity in historically male-dominated professions and environments, an understanding of women’s experiences in such environments is beneficial. The purpose of this research was to explore the challenges and coping strategies of women working within male-dominated professions and environments. This was an exploratory qualitative study conducted within the interpretive research paradigm. A purposive sample consisting of five women working in identified male-dominated professions and environments was utilised. In-depth interviews were conducted and data was analysed using grounded theory. The main findings indicate that the central theme pertinent to women working in male-dominated professions and environments pertains to the types of challenges inherent in their work settings. The main challenges found were as follows: discrimination and bias; physical and health-related difficulties experienced; negative emotions resulting from working in male-dominated environments; lack of real transformation; and work/life balance. This study provides current insight into the plight of women working in male-dominated professions and environments in South Africa. / Industrial and Organisational Psychology / M.A. (Industrial and Organisational Psychology)

Approved for public release, distribution is unlimited / Recent advances in information technology communications have brought about increases in bandwidth and processing speeds to encourage the growth of Internet Protocol Telephony (IPT), a method of transmitting voice conversations over data networks. Many organizations are replacing portions of their traditional phone systems to gain the benefits of cost savings and enhanced feature sets through the use of IPT. The Coast Guard has an interest in exploiting this technology, and has taken its first steps by implementing IPT at Headquarters Support Command in Washington D.C. This thesis investigates the successful implementation practices and security policies of commercial, educational, and government organizations in order to create recommendations for IPT security policies and implementation practices relevant to the Coast Guard. It includes the discussion of the public switched telephone network, an overview of IPT, IPT security issues, the safeguards available to counter security threats, the tradeoffs (e.g., voice quality, cost) required to mitigate security risks, and current IPT security policy and implementation guidance. It is supported by the study and analysis of the IPT system at Coast Guard Headquarters. The Coast Guard gains an understanding of the advantages, limitations, and security issues that it will face as it considers further implementation of IPT. / Lieutenant, United States Coast Guard

Os serviços de saneamento básico, considerando-se o histórico de sua concretização no Brasil, configuram o campo ideal para a aplicação mecanismos de gestão de serviços públicos que possibilitem a atuação coordenada de diversos entes da federação. De fato, se de um lado é possível reconhecer o interesse local que as atividades de saneamento apresentam, de outro deve-se levar em consideração que, muitas vezes, a prestação dos serviços terá caráter regional e ocorrerá em um contexto em que parcela significativa dos Municípios brasileiros não possuirá, isoladamente, condições econômicas de proporcionar a sustentabilidade dos serviços. O renovado arranjo institucional proporcionado pelo art. 241 da Constituição da República, pela Lei Federal n. 11.445/2007, pela Lei Federal n. 11.107/05 e o tradicional arranjo das regiões metropolitanas demonstram, em muitos pontos, a importância da união de esforços entre entes federados para a implantação dos serviços de saneamento. Tal prestação integrada exige peculiar conformação institucional, dotada de normatividade própria, além de requisitos específicos, temas esses aqui examinados desde seus fundamentos até sua organização prática. / The sanitation services, on what concerns the history of its concretization in Brazil, configure an ideal field for the appliance of the public services management mechanisms that enable a coordinate action between different federation entities. Indeed, if on one hand it is possible to recognize the local interest that such sanitation activities represents, on the other hand, it must be considered that, many times, the provision of those services will have regional characteristics and will occur in a context in which significant part of the Brazilian municipalities will not have, on its own, economical conditions to sustain the services. The new institutional framework brought by article 241 of the Federal Constitution, by the Federal Laws 11.445/2007 and 11.107/05 and by the well-known arrangement set forth by the metropolitan regions, demonstrate all together the importance of federal entities to unify efforts to implement the sanitation services. Such integrated provision of sanitation services demands a peculiar institutional framework, ruled by specific laws and regulations and specific requirements, matters which are here examined from its foundations to its practical organization.

Submitted by Filipe dos Santos (fsantos@pucsp.br) on 2016-08-02T16:10:59Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Jacob Paschoal Goncalves da Silva.pdf: 2371632 bytes, checksum: c67781a195170e25e1d4d277d9e642a8 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-02T16:10:59Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Jacob Paschoal Goncalves da Silva.pdf: 2371632 bytes, checksum: c67781a195170e25e1d4d277d9e642a8 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-03-23 / This study aims to determine the expansion of control that occurred as a result of the public service concept remodeling. This occurred when eventually brought to the field of law related extra-legal terms the other sciences in the pursuit of quality and efficiency in the public sector. This situation has developed in the public service concessions, gaining prominence in municipal concessions of public transport with the advent of Urban Mobility Act. All this, in the light of changes occurring in Administrative Law, linked to the evolution of the concept of public service as a result of State transformations over the years, especially the regulatory function of regulatory agencies. These control methods not only cover the analysis of legality; the aim is to also control results turned the pursuit of quality and administrative efficiency, economy and other concepts that define an appropriate service in the public service concessions, especially correlated to the municipal transport, both by regulatory agencies, as well as by other entities, such as the judiciary, popular control of the Audit Courts and the Administration itself. On the other hand, put up the control limits and the form of accountability of the agents participating in the expedition of normative acts of regulatory agencies. These excessive and illegal acts, which are taken from the order on the grounds of proportionality and of its elements, including scoring decisions of the Judiciary, who performed in this light control over administrative discretion. Therefore, we seek to demonstrate what would be the control limits conducted within the public service concessions in providing quality service. The preparation of this work came from a methodological approach in Brazilian literature, as well as foreign founded in a dogmatic analysis, especially in the public service notion of definitions and on proportionality. The conclusion is shown that efficiency is one of the vectors in effecting the quality of public service and the control performed in the internal and external environment is gradually widening the search for better results to public service users, effecting fundamental rights. / O presente trabalho tem como objetivo verificar a ampliação do controle em decorrência da remodelação do conceito de serviço público. Isso ocorre com a normatização de termos extrajurídicos ligados a outras ciências na busca da qualidade e da eficiência no setor público. O fenômeno acaba tendo como principal instrumento as concessões de serviços públicos, ganhando destaque nas concessões municipais de transporte coletivo com a Lei de Mobilidade Urbana. Tudo isso, sob o prisma de transformações ocorridas no Direito Administrativo, ligados à evolução da noção de serviço público em decorrência das transformações estatais ao longo dos anos, destacando-se a função regulatória das Agências Reguladoras. Esses métodos de controle abrangem não só a análise da legalidade, mas busca também o controle de resultados voltados à qualidade e eficiência administrativa, à economicidade e demais conceitos que definem um serviço adequado nas concessões de serviços públicos, especialmente correlacionadas ao transporte municipal, tanto pelas agências reguladoras, como por outros entes, como o Poder Judiciário, o controle popular, do Tribunais de Contas e pela própria Administração. Por outro lado, colocam-se os limites do controle e a forma de responsabilização dos agentes que participam da expedição de atos normativos das agências reguladoras, atos esses, excessivos e ilegais, devem ser retirados do ordenamento sob o fundamento da proporcionalidade e dos seus elementos, inclusive, pontuando decisões do Poder Judiciário, que realizaram sob esta ótica o controle sobre a discricionariedade administrativa. Portanto, busca-se demonstrar quais seriam os limites do controle realizados dentro das concessões de serviços públicos na prestação de serviço com qualidade. A elaboração deste trabalho partiu de uma abordagem metodológica dentro da literatura brasileira, e estrangeira fundada em análise dogmática, em especial, nas definições da noção de serviços públicos e sobre a proporcionalidade. Na conclusão é demostrado que a eficiência é um dos vetores na efetivação da qualidade do serviço público e que o controle realizado no âmbito interno e externo vem gradativamente se ampliando na busca de melhores resultados aos usuários do serviço público, efetivando direitos fundamentais.

Os serviços de saneamento básico, considerando-se o histórico de sua concretização no Brasil, configuram o campo ideal para a aplicação mecanismos de gestão de serviços públicos que possibilitem a atuação coordenada de diversos entes da federação. De fato, se de um lado é possível reconhecer o interesse local que as atividades de saneamento apresentam, de outro deve-se levar em consideração que, muitas vezes, a prestação dos serviços terá caráter regional e ocorrerá em um contexto em que parcela significativa dos Municípios brasileiros não possuirá, isoladamente, condições econômicas de proporcionar a sustentabilidade dos serviços. O renovado arranjo institucional proporcionado pelo art. 241 da Constituição da República, pela Lei Federal n. 11.445/2007, pela Lei Federal n. 11.107/05 e o tradicional arranjo das regiões metropolitanas demonstram, em muitos pontos, a importância da união de esforços entre entes federados para a implantação dos serviços de saneamento. Tal prestação integrada exige peculiar conformação institucional, dotada de normatividade própria, além de requisitos específicos, temas esses aqui examinados desde seus fundamentos até sua organização prática. / The sanitation services, on what concerns the history of its concretization in Brazil, configure an ideal field for the appliance of the public services management mechanisms that enable a coordinate action between different federation entities. Indeed, if on one hand it is possible to recognize the local interest that such sanitation activities represents, on the other hand, it must be considered that, many times, the provision of those services will have regional characteristics and will occur in a context in which significant part of the Brazilian municipalities will not have, on its own, economical conditions to sustain the services. The new institutional framework brought by article 241 of the Federal Constitution, by the Federal Laws 11.445/2007 and 11.107/05 and by the well-known arrangement set forth by the metropolitan regions, demonstrate all together the importance of federal entities to unify efforts to implement the sanitation services. Such integrated provision of sanitation services demands a peculiar institutional framework, ruled by specific laws and regulations and specific requirements, matters which are here examined from its foundations to its practical organization.

Governments of developed and developing countries alike are unable to fund the construction and maintenance of vital physical infrastructure such as roads, railways, water and wastewater treatment plants, and power plants. Thus, they are more and more turning to the private sector as a source of finance through procurement methods such as concession contracts. The most common form of concession contract is the Build-Operate-Transfer (BOT) contract, where a government (Principal) grants a private sector company (Promoter) a concession to build, finance, operate and maintain a facility and collect revenue over the concession period before finally transferring the facility, at no cost to the Principal, as a fully operational facility. Theoretically speaking, these projects present a win-win-win solution for the community as well as both private and public sector participants. However, with the opportunity for private sector companies to earn higher returns comes greater risk. This is despite the fact that concession projects theoretically present a win-win-win solution to the problem of infrastructure provision. Unfortunately, this has not been the case in a number of countries including Australia. Private sector participants have admitted that there are problems that must be addressed to improve the process. Indeed they have attributed the underperformance of concession projects to the inability of both project Principals and Promoters to predict the impact of all financial and non-financial (risk) factors associated with concession project investments (CPIs) and to negotiate contracts to allow for these factors. Non-financial project aspects, such as social, environmental, political, legal and market share factors, are deemed to be important; but these aspects would usually be considered to lie outside the normal appraisal process. To allow for the effects of such qualitative aspects, the majority of Principal or promoting organisations resort to estimating the necessary money contingencies without an appropriate quantification of the combined effects of financial and non-financial (risks and opportunities) factors. In extreme cases, neglect of non-financial aspects can cause the failure of a project despite very favourable financial components; or can even cause the failure to go-ahead with a project that may have been of great non-financial benefit due to its projected ordinary returns. Hence, non-financial aspects need careful analysis and understanding so that they can be assessed and properly managed. It is imperative that feasibility studies allow the promoting organisation to include a combination of financial factors and non-financial factors related to the economic environment, project complexity, innovation, market share, competition, and the national significance of the project investment. While much research has already focused on the classification of CPI non-financial (risk) factors, and the identification of interdependencies between risk factors on international projects, no attempt has yet been made to quantify these risk interdependencies. Building upon the literature, this thesis proposes a generic CPI risk factor framework (RFF) including important interdependencies, which were verified and quantified using input provided by practitioners and researchers conversant with risk profiles of international and/or concession construction projects. Decision Support Systems (DSSs) are systems designed to assist in the decision making process by providing all necessary information to the analyst. There are a number of DSSs that have been developed over recent years for the evaluation of high-risk construction project investments, such as CPIs, which incorporate the analysis of both financial and non-financial (risk) aspects of the investment. However, although these DSSs have been useful to practitioners and researchers alike, they have not offered a satisfactory solution to the modelling problem and are all limited in their practical application for various reasons. Thus, the construction industry lacks a DSS that is capable of evaluating and comparing several CPI options, taking into consideration both financial and non-financial aspects of an investment, as well as including the uncertainties commonly encountered at the feasibility stage of a project, in an efficient and effective manner. These two criteria, efficiency and effectiveness, are integral to the usefulness and overall acceptance of the developed DSS in industry. This thesis develops an effective and efficient DSS to evaluate and compare CPI opportunities at the feasibility stage. The novel DSS design is based upon a combination of: (1) the mathematical modelling technique and financial analysis model that captures the true degree of certainty surrounding the project; and (2) the decision making technique and RFF that most closely reproduces the complexity of CPI decisions. Overall, this thesis outlines the methodology followed in the development of the DSS – produced as a stand-alone software product – and demonstrates its capabilities through a verification and validation process using real-life CPI case studies.