A Doença Pulmonar Obstrutiva Crônica (DPOC) é uma doença caracterizada pela limitação ao fluxo aéreo, não totalmente reversível. Dentre as terapêuticas indicadas, a reabilitação pulmonar é uma estratégia de tratamento multidisciplinar, que tem por objetivo melhorar a qualidade de vida do paciente, reintegrando-o à sociedade. Objetivos: Descrever o processo e os custos de implantação na forma de um projeto de extensão universitária, os motivos da evasão e os resultados obtidos com um programa de reabilitação pulmonar. Material e Métodos: Após formar um grupo multidisciplinar no Centro Universitário Feevale e estabelecer uma parceria com a Secretaria Municipal da Saúde de Novo Hamburgo, os pacientes portadores de DPOC são encaminhados ao programa de reabilitação pulmonar (PRP). São avaliados pelo médico pneumologista, fisioterapeuta, nutricionista, psicólogo e educador físico. Após estas avaliações são formados grupos de até 16 pacientes que permanecem por um período de 4 meses, com três sessões semanais de treinamento físico, orientações nutricionais, encontros educativos e grupos de apoio psicológico. Foram avaliados o perfil destes pacientes, os custos para a implantação, as causas de evasão após o início do programa, bem como os resultados obtidos após o período de tratamento, medidos através do teste de caminhada dos seis minutos, do trabalho de caminhada através do produto distância-peso corporal e do questionário Saint George de qualidade de vida. Para a análise dos resultados foi utilizada a estatística descritiva, para comparação das médias o Teste t de Student. Resultados: O PRP foi implantado na forma de um projeto de extensão universitária, com um custo total de R$ 64 224,60. Foram avaliados 134 pacientes encaminhados dos postos de saúde do município de Novo Hamburgo e dos municípios vizinhos. Do total, 38 (28,4%) pacientes foram excluídos e 7(5,2%) foram a óbito antes de completar a avaliação. Desses, 89 (66,5%) portadores de DPOC de moderado a grave foram incluídos no PRP. A média de idade dos pacientes foi de 63,5±9,9 anos, predominou o sexo masculino 62(69%), com índice de massa corporal (IMC) médio de 23,5±5,3 Kg/m2, com média de Volume expiratório forçado no primeiro segundo (VEF1) de 1,16L(42,8±23,4% do previsto). Dos incluídos no PRP, 40 (44,9%) abandonaram, principalmente por problemas sócio-econômicos e 49 (55,1%) concluíram a reabilitação. Os dados para análise antes e depois do PRP estavam disponíveis para 37 pacientes que formaramo grupo para analisar os resultados do PRP. No teste de caminhada dos seis minutos, ocorreu uma variação significativa de 34,12m na média distância (367,15±101,93m vs. 401,27±95,55m; p <0,001). Ocorreu melhora significativa de 2,65 Km.Kg-1 (24,36±9,62 Km.Kg-1 vs. 27,01±10,0 Km.Kg-1) no trabalho de caminhada medido pelo produto distância-peso e uma melhora significativa com redução de 11% (46 vs. 35; p<0,001) no total do questionário Saint George de qualidade de vida. Conclusões: O PRP pode ser implantado na forma de um projeto de extensão universitária, com custo relativamente baixo pela sua abrangência e benefícios. A condição social dos pacientes foi o maior determinante da evasão, mas os pacientes que concluíram o PRP apresentaram uma melhora significativa na sua capacidade de exercício e na qualidade de vida. / Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is characterized by partially reversible airway obstruction. Pulmonary rehabilitation is one of the therapeutic interventions indicated for the treatment of COPD, and consists of a multidisciplinary treatment strategy whose purpose is to improve quality of life and to reintegrate patients into society. Objective: To describe the process and cost of implementing a university extension program for pulmonary rehabilitation, as well as the causes of patient dropout and the results achieved. Material and methods: After a multidisciplinary group was formed at Centro Universitário Feevale and a partnership was established with the Municipal Department of Health of Novo Hamburgo, patients with COPD were referred to the pulmonary rehabilitation program (PRP). They were examined by a pulmonologist, a physical therapist, a nutritionist, a psychologist and a physical education specialist. After evaluations, groups of up to 16 patients were formed and had 3 weekly meetings for 4 months. During meetings, patients participated in physical exercise training, nutritional counseling, educational meetings and psychological support groups. We evaluated patient data, costs of program implementation and causes of patient dropout. Also, the results obtained after PRP were measured by the 6-minute walk test, work calculated as the product of distance x body weight, and the St George respiratory questionnaire to assess quality of life. Descriptive statistics was used to analyze results, and the Student t test, to compare means. Results: PRP was implemented as a university extension program at a total cost of R$ 64,224.60. One hundred thirty-four patients referred by health stations in Novo Hamburgo and neighboring cities were evaluated; 38 (28.4%) of these patients were excluded and 7 (5.2%) died before they completed the initial evaluation. The other 89 (66.5%) patients with moderate to severe COPD were included in PRP. Mean patient age was 63.5±9.9, 62 (69%) were men, mean body mass index (BMI) was 23.5±5.3 kg/m2, and mean forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1) was 1.16 L (42.8±23.4% of predict value). Forty (44.9%) patients dropped out, most of them due to socioeconomic problems, and 49 (55.1%) completed the rehabilitation program. Data for the analysis before and after PRP were available for 37 patients, who formed the group for analysis of PRP results. The 6-minute walk test showed a significant increase of 34.12 m in distance(367.15±101.93 m vs. 401.27±95.55 m; p <0.001). A significant improvement of 2.65 km.kg-1 (24.36±9.62 km.kg-1 vs. 27.01±10.0 km.kg-1) was observed in distance x body weight product, and total scores of the St. George questionnaire showed a reduction of 11% (46 vs. 35; p<0.001), which indicated a significant improvement in quality of life. Conclusion: PRP was implemented as a university extension program at a relatively low cost when considering its extent and benefits. Social condition was the main cause of patient dropout, but those that completed PRP had a significant improvement in their capacity for physical exercise and in quality of life.

A implantação de um programa de transplante pulmonar depende de uma ampla infraestrutura que garanta um atendimento multidisciplinar, que inicia sua atuação focalizando uma adequada seleção dos receptores e na reabilitação destes candidatos durante o tempo de espera. Objetivo: verificar o impacto do programa de reabilitação pulmonar pré-transplante (RPPTx) na capacidade funcional e na qualidade de vida dos pacientes em lista de espera para transplante pulmonar. Método: o estudo foi realizado no Serviço de Reabilitação Pulmonar do Pavilhão Pereira Filho do Complexo Hospitalar Santa Casa de Porto Alegre com pacientes em lista de espera para transplante pulmonar e que foram encaminhados para o RPPTx no período de junho 2007 a outubro 2009. Utilizou-se o teste de caminhada de 6 minutos (TC6) para avaliação da capacidade funcional e o questionário de qualidade de vida Medical Outcomes Study 36 – Item Short-Form Health Survey (SF36) antes e após 36 sessões de fisioterapia. As sessões tiveram em média 1 hora, com exercícios de fortalecimento e aeróbicos. Resultados: Dos 78 pacientes que iniciaram a RPPTx 30 transplantaram durante o programa, 2 desistiram, 8 morreram e foram excluídos. Completaram o programa proposto 38 pacientes que foram avaliados. Com relação à doença de base dos pacientes encaminhados ao programa (37)47% eram portadores de fibrose pulmonar, (27) 21% tinham enfisema pulmonar, (09)11% bronquiectasias, (07) 9% fibrose cística e (04)5% outras doenças pulmonares. Predominaram homens (45) 57,6 %; com idade média de 48,3 anos; IMC de 27,7 Os dados observados antes e depois da RPPTx demonstraram melhora no TC6 (antes do RPPTx 390,5 ± 145,1 metros ; após o RPPTx 463,7 ± 116, 5 metros com p <0,001). Em relação aos domínios do questionário SF-36, constatou-se uma melhora significativa em sete dos oito domínios comparando o início e o fim do RPPTx: na capacidade funcional(23,1 ± 17,5 para 59,6 ± 20,5; p< 0,001), limitações físicas (16,1 ± 12,0 para 27,8 ± 36,7; p= 0,012); estado geral de saúde (38,1 ± 21,7 para 42,5 ± 20,9; p < 0,001), na vitalidade (57,7 ± 21,3 para 65,9 ± 22,8; p < 0,001), limitação por aspectos sociais (56,62 ± 28,7 para 68,8 ± 22; p < 0,001); limitações emocionais (44,7 ± 42,1 para 57,8 ± 43,6; p < 0,001); e na saúde mental (73,1 ± 20,4 para 83,26 ± 11,7; p < 0,001). Conclusões: o programa de reabilitação foi capaz de melhorar a capacidade de exercício e a qualidade de vida destes pacientes. Estudos devem ser feitos no sentido de esclarecer se a RPPTx exerce alguma influência no pós operatório deste grupo de pacientes. / The deployment of a lung transplant program depends on a wide infrastructure to ensure the patient a multidisciplinary treatment, which begins focusing on a proper selection of recipients and rehabilitation of these candidates during waiting time. Objective: investigate the impact of the pre-operative pulmonary rehabilitation program (RPRx) on the functional capacity and quality of life of patients on the waiting list for lung transplantation. Method: The study was conducted in the Department of Pulmonary Rehabilitation Pereira Filho, Complexo Hospitalar Santa Casa de Porto Alegre with patients who entered the waiting list for lung transplant and who were referred to the RPPTx from June 2007 to October 2009. We used the 6-minute walk test (TC6) to evaluate functional capacity and a quality of life questionnaire, the Short-Form Health Survey (SF36), before and after 36 sessions of physical and functional training. Results: Of the 78 patients who started RPPTx, 30 were submitted to transplant during the program, 2 dropped out, 8 died and were excludet. 38 completed the proposed program. In regard to the underlying disease of the patients referred to the program (37), 47% suffered from pulmonary fibrosis, (27) 21% had pulmonary emphysema, (9) 11% bronchiectasis, (7) 9% cystic fibrosis and (4) 5% suffered from other lung diseases. There was a prevalence of men (45) 57.6%, about 48.3 years old, BMI of 27.7. The data observed before and after the RPPTx of the 38 patients who completed the program showed improvement in the TC6 (390.5 ± before RPPTx 145.1 meters; after RPPTx 463.7 ± 116, 5 meters with p <0.001). In regard to the domains of the SF-36 questionnaire, we found a significant improvement in seven of the eight domains by comparing the beginning and the end of RPPTx: in functional capacity (23.1 ± 17.5 to 59.6 ± 20.5, p <0.001), in physical limitations (16.1 ± 12.0 to 27.8 ± 36.7, p = 0.012), in general health (38.1 ± 21.7 to 42.5 ± 20.9, p <0.001), in vitality (57.7 ± 21.3 to 65.9 ± 22.8, p <0.001), in social aspects limitations (56.62 ± 28.7 to 68.8 ± 22, p <0.001 ); in emotional limitations (44.7 ± 42.1 to 57.8 ± 43.6, p <0.001) and in mental health (73.1 ± 20.4 to 11.7 ± 83.26, p <0.001 ). Conclusions: The rehabilitation program was able to improve the patients’ exercise capacity and quality of life. Further studies are required to clarify whether RPPTx exerts any influence on the post-operative period of this group of patients.

A Doença Pulmonar Obstrutiva Crônica (DPOC) é uma doença sistêmica prevenível e tratável que se caracteriza pela diminuição do fluxo aéreo não totalmente reversível, levando a intolerância ao exercício, interferindo na execução das atividades de vida diária e reduzindo a qualidade de vida dos pacientes. A reabilitação pulmonar é uma forma multidisciplinar de tratamento que tem como objetivo melhorar a qualidade de vida, aumentar a tolerância ao exercício, reduzindo os sintomas de fadiga e dispnéia. Já está bem demonstrado através de estudos controlados e randomizados a eficácia do treinamento da resistência para membros inferiores, porém existem dúvidas se trabalhar força e resistência de maneira combinada pode modificar os resultados. Objetivo: Comparar os treinamentos para os membros inferiores, de força e resistência com o de resistência, em pacientes portadores de DPOC que realizaram um programa de reabilitação pulmonar. Pacientes e métodos: Após a avaliação médica para confirmação do diagnóstico da doença, 27 pacientes, que participaram de um programa de reabilitação pulmonar, foram randomizados para um de dois grupos: o Grupo 1 (G1) (n=13) realizou apenas o treinamento de resistência dos membros inferiores, enquanto os pacientes do Grupo 2 (G2) (n=14), treinaram resistência e força combinadas para membros inferiores. As variáveis analisadas antes e após o treinamento foram obtidas através dos seguintes testes: teste de caminhada de seis minutos, teste de carga máxima, trabalho de caminhada, questionário Saint George de qualidade de vida, percepção de esforço pela escala de Borg, e circunferência de coxa e perna. Resultados: No teste de caminhada houve aumento da distância percorrida após o programa intragrupos [G1(distância pré: 343,38±136,11m vs. distância pós: 396,81±96,46; p=0,048)], e [G2 (distância pré: 367,28±125,11 vs. distância pós: 392,84±118,16, p=0,160)]. Nos testes de carga máxima obteve-se os seguintes resultados: G1 (extensão de joelhos pré: 32±13kg vs. peso pós: 38±14kg; p=0,016); (flexão de joelhos pré: 5,85±2,0kg vs. pós: 7,7±3,1kg; p=0,007); (flexão plantar direito pré: 20,75±4,78 repetições vs. pós:21,58±7,22 repetições; p=0,73), (flexão plantar esquerda pré:21,67±5,48 repetições vs. pós:20,92±7,36 repetições; p=0,74) e G2 (peso em extensão de joelhos pré: 33,43±16kg vs. peso pós: 44±16,40kg; p=0,0001); (flexão de joelhos pré: 5,23±3,19kg vs. pós: 7,92±3,75kg; p=0,0001); (flexão plantar direito pré: 20,17±5,82 repetições vs. pós: 29,33±11,59 repetições; p=0,001); (flexão plantar esquerda pré: 20,45±6,34 repetições vs. pós: 30,91±10,48 repetições; p=0,0001). Não foram observadas diferenças estatisticamente significativas no trabalho de caminhada tanto intragrupos quanto entre os grupos G1 e G2. Observou-se uma melhora com relação à qualidade de vida representada pela redução total de 21,77 pontos percentuais no G1 e 22,54 pontos percentuais no G2, sem diferença estatisticamente significativa entre os grupos. A percepção de dispnéia através da escala de Borg não mostra redução significativa tanto intragrupos quanto entre os grupos [ G1 (Borg pré: 4,27±2,71 vs. pós: 2,88±1,98; p=0,091)] e [G2 (Borg pré: 4,86±3,30 vs. pós: 3,79±2,63; p=0,24)]. Quando comparados os resultados após o programa entre os grupos (G1 e G2), houve diferença estatística no teste de carga máxima apenas no movimento de flexão plantar direita e esquerda, sendo na esquerda significativamente maior (G1 Δ: -0,75 repetições vs. G2 Δ: 10,46 repetições, p=0,001), nas demais variáveis estudadas não houve diferença estatística significativa. Conclusão: Nesta população estudada os dois grupos melhoraram a qualidade de vida e a força nos movimentos de flexão e extensão dos joelhos. No entanto, o treinamento combinado de força e resistência não se mostrou superior ao treinamento isolado da resistência para membros inferiores. / “Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Diseases” is a systemic, preventable and treatable disease characterized by the decrease of the aerial flow not totally reversible, leading to exercise intolerance, interfering in daily activities and reducing the patients’ quality of life. Pulmonary rehabilitation is a multidisciplinary approach of treatment that aims to improve the patients’ quality of life, increasing exercise tolerance, decreasing the symptoms of tiredness and breathing difficulties. Controlled and randomized studies have already proved the effectiveness of leg resistance training. However, there are still doubts as to whether concomitant strength and resistance efforts can change the results. Objective: To establish whether resistance and strength training is superior to leg resistance training, in a pulmonary rehabilitation program. Patients and methods: After the medical evaluation in order to confirm the diagnosis of the disease, 27 patients were randomly divided into two groups: group 1 patients (G1) (13) were submitted only to leg resistance while, group 2 patients (G2) (14) trained concomitant resistance and strength tests. The variations analyzed before and after the training were achieved through the following tests: 6-min walk test, maximum load test, work walking, Saint George quality of life questionnaire, effort perception by the Borg scale, and thigh and calf measurement. Results: In the walking test there was increase in the distance covered after the grouping program [G1 (pre-distance: 343,38±136,11m vs. post-distance: 396,81±96,46; p=0,048)], and [G2 (pre-distance: 367,28±125,11 vs. post-distance: 392,84±118,16, p=0,160)]. The following results were obtained in the maximum load test: (knee pre-stretching: 32±13kg vs. post7 weight: 38±14kg; p=0,016); (knee pre-bending: 5,85±2,0kg vs. post: 7,7±3,1kg; p=0,007); (right sole pre-bending: 20,75±4,78 repetitions vs. post:21,58±7,22 repetitions; p=0,73), (left sole pre-bending:21,67±5,48 repetition vs. post:20,92±7,36 repetitions; p=0,74) and G2 (knee pre-stretching: 33,43±16kg vs. post-weight: 44±16,40kg; p=0,0001); (knee pre-bending: 5,23±3,19kg vs. post: 7,92±3,75kg; p=0,0001); (right sole pre-bending: 20,17±5,82 repetitions vs. post: 29,33±11,59 repetitions; p=0,001); (left sole pre-bending: 20,45±6,34 repetitions vs. post: 30,91±10,48 repetitions; p=0,0001). No statistically significant differences were observed in the walking exercise in both groups. Although an improvement was observed in the quality of life represented by the total decrease of 21,77% in G1 and 22,54% in G2, it does not demonstrate any statistically significant difference between the two groups. The breathing difficulty perception through the Borg scale does not show significant reduction in both groups [G1 (pre-Borg: 4,27±2,71 vs. post: 2,88±1,98; p=0,091)] e [G2 (pre-Borg: 4,86±3,30 vs. post: 3,79±2,63; p=0,24)]. When the results between the groups (G1 and G2) were compared after the program, statistically significant difference in the maximum load test was observed only in the right and left sole bending movement, expressively greater in the left one. (G1 Δ: - 0,75 repetitions vs. G2 Δ: 10,46 repetitions, p=0,001). In the other variations studied, no statistically significant difference was observed. Conclusion: Both groups studied had an improved their quality of life and their strength in the stretching and bending knee movements after the pulmonary rehabilitation program. Nevertheless, concomitant strength and resistance training did not seem superior to the isolated leg resistance training.

Introduction: The participation profile of patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) in pulmonary rehabilitation (PR) and the effectiveness of a video-based home exercise programme (VBHEP) were investigated using various research methods. Methods: The content analysis of the Move-On-Up exercise video against NICE guidelines and published research was performed. The video was evaluated for its suitability for use in VBHEP through focus groups involving UK population of patients with COPD and respiratory clinicians. Using the data from the content analysis and the focus groups, questionnaire items were synthesised for a national survey of both patients and clinicians. A study examined the relationship between participation in outpatient PR and patient measures of depression (Brief Assessment Depression Card), social support (Duke Social Support Index), multidimensional health locus of control (MHLC) and COPD severity (Medical Research Council dyspnea score). A randomised control trial (RCT) evaluated the effect of combining VBHEP and conventional outpatient PR on walking ability and PR benefit maintenance. The intervention arm received VBHEP concurrently with outpatient PR, while the control arm received only outpatient PR. Outcome measures included: the endurance shuttle walk test (ESWT), quality of life (QoL) (St George's Respiratory Questionnaire- SGRQ), MHLC and a modified Follick's activity diary. Measures were taken before PR, at the fourth and eighth weeks of PR and at six months post-PR. Focus groups were conducted between six and 20 months post-PR to evaluate patients' experience of and adherence to the use of VBHEP. Results: Critical review of 46 RCTs aided evaluation of the video demonstrating that the video content was consistent with both NICE recommendations and published research. The six focus groups that were part of the initial evaluation of the video involved 14 patients and 14 clinicians. The national survey generated responses from 60 patients and 62 clinicians; between 79 and 100% of respondents in each domain of the questionnaire indicated that the video is suitable for use. Fifty-one patients completed the study investigating the profile of patients participating in PR. The results indicated that depression has a moderate and negative statistically significant association with the uptake of PR (p < 0.05). Fifty-seven patients participated in the RCT [mean age 66.51 years (SD 9.96), mean FEV1% predicted 54.51% (SD 10.47)]. The results indicated that the use of VBHEP with outpatient PR has no significant additive effect in improving or maintaining the benefits of walking ability following PR (p<0.05). Seven patients participated in the follow-up focus groups where findings suggested that patients were still participating in VBHEP up to 20 months after it was first prescribed, though the frequency of its use appeared to diminish after PR ended. Conclusion: The Move-On-Up exercise video is suitable for VBHEP in patients with COPD. Patients with COPD and depression are less likely to take up a referral to PR compared to those without depression. The use of VBHEP concurrently with PR has no additive effect in improving or maintaining benefits of walking ability following PR. Adverse social circumstances and disease severity reduce the duration of participation in VBHEP.

Dans le cadre d’un programme de réhabilitation respiratoire (PRR) chez les patients atteints de BPCO, les sociétés savantes recommandent d’inclure un entrainement des muscles inspiratoires (EMI) chez les patients présentant une diminution objective de la force des muscles inspiratoires. Cette recommandation fait suite à une méta-analyse qui suggère qu’un EMI serait bénéfique lorsque la pression inspiratoire (PI) maximale est inferieure a 60 cm H2O.L’entraînement des muscles améliore la force et l’endurance des muscles inspiratoires, la capacité d’exercice et la dyspnée. Dans la dernière méta-analyse, les auteurs précisent que, dans le cadre d’un PRR, il n’est pas certain que l’EMI améliore davantage la dyspnée par rapport à un PRR seul.La question de départ est la suivante : est-ce que l’EMI au cours d’un PRR permet de diminuer davantage la dyspnée qu’un PRR seul ?Dans la première étude contrôlée randomisée, nous montrons que dans le cadre d’un PRR, l’EMI n’améliore pas davantage la dyspnée, chez des patients avec une force des muscles inspiratoires normale. Cependant, une analyse en sous-groupe tend à montrer que chez les patients plus sévèrement atteints (VEMS<50% théorique), l’EMI permettrait une amélioration plus importante de la dyspnée.La deuxième étude est le plus important essai contrôle randomise à propos de l’effet de l’EMI sur la dyspnée dans le cadre d’un PRR. Dans cette étude trois outils différents sont utilisés afin d’évaluer la dyspnée des patients, dont le questionnaire multidimensionnel MDP. Nous montrons que l’EMI ajoute a un PRR n’apporte pas une amélioration significativement plus importante de la dyspnée en comparaison a un PRR seul. Ainsi l’intérêt clinique de l’EMI dans le cadre d’un PRR semble remis en cause. / During a pulmonary rehabilitation program (PRP) in COPD patients, French and international respiratory societies recommend to include inspiratory muscles training (IMT) in patients with an objective inspiratory muscles weakness. This recommendation follows upon a meta-analysis which suggests that IMT would be beneficial when the maximal Inspiratory pressure (PImax) is lower than 60 cm H2O. IMT improves the strength and the endurance of the inspiratory muscles, the exercise capacity and the dyspnea. In the last meta-analysis, the authors specifies that, when IMT is associated to a PRP, it is not certain that IMT improves more the dyspnea compared with a PRP alone.The initial question of this work is: does IMT during a PRP allow decreasing more the dyspnea than a PRP alone?In the first randomized controlled trial, we show that during a PRP, IMT in COPD patients with normal inspiratory muscles strength does not improve more the dyspnea, compared to a PRP alone. However, an analysis in sub-groups tends to show that in severe or very severe COPD patients (VEMS < 50 % of predictive value), IMT would allow a higher improvement of the dyspnea.The second study is the most important randomized controlled trial about the effect of IMT on the dyspnea during pulmonary rehabilitation. In this study we used three different tools to estimate the dyspnea of the patients, of which the multidimensional Dyspnea Profile questionnaire (MDP). We show that IMT added to a PRP does not improve significantly more dyspnea compared to a PRP alone. So the clinical interest of IMT during a PRP seems questionnable.

Les maladies chroniques constituent l'un des défis du 21ème siècle. La Broncho-pneumopathie chronique obstructive est une maladie respiratoire caractéristique de ces maladies, en raison de son caractère hétérogène et de ses répercussions systémiques. Parmi celles-ci, la dysfonction musculaire périphérique est cruciale, mais ses liens avec l'atteinte pulmonaire restent mal expliqués. La réduction d'activité physique a été le premier lien proposé, mais le remodelage musculaire dans la BPCO est bien différent à celui observé chez des sujets déconditionnés (possiblement en raison d'une exposition à la sédentarité plus ancienne et importante), et d'autres facteurs tels le stress oxydant ont été incriminés. La comparaison directe de la dysfonction musculaire périphérique de BPCO à celle de sujets sains sédentaires est limitée par l'hétérogénéité de l'atteinte musculaire. Enfin, chez les patients BPCO, le réentrainement n'a jamais fait la preuve d'adaptations musculaires similaires à celles de sujets sains sédentaires. L'objectif de cette thèse est donc la mise en évidence du rôle exact de la réduction d'activité physique et de l'exercice dans la dysfonction musculaire périphérique hétérogène de la BPCO. Nous montrons que l'exposition à la l'inactivité au cours de la vie n'est pas plus importante dans la BPCO que chez des sujets sains sédentaires. Parallèlement, il existe des phénotypes de dysfonction musculaire dans la BPCO. Cependant, quel que soit le phénotype considéré, il persiste des anomalies ultrastructurales entre patients BPCO et sujets sains de même niveau d'activité physique. Finalement, un même programme de réentrainement à l'effort n'a pas entrainé les mêmes adaptations fonctionnelles, morphologiques et angiogéniques que chez les sujets sains sédentaires.En conclusion, ces différents travaux remettent en cause le paradigme classique de la spirale du déconditionnement dans la BPCO et ouvrent des pistes pour l'optimisation de la réhabilitation respiratoire. / Chronic diseases are one of the medical challenges of the 21st century. The chronic obstructive pulmonary disease is paradigmatic of this type of diseases, because of its heterogeneity, and its systemic repercussions. The peripheral muscle dysfunction constitutes a key-repercussion in COPD. However, the links between this muscle dysfunction and the pulmonary impairment remain poorly understood.The physical activity reduction has been the first link proposed. However, the magnitude of structural muscle remodeling in COPD differs to the one of deconditioned sedentary subjects (though, this could be the consequence of greater and older inactivity in COPD), and other factors like the oxidative stress have been incriminated. The peripheral muscle dysfunction in COPD patients has never been directly compared to the one of healthy subjects of the same physical activity level, and is limited by the heterogeneity of the muscle dysfunction in COPD patients. Last, the exercise training has never shown similar muscle response in COPD patients as compared to healthy sedentary subjects. The aim of this PhD Thesis was to understand the exact contribution the physical inactivity and the exercise training in the heterogeneous peripheral muscle, dysfunction in COPD patients.First, we observed that the lifetime physical activity was not greater in COPD patients as compared to lifetime sedentary healthy subjects. In another hand, we showed phenotypes of peripheral muscle dysfunction in COPD patients. However, and whatever the phenotype considered, there was significantly more ultra-structural damage in COPD patients vs. healthy sedentary subjects. Last, a similar exercise training program did not induce similar functional, histo-morphological and angiogenic muscle responses in COPD patients vs. healthy sedentary subjects.Altogether, our work challenges the classical paradigm of the COPD spiral of decline and open doors to research on other specific pathways of the field of muscle dysfunction in COPD in order to optimize the pulmonary rehabilitation.

Submitted by Nadir Basilio (nadirsb@uninove.br) on 2016-05-25T18:51:15Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Wellignton dos Santos Alves.pdf: 1612582 bytes, checksum: 2e50043705c6562fcff36b21898a815f (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-05-25T18:51:15Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Wellignton dos Santos Alves.pdf: 1612582 bytes, checksum: 2e50043705c6562fcff36b21898a815f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-02-26 / Introduction: One of the most common diseases in the present century, COPD (Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease) has its mark on pulmonary inflammation, characterized by a number of cells such as macrophages, lymphocytes and neutrophils mainly degrading elastic fibers and release a series of inflammatory mediators that recruit other cells that act in defense in the lung. Objective: To develop a COPD model with passive inhalation of cigarette smoke in a 45 day period and promote the treatment of the disease with low-power laser. Methodology: the animals were organized into groups, control (breathing room air without cigarette smoke), the COPD group (45 days of passive inhalation of cigarette smoke) and Laser (45 days of passive inhalation + 15 days of application low power laser) .Results: Total and differential cell counts as well as histological and biochemical analysis shows the presence of COPD. Data from low-power laser-treated group shows that there was a reduction in the number of inflammatory cells and the concentration of the inflammatory mediators present in animal tissue in COPD. Conclusion: The passive inhalation of cigarette smoke for 45 days resulted in COPD, and the low-power laser was effective in the treatment because it took the reduction of inflammatory mediators and cells present in this lung disease. / Introdução: Uma das doenças mais comuns no século atual , a DPOC (Doença Pulmonar Obstrutiva Crônica) tem a sua marca na inflamação pulmonar, caracterizada por uma série de células como os macrófagos, linfócitos e principalmente os neutrófilos que degradam as fibras elásticas e liberam uma série de mediadores inflamatórios que recrutam outras células que atuam na defesa a nível pulmonar. Objetivo: desenvolver um modelo de DPOC com inalação passiva de fumaça de cigarro num período de 45 dias e promover o tratamento da doença com o laser de baixa potência. Metodologia: os animais foram organizados em grupos, o controle (respira o ar ambiente sem fumaça de cigarro), o grupo DPOC (45 dias de inalação passiva de fumaça de cigarro) e Laser (45 dias de inalação passiva + 15 dias de aplicação do laser de baixa potência). Resultados: A contagem total e diferencial das células, bem como as análises histológicas e bioquímicas mostra a presença da DPOC. Os dados do grupo tratado com laser de baixa potência mostra que houve redução do número de células inflamatórias e da concentração dos mediadores inflamatórios presentes na DPOC nos tecidos animais. Conclusão: A inalação passiva de fumaça de cigarro por 45 dias ocasionou a DPOC, e o laser de baixa potência foi eficaz no seu tratamento pois levou a redução dos mediadores inflamatórios e células presentes nesta doença pulmonar.

Many patients are affected by chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), a progressive lung disease that obstructs air flow, resulting in dyspnea and inability to carry out daily activities. Despite optimal pharmacological management, COPD patients make frequent emergency room visits and are hospitalized due to exacerbations of COPD. Literature has suggested that pulmonary rehabilitation (PR), a nonpharmacological treatment, could help to decrease the symptoms that lead to illness exacerbation, hospital readmissions, and decreased quality of life in patients with COPD. The purpose of the project was to increase the quality of life and reduce admission rates for patients diagnosed with COPD through the development and implementation of patient education material that would increase PR awareness, increase patient motivation, and promote participation. The ACE star model was used to guide the project development, and the theoretical framework of the health belief model was used to enhance patients' perceptions and desires to participate in a PR program. Evaluation of the pretests and posttests revealed significant improvement in various variables, reduction of dyspnea, improved exercise tolerance, and increased knowledge. The evaluation of health-related quality of life using the short form 36 showed significant improvement in some subscales namely: general health, role emotional, with slight significance in bodily pain. There were no readmissions among the participants. The implementation of comprehensive PR has implications for positive social change because it helps patients with COPD to be more knowledgeable about their disease and allows for more independence and a higher quality of life.

Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI) / Background: Pulmonary rehabilitation (PR) has the potential to reduce the symptoms and complications of respiratory diseases through an interdisciplinary approach. Providing PR services to the increasing number of patients with chronic respiratory diseases challenges the current health care systems because of the shortages in health care practitioners and PR programs. Using telerehabilitation may improve patients’ participation and compliance with PR programs. The purpose of this study was to examine the applicability of the technology acceptance model (TAM) to explain telerehabilitation acceptance and to determine the demographic variables that can influence acceptance. Methods: A cross-sectional survey-based design was utilized in the data collection. The survey scales were based on the TAM. The first group of participants consisted of health care practitioners working in PR programs. The second group of participants included patients attending traditional PR programs. The data collection process started in January 2017 and lasted until May 2017. Results: A total of 222 health care practitioners and 134 patients completed the survey. The results showed that 79% of the health care practitioners and 61.2% of the patients reported positive intention to use telerehabilitation. Regression analyses showed that the TAM was good at predicting telerehabilitation acceptance. Perceived usefulness was a significant predictor of the positive intentions to use telerehabilitation for health care providers (OR: 17.81, p < .01) and for the patients (OR: 6.46, p = .04). The logistic regression outcomes showed that age, experience in rehabilitation, and type of PR increased the power of the TAM to predict the intention to use telerehabilitation among health care practitioners. Age, duration of the disease, and distance from the PR center increased the power of the TAM to predict the intention to use telerehabilitation among patients. Conclusion: This is the first study to develop and validate a psychometric instrument to measure telerehabilitation acceptance among health care practitioners and patients in PR programs. The outcomes of this study will help in understanding the telerehabilitation acceptance. It will help not only to predict future adoption but also to develop appropriate solutions to address the barriers of using telerehabilitation.

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