Notre étude a pour objet de déterminer l’impact engendré par les infrastructures technologiques sur l’innovation et la croissance économique dans les pays de l’Organisation de Coopération et de Développement Economiques (OCDE). Nous allons nous inspirer de la théorie « Quadruple Helix of Innovation » (QH) pour construire un modèle théorique de croissance économique afin d’évaluer le rôle joué par un ensemble d’infrastructures technologiques, en présence des systèmes ouverts d’innovation et du « Mode 3 » de production des connaissances. Nous avons choisi la récente théorie QH au sein des Systèmes Nationaux d’Innovation (SNI) car elle décrit une nouvelle réalité économique où l’innovation est considérée comme le résultat de la co-création entre les entreprises, les citoyens, les universités et le gouvernement, dans un contexte caractérisé par l'existence de partenariats, de réseaux de collaboration et de relations symbiotiques. Un modèle théorique de croissance économique axé sur la R&D et avec des dépenses publiques productives sera élaboré afin de démontrer l’importance de l’existence des infrastructures technologiques et il sera possible d’apprécier les effets des dépenses publiques productives à travers une étude de « dynamique transitoire » et une analyse empirique fondée sur la nouvelle base de données CANA (2011). / Our study has the aim of defining the impact generated by the technological infrastructure on innovation and economic growth in the countries of the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD). We will draw inspiration from the "Quadruple Helix of Innovation" theory (QH) in order to construct a theoretical model of economic growth that will assess the role played by a set of technological infrastructures belonging to different "innovation ecosystems", in the presence of innovation open systems and the "mode 3" of knowledge production. We chose the recent QH theory on National Innovation Systems (NIS) as it describes a new economic reality where innovation is seen as the result of co-creation between businesses, citizens, universities and government, in a context characterized by the existence of partnerships, networks of collaboration and symbiotic relationships. A theoretical model of economic growth based on R & D and on productive public spending will be developed to demonstrate the importance of the existence of technological infrastructure in promoting innovation, and ultimately its contribution to economic growth. This will make it possible to evaluate the effects of productive public spending through a study of "transitional dynamics" and an empirical analysis based on the new database CANA (2011).

The transition toward a robust, resource-effective, and renewable energy system faces many challenges. The demand for electricity is expected to rapidly increase over the coming years due to the electrification of society resulting in a need for more transmission capacity in the grid. Distributed energy systems are argued to be part of this transition and the implementation of small-scale distributed energy resources has grown enormously over the last few years. Energy communities, a way to collectively produce and consume energy in a local context, have been shown to support the energy transition while providing flexibility to the grid. The interplay of actors in energy communities is argued to aid in handling the increased complexity of the energy system. Knowledge sharing is considered fundamental for energy communities to emerge and a way to facilitate the management of knowledge transfer is argued to be important, but not currently existing. The purpose of the study is to explore how knowledge sharing in and between energy communities can be strategically managed and organized, both in terms of aiding the development of energy communities and upscaling the concept. This was achieved by implementing a qualitative approach consisting of a comprehensive literature review accompanied by empirical findings through interviews with relevant actors. The collected data were analyzed by applying the theoretical concepts Quadruple Helix Innovation Systems, Knowledge Management, and Inter-Organizational Systems. The results showed that several key elements must be considered to be successful in sharing knowledge within and between energy communities. The Key Elements Strategy Model is presented as an overall approach that can be adapted for enabling application in different contexts and constellations. Since the concept of energy communities is expected to be further developed, it motivates the implementation of a systematic approach that can be used iteratively to continuously gain, capture and share new knowledge. There is a lot of potential to further investigate the area of knowledge sharing in the development of energy communities and future research on the subject is recommended. / Övergången till ett robust, resurseffektivt och förnybart energisystem står inför många utmaningar. Efterfrågan på el förväntas öka snabbt under de kommande åren då elektrifieringen av samhället leder till ett behov av mer överföringskapacitet i nätet. Distribuerade energisystem hävdas vara betydande i energiomställningen och införande av småskaliga distribuerade energiresurser har vuxit enormt under de senaste åren. Energigemenskaper, ett sätt att kollektivt producera och konsumera energi lokalt, har visat sig stödja omställningen samtidigt som det ger flexibilitet till nätet. Samspelet som krävs mellan de aktörer som ingår i energigemenskaper förväntas kunna bistå i hanterandet av den ökade komplexiteten i energisystemet. En grundläggande aspekt för uppskalningen av energigemenskaper är delning av kunskap. Att hantera kunskapsdelning inom projekten på ett organiserat sätt har pekats ut som väldigt viktigt, men inte existerande i dagsläget. Syftet med studien är att undersöka hur kunskapsdelning inom och mellan energigemenskaper ur ett strategiskt perspektiv bör hanteras och organiseras, både med avseende på att stödja utvecklingen av energigemenskaper samt uppskalning av konceptet. Detta uppnåddes genom att utföra en kvalitativ studie bestående av en omfattande litteraturstudie och intervjuer med relevanta aktörer. Den insamlade datan analyserades genom att tillämpa Quadruple Helix Innovation Systems, Knowledge Management och Inter-Organizational Systems. Resultaten visade att flera nyckelelement måste tas i beaktning för att lyckas med att dela kunskap inom och mellan energigemenskaper. The Key Elements Strategy Model presenteras som ett övergripande tillvägagångssätt som kan anpassas för att möjliggöra tillämpning i olika sammanhang och konstellationer. Eftersom energigemenskaper som koncept förväntas utvecklas vidare så är implementering av ett systematiskt iterativt tillvägagångssätt för att kontinuerligt skapa, fånga och dela kunskap motiverat. Det finns mycket potential att ytterligare undersöka området för kunskapsdelning i utvecklingen av energigemenskaper och framtida forskning i ämnet rekommenderas.

The objective of this study is threefold. The first objective is to provide an integrated perspective towards the territorial engagement of universities and their related models and strategies. The second objective is to verify whether tendencies pointing to an integrated strategy of university engagement are emerging in real settings, while the third objective is to deepen the understanding of the university’s potential contribution to social innovation practices. The first part of the work is devoted to review the literature on the institutionalization of university third mission and its relation to university territorial engagement and it presents an analysis of the different university models and strategies adopted by the academic system to reach engagement goals in the last decades. In this context, the System-based University is introduced as a university model which encompasses an integrated approach to university territorial engagement. Such model is built upon contributions on Civic and Developmental universities and their role in local socio-economic dynamics. It presents itself as an integrated model that includes but goes beyond the focus on technology transfer featuring third mission activities embodied at the beginning of the 21st century by the so-called Entrepreneurial university. The System-based model is represented by three main factors: i) synergy between the core missions of teaching and research and the third mission, ii) alignment between the needs expressed by the territory and the knowledge produced by the university, and iii) a balanced approach to research excellence. The second part of the work proposes an empirical analysis aimed at identifying tendencies towards system-based models of university, in particular within the Italian academic system. This part makes use of multivariate statistical techniques. Eventually, the third part aims at deepening the role of universities in the social innovation realm, drawing on the few contributions on this topic and on a recent stream of research that connects social innovation to quadruple helix model of interaction between government, industry, universities and civil society. Namely, this last part investigates how and why universities may engage in quadruple helix partnerships, applying an exploratory case study methodology on data stemming from the Urban Innovative Actions, a novel European programme in the context of social innovation in urban areas.

Debates concerning the concept of 'engaged scholarship’ (ES) in terms of university-society connectivity have become part of the discourse within the shifting South African higher education landscape after 1994. Given the legacy of historical inequalities continuing to permeate all spheres of South African society including higher education, the idea of social-justice-centred engaged scholarship forms the main thrust of the narrative in this thesis. Furthermore, with music inherently geared towards societal engagement, and 'engaged scholarship’ included in UCT’s latest Social Responsiveness Policy Framework, this thesis critically examines the ES responses - in terms of their perceptions and practices - of music academics at the SACM in post-1994 South Africa. The opening chapter outlines the largely two-pronged research methodology approach pertaining to the analysis and findings of: (1) literature and documents, and (2) in-depth interviews of a representative sample of full-time SACM music academics. Chapter 2 provides a historical sociology unpacking the ES concept as part of an emergent University Third Mission. With developments largely unfolding at American universities, the first part of Chapter 2 shows the development of ES as essentially following two routes. Firstly the Triple Helix notion of university-industry-government (U-I-G) relations since the mid-20th century, identified by Etzkowitz as a 'Second Academic Transformation’ grafted on an earlier 19th century 'First Academic Transformation’ which began in Germany. Then secondly, in the 1990s a broadened view of scholarship aimed at making universities more relevant to the needs of society (i.e. via U-CS or university-civil society links) proposed by Boyer. With the issue of an emergent University Third Mission also entering the South African higher education discourse after 1994, the second part of Chapter 2 highlights conceptual confusion by considering policy and conference debates on 'community engagement’ (CE), the preferred expression for university-society relations in South Africa. Unfolding developments at UCT however have resulted in a discourse of ES becoming integral to this university’s Social Responsiveness Policy Framework after 2012. Moreover with social justice largely absent from CE discourse and the Triple Helix, Cooper has proposed a Quadruple Helix whereby civil society is added as fourth helix (i.e. resulting in U-I-G-CS). The approach of this study, therefore, explores the concept of a social-justice-centred engagement (outlined in part three of Chapter 2) with which it strongly resonates. Chapter 3 focuses attention on the milieu and ethos of UCT and the SACM, putting SACM music academics, part of an elite historically 'white’ university, in perspective. This highlights the entrenched hegemony of the historically 'white’ European settler institutional culture and 'orphan’ status of music indigenous to Africa at the SACM. Against this backdrop Chapter 4 provides a snapshot of the ES perceptions and practices of SACM music academics derived from the in-depth interviews. Importantly, with music largely absent from ES discourse, including at UCT, the critical analysis of the narratives of music academics form the basis for this thesis creating four music-specific ES categories in this chapter, and a proposed typology of music-specific ES in Chapter 5. In addition, a particularly important finding in Chapter 5 depicts the SACM as probably the most engaged UCT department, mainly displaying elements of the Quadruple Helix (U-I-G-CS), but with this engagement significantly skewed towards largely 'white’ civil society. Moreover, given the historically Eurocentric ethos of the SACM, western classical music has retained its uncontested hegemony (including within the SACM student curriculum) despite the introduction in the 1980s of new streams of non-western classical music, including music indigenous to Africa. With reference to ES, the engagement of the majority of SACM music academics was, furthermore, found overwhelmingly to be with the elite social classes. However, 'black’ academics were significantly more engaged with the 'black’ working class than their 'white’ counterparts. Considering the core findings above, pathways enabling the development of more balanced SACM-society relationships, particularly with the 'black’ working class majority have been proposed in the concluding chapter. A crucial recommendation is the decolonisation of the institutional culture and curriculum of the SACM, thereby restoring the former 'Other’, to 'Self’. These being spaces outside the comfort-zone of most music academics, it is suggested that music-specific ES research, potentially able to shift embedded reasoning, should become integral to the decolonisation process.

This research thesis delves into the challenges pertaining to Industry 5.0 in Sweden, with a particular focus on the Quadruple Helix Collaboration (QHC) Model. The investigation aims to shed light on how the collaboration between the government, academia, society, and industry (comprising the quadruple helix model of innovation) influences the adoption and implementation of sustainability practices in Sweden. Additionally, the article scrutinizes the challenges encountered within the realm of close collaboration and puts forth recommendations for addressing these challenges. It explores potential solutions and suggests approaches for academia to effectively alleviate these obstacles, thereby fostering sustainable growth. The ultimate goal of this study is to provide valuable insights and recommendations to academics in Sweden, enabling them to fortify their collaborations and facilitate synergistic partnerships across the various helices within the QHC framework. / Denna forskningsuppsats undersöker utmaningarna relaterade till Industri 5.0 i Sverige med särskilt fokus på Quadruple Helix Collaboration (QHC) Model. Undersökningen syftar till att belysa hur samarbetet mellan regeringen, akademin, samhället och industrin (som omfattar quadruple helix-modellen för innovation) påverkar antagandet och genomförandet av hållbarhetspraxis i Sverige. Dessutom granskar uppsatsen de utmaningar som uppstår inom området för nära samarbete och presenterar rekommendationer för att hantera dessa utmaningar. Den utforskar potentiella lösningar och föreslår tillvägagångssätt för akademin att effektivt mildra dessa hinder och främja hållbar tillväxt. Målet med denna studie är att ge värdefulla insikter och rekommendationer till akademiker i Sverige, vilket möjliggör stärkande av deras samarbeten och underlättar synergistiska partnerskap över de olika helixarna inom QHC-ramverket.

This thesis explores the factors contributing to successful collaboration within the Quadruple and Quintuple Helix frameworks, with a specific focus on the active involvement of students as stakeholders. A qualitative research approach was adopted, utilising interviews, questionnaires, and action research documented in a diary form, to gather data. The study examines the Creative LAB, an innovation lab initiated by students in the Innovation and Design master’s program at Mälardalens University, as a base for the collaborations with which the data is inquired from. The research employs the Quadruple and Quintuple Helix models as theoretical frameworks to understand collaboration dynamics. Phenomenographic analysis was used to categorise and analyse the experiences of collaboration. The interviews and questionnaires, both addressing the same topic, were transcribed, and subjected to systematic extraction and analysis. The findings are presented in the form of categories, supported by direct quotations and perspectives from the respondents. The research diary served as a reflective tool throughout the thesis, documenting and analysing the obtained results and the work conducted within the Creative LAB. It provided valuable insights into the collaboration dynamics, success factors, and the role of students as active stakeholders in the Quadruple and Quintuple Helix models. By capturing observations and personal reflections, the diary contributed to a deeper understanding of the research findings and enhanced the overall validity of the study. One of the projects, WellBot, is also presented as a case study. In summary, this thesis provides insights into the key success factors for collaboration within the Quadruple and Quintuple Helix frameworks, while also highlighting the significant role of students as active stakeholders. The results shed light on the perceptions and experiences of the participants, offering valuable implications for fostering effective collaboration in the context of academia, industry, and society. In the end, success-factors identified within the study is presented, as well as a questionnaire to identify perceptions on potential collaborations.

Idag står världen inför nya typer av utmaningar för att möta hållbarhetsmål och nya behov somuppkommer. Många städer genomgår därför stora förändringar i utvecklingen där både förväntadeoch oväntade konsekvenser kommer att uppstå. Sedan Northvolt beslutade att etablera sig iSkellefteå år 2017, står staden inför den stora möjligheten att bli en pionjär stad för grön utveckling.Den nya utvecklingen har inte bara satt industrin på prov, utan även staden som helhet. Kommunensutmaning är att sprida budskapet om vad den kommande utvecklingen har att erbjuda, i hopp om attsätta fart på inflyttningen då kompetensbehovet är Skellefteås främsta utmaning idag. För att mötavisionerna kring utvecklingen behöver alla aktörer samverka för att bli en stad för grön elektrifiering.Välfungerande socialt kapital mellan offentlig sektor, industri, akademi och medborgare är enförutsättning för att skapa en framgångsrik utveckling.Arbetet utforskar hur en stad som genomgår en omfattande och snabb industriell expansionpåverkas. Genom att studera migrationsmönster ur “push and pull”-teorin undersöker arbetet hur detär möjligt att generera en ökad in-migration i olika målgrupper, som studenter eller hemvändare.Samtidigt som Skellefteå är beroende av att ha ett positiv inflyttningsnetto behöver även denuvarande invånarna bibehållas. Därför har intervjuer och en enkät genomförts för att få en tydligbild av styrkor och svagheter i utvecklingen av Skellefteå. Resultaten av enkäten och intervjuernaanalyserades och diskuterades genom en exemplifiering av de två teorierna push and pull och teorinom socialt kapital.Stora industriella expansioner av denna storlek skakar städerna till sin kärna, eftersom stadensidentitet och attribut ifrågasätts under denna typ av förändring. Vid en utveckling av denna storleksätts det sociala kapitalet på prov och beroende på dess effektivitet kan utfallen skilja sig åt. Stadentvingas väga olika faktorer mot varandra; ekonomiska, sociala och miljömässiga, då alla inte är möjligaatt upprätthålla till samma grad. Eftersom det största målet är att skapa en ökad in-migration till denexpanderande staden måste de pull-faktorer som finns och främjas ifrågasättas; Vad erbjuderegentligen Skellefteå? Arbetet identifierade sex möjliga grupper av in-migration; kontraurbanister,livsstilsmigranter, människor som flyttar för relationer/hemvändare, människor som flyttar förjobbmöjligheter, studenter och människor som flyttar för hållbarhetsskäl. Genom att lyfta fram enuppsättning av pull-faktorer specifikt för Skellefteå har staden den unika möjligheten att påverkamigrationsmönstren till deras behov och skapa en hållbar och attraktiv stad för den nuvarande ochframtida invånaren. / Today the world stands in front of the challenge of adapting to new demands, where solutions thatincrease sustainability are required. Many cities are therefore undergoing big changes indevelopments where both expected and unexpected consequences will arise. Since 2017, whenNorthvolt decided to establish in Skellefteå, the city stands in front of the opportunity to become apioneer city of green evolution. The new development has not only put the demands of the industryat test, but also the city as whole. The challenge of the municipality is how to spread the message ofwhat the upcoming development has to offer to boost the in-migration, as the need for competence isthe main challenge of Skellefteå today. To be able to fulfil and meet the visions of the transformation,all actors need to work together in becoming the green city of electrification. To create a successfuldevelopment, the overlapping collaboration between the government, industry, academia andcommunity needs to be of high quality and thus the social capital will increase.The thesis explores the effects of a city that undergoes a fast expansion. By studying migrationpatterns through push and pull theory, the thesis investigates how to generate an increasedin-migration in different target groups, such as students and returners. While Skellefteå is dependenton having a positive netto in-migration, the current residents also need to be maintained, thusinterviews and a questionnaire has allowed the thesis to obtain a clear picture of strengths andweaknesses of the development in Skellefteå. The results of the questionnaire and the interviews areanalysed and discussed through an exemplification of the two theories of push and pull and thetheory of social capital.Large industrial expansions of this size shake cities to their core, as the identity and attributes of thecity are questioned as they change. When dealing with a development of this size, the social capital isput to the test and depending on its effectiveness, the outcomes can differ. The city is forced to weighdifferent factors against each other, the benefits of accommodating economic, social andenvironmental factors are measured and prioritised as all are not possible to sustain. As the main goalis to create an increased in-migration to the expanding city, the pull factors available and promotedneed to be questioned; What is Skellefteå in fact offering? The thesis identified six possible groups ofin-migration; counterurbanists, lifestyle migrants, people moving for social ties/the returners, peoplemoving for job opportunities, students and people moving for sustainability reasons. By highlightingone set of pull factors, Skellefteå has the unique opportunity to influence the migration patterns totheir needs and create a sustainable and attractive city for the current and future residents.

Abstract  Level: Master thesis in Innovation and design , 30 credits Institution: School of Innovation, Design and Technology, Mälardalen University Author: Cornelia Alenbring (98/05/24)   Title: In the search of the student's role in innovation ecosystems Supervisors: Anders Vikström, Erik Bjurström MDU examinator:Yvonne Eriksson Keywords: “ecosystems for innovation”, “eco systems for social innovation”, “social innovation ecosystems”, “quadruple helix” “students- innovation ecosystem” “students role in innovation ecosystems” Purpose: The purpose of this study is to explore the specific role of students in innovation ecosystems. By gaining a deeper understanding of their role, this research aims to contribute to a more nuanced micro-dynamic perspective on the role of students in innovation ecosystems. This thesis explores conceptualizations and metaphors of innovation ecosystems with the aim of exploring different theorizing in the field, related to the role of students within those.  Research question: What is the role of students in innovation ecosystems? Method: The study was based on a qualitative method. The empirical data was collected through semi-structured interviews and observations using focus groups with 5 actors within the public, academia, industry and civil society. Conclusion: The role of the student is at the heart of the innovation ecosystem metaphor - that of emergence and co-evolution. Rather, the empirical evidence of this thesis concurs that the roles available to students also depend on other actors taking them seriously, and that the reasons for less than optimal exchange between students and other actors deserves further investigation.  It is an interesting observation that students fall between the system perspective’s grand theorizing and pedagogics’ narrower focus on education: - So what is the point of pursuing a research approach where either students or ecosystems are not mentioned? There is an obvious gap in where the abstract level of the system perspective, whilst it can serve as an overview of the concept,  does not specify actors and misses to provide a micro perspective on what is occurring between actors, that could explain how it all happens. Are students rather representatives of the civil society, or of what Powell referred to ‘amphibians’, or representative of nothing but themselves as individuals-in-the-making, as a representative of becoming itself and emergence in itself – through their interaction on a campus which they don’t own, but inhabit? And what do companies really want when they want to be a campus? What is special about a campus and life on a campus? What is the very essence of it?