Gegenstand der Dissertation ist die größen- und eigenschaftsoptimierte Synthese und Charakterisierung von anorganischen Nanopartikeln in einer geeigneten Polyelektrolytmodifizierten Mikroemulsion. Das Hauptziel bildet dabei die Auswahl einer geeigneten Mikroemulsion, zur Synthese von kleinen, stabilen, reproduzierbaren Nanopartikeln mit besonderen Eigenschaften. Die vorliegende Arbeit wurde in zwei Haupteile gegliedert. Der erste Teil befasst sich mit der Einmischung von unterschiedlichen Polykationen (lineares Poly (diallyldimethylammoniumchlorid) (PDADMAC) und verzweigtes Poly (ethylenimin) (PEI)) in verschiedene, auf unterschiedlichen Tensiden (CTAB - kationisch, SDS - anionisch, SB - zwitterionisch) basierenden, Mikroemulsionssysteme. Dabei zeigt sich, dass das Einmischen der Polykationen in die Wassertröpfchen der Wasser-in-Öl (W/O) Mikroemulsion prinzipiell möglich ist. Der Einfluss der verschiedenen Polykationen auf das Phasenverhalten der W/O Mikroemulsion ist jedoch sehr unterschiedlich. In Gegenwart des kationischen Tensids führen die repulsiven Wechselwirkungen mit den Polykationen zu einer Destabilisierung des Systems, während die ausgeprägten Wechselwirkungen mit dem anionischen Tensid in einer deutlichen Stabilisierung des Systems resultieren. Für das zwitterionische Tensid führen die moderaten Wechselwirkungen mit den Polykationen zu einer partiellen Stabilisierung. Der zweite Teil der Arbeit beschäftigt sich mit dem Einsatz der unterschiedlichen, Polyelektrolyt- modifizierten Mikroemulsionen als Templatphase für die Herstellung verschiedener, anorganischer Nanopartikel. Die CTAB-basierte Mikroemulsion erweist sich dabei als ungeeignet für die Herstellung von CdS Nanopartikeln, da zum einen nur eine geringe Toleranz gegenüber den Reaktanden vorhanden ist (Destabilisierungseffekt) und zum anderen das Partikelwachstum durch den Polyelektrolyt-Tensid-Film nicht ausreichend begrenzt wird. Zudem zeigt sich, dass eine Abtrennung der Partikel aus der Mikroemulsion nicht möglich ist. Die SDS-basierten Mikroemulsionen, erweisen sich als geeignete Templatphase zur Synthese kleiner anorganischer Nanopartikel (3 – 20 nm). Sowohl CdS Quantum Dots, als auch Gold Nanopartikel konnten erfolgreich in der Mikroemulsion synthetisiert werden, wobei das verzweigte PEI einen interessanten Templat-Effekt in der Mikroemulsion hervorruft. Als deutlicher Nachteil der SDS-basierten Mikroemulsionen offenbaren sich die starken Wechselwirkungen zwischen dem Tensid und den Polyelektrolyten während der Aufarbeitung der Nanopartikel aus der Mikroemulsion. Dabei erweist sich die Polyelektrolyt-Tensid-Komplexbildung als hinderlich für die Redispergierung der CdS Quantum Dots in Wasser, so dass Partikelaggregation einsetzt. Die SB-basierten Mikroemulsionen erweisen sich als günstige Templatphase für die Bildung von größen- und eigenschaftenoptimierten Nanopartikeln (< 4 nm), wobei insbesondere eine Modifizierung mit PEI als ideal betrachtet werden kann. In Gegenwart des verzweigten PEI gelang es erstmals ultrakleine, fluoreszierende Gold Cluster (< 2 nm) in einer SB-basierten Mikroemulsion als Templatphase herzustellen. Als besonderer Vorteil der SB-basierten Mikroemulsion zeigen sich die moderaten Wechselwirkungen zwischen dem zwitterionischen Tensid und den Polyelektrolyten, welche eine anschließende Abtrennung der Partikel aus der Mikroemulsion unter Erhalt der Größe und ihrer optischen Eigenschaften ermöglichen. In der redispergierten wässrigen Lösung gelang somit eine Auftrennung der PEI-modifizierten Partikel mit Hilfe der asymmetrischer Fluss Feldflussfraktionierung (aF FFF). Die gebildeten Nanopartikel zeigen interessante optische Eigenschaften und können zum Beispiel erfolgreich zur Modifizierung von Biosensoren eingesetzt werden. / This work is focused on the formation, recovery and characterisation of inorganic nanoparticles in a tailor-made polycation-modified reverse microemulsion. The main aim is the choice of an adequate microemulsion for the synthesis of small, uniform, reproducible nanoparticles with specialn characteristics. The first part is focused on the incorporation of two different polycations, low molecular weight linear poly(diallyldimethylammonium chloride) (PDADMAC) and low molecular weight branched poly(ethyleneimine) (PEI) in different surfactant-based (CTAB – cationic, SDS – anionic, SB - zwitterionic) w/o microemulsions. In principle the incorporation of the polycations in the small water droplets is possible, but the influence of the polycations on the phase behaviour is different. Repulsive interactions induce a destabilisation of the w/o microemulsion for cationic surfactant CTAB, while the distinctive interactions between the anionic surfactant SDS and the polycations induce an extension of the phase range and a considerable stabilisation. In case of zwitterionic surfactant SB a partial destabilisation can be observed, according to the lower interactions with the polycations. The second part is focused on the formation of different, inorganic nanoparticles in these polyelectrolyte-modified reverse microemulsions as a template phase. The CTAB-based microemulsion is not adequate for the formation of CdS nanoparticles, according to the low tolerance towards the reactants (destabilisation effect). Furthermore the particle growth cannot be limited by the surfactant-polycation-film and a recovery of the nanoparticles from the microemulsion is not possible. The results show that the SDS-based quaternary template phase consisting of water, toluene-pentanol (1:1), and the anionic surfactant SDS in presence of PEI or PDADMAC can be successfully used for the synthesis of polymer capped inorganic nanoparticles (3 – 20 nm). CdS quantum dots, as well as gold nanoparticles are successfully synthesised in the microemulsion droplets. Especially PEI acts as a reducing and stabilizing agent and shows an additional, interesting template effect in the microemulsion. Unfortunately a recovery of the nanoparticles without a particle aggregation is not possible due to the strong surfactant polycation interactions, which lead to polycation-surfactant complexes. The SB-based microemulsion can be successfully used as a tailor-made polycation-modifiedreverse microemulsion for the formation of small, uniform nanoparticles (< 4 nm) with special characteristics. Especially a modification with PEI is optimal and for the first time small, fluorescent gold cluster (< 2 nm) can be synthesised in a SB-based microemulsion as template phase. The results show that the electrostatic interactions between the polycation and the surfactant are of high relevance especially in the solvent evaporation and redispersion process. That means only in the case of moderate polycation-surfactant interactions a redispersion of the polymer capped particles without problems of aggregation is possible and the size and characteristics are unchanged in the redispersed solution. By means of asymmetric flow field flow fractionation (af-fff) it becomes possible to separate the two cluster fractions from each other as well as from the nanoparticle fraction with diameter > 5 nm. This opens a way to use the nanoparticles with their interesting, optical characteristics in different new fields of application for example for modification of biosensors.

La Maurocalcine (MCa), excellent peptide de pénétration cellulaire (CPP, Cell Penetrating Peptide) issu du venin de scorpion, présente un grand intérêt pour des applications d'administration intracellulaire de molécules ou de nanoparticules expérimentales ou thérapeutiques. Afin de développer ces applications, le peptide a auparavant subi une série d'optimisations, dont la suppression de l'activité biologique native et l'élimination des ponts disulfures intramoléculaires. Dans le présent travail, nous avons poursuivi l'optimisation du peptide par la réduction de la taille. Ensuite, nous avons développé une des applications possibles du peptide consistant en la vectorisation d'un nanobiodétecteur du Ca2+ intracellulaire.La taille de la MCa native (33 résidus) est plus longue que celle des CPPs populaires, telles que la Tat et la pénétratine (13 et 16 résidus, respectivement). Pour réduire la taille du peptide, nous avons procédé à la troncation de la MCa linéaire antérieurement conçue. Douze nouveaux puissants CPPs de taille réduite ont été produits, dont la MCaUF1-9 qui s'est révélée la plus efficace de tous à de faibles concentrations. Le CPP MCaUF1-9 paraît donc très intéressant pour des applications utilisant de faibles concentrations. La caractérisation approfondie de la MCaUF1-9 a montré sa meilleure efficacité en pénétration cellulaire comparativement à Tat, à pénétratine, et à de petits analogues dérivés des peptides de la même famille de calcine, à l'exception de l'hadrucalcineUF1-11 (HadUF1-11) et de l'hadrucalcineUF3-11 qui se sont révélés plus performants.En guise d'application, l'analogue le plus efficace en pénétration cellulaire, l'HadUF1-11, a été efficacement utilisé comme vecteur pour la délivrance intracellulaire d'un nanobiodétecteur du Ca2+ cytoplasmique formé d'un quantum dot recouvert des molécules indicatrices de Ca2+(CaRuby).Les petits analogues de MCa (dérivés de MCa ou des autres peptides de la famille de calcine) pourraient être des CPPs de choix pour divers types d'applications de délivrance intracellulaire. Pour le confirmer (ou l'infirmer) leur caractérisation extensif est nécessaire.Mots clés: Maurocalcine, hadrucalcine, nanoparticules, quantum dots, pénétration cellulaire, nanobiodétecteur de Ca2+. / The Maurocalcine (MCa), an excellent cell penetrating peptide (CPP) from the scorpion venom, presents a real interest for the development of applications for the intracellular delivery of experimental or therapeutic molecules or particles. In order for these applications to be developed, the peptide previously underwent a series of optimization processes, such as the suppression of native biological activity and the removal of intramolecular disulfide bonds. In this research, we carried on the optimization by reducing the size of the MCa and then developed one among other possible applications of this peptide which consists of the vectorization of the intracellular Ca2+ nanobiosensor.The native size of MCa (33 residues) is much longer than the size of popular CPPs such as Tat and penetratin (13 and 16 residues, respectively). To reduce the size of the peptide, we truncated the previously designed linear MCa. Twelve new powerful small CPPs were produced, among which the MCaUF1-9 that was the best in cell penetration at low concentrations. Thus, the MCaUF1-9 appears very interesting for applications that require low concentrations. The MCaUF1-9 was further characterized and happened to be more efficient in cell penetration than the Tat, the penetratin, and other small analogous peptides derived from the peptides belonging to the same family as the MCa's, except from the hadrucalcineUF1-11 (HadUF1-11) and the hadrucalcinUF3-11 which showed best performance.As application, the most efficient analogous in cell penetration, the HadUF1-11, was efficiently utilized as a vector for the intracellular delivery of an intracellular Ca2+ nanobiosensor composed of a quantum dot coated with Ca2+ indicator (CaRuby) molecules.Small MCa analogous (derived from MCa or the other peptides of the calcine family) might be the choice CPPs for diverse intracellular delivery applications. In order to confirm this, their extensive characterization is necessary.Key words: Maurocalcine, hadrucalcine, nanoparticles, quantum dots, cell penetration, Ca2+ nanobiosensor.

Para o desenvolvimento dos sensores aqui descritos foram utilizados materiais inovadores considerando relatos atuais da literatura, materiais estes: óxido de grafeno, óxido de grafeno reduzido, nanocompósitos de grafeno e nanopartículas (ródio, antimônio e sílica mesoporosa desordenada), materiais híbridos a base de grafeno e quantum dots de CdTe, além de biossensores incorporando a enzima lacase. Estes materiais foram sintetizados utilizando metodologias específicas e caracterizados por diversas técnicas analíticas como microscopia eletrônica de transmissão de alta resolução, microscopia de força atômica, espectroscopia Raman, difração de raios-X, espectroscopias de UV-Vis e fotoluminescência, e técnicas eletroquímicas. Posteriormente, os materiais foram utilizados para modificação em eletrodos de carbono vítreo e utilizados na determinação de interferentes endócrinos (os hormônios estriol e 17&beta;-estradiol) como sensores eletroquímicos em amostras ambientais e clínicas. Em essência, os eletrodos desenvolvidos apresentaram importantes vantagens, tais como alta sensibilidade, boa reprodutibilidade, simples instrumentação, fácil preparação e procedimentos analíticos rápidos, apresentando baixos limites de detecção, na ordem de picomolar e nanomolar, com baixa taxa de interferência de outras espécies na mesma matriz da amostra. Concluindo assim que as técnicas eletroquímicas podem ser facilmente aplicadas na determinação de interferentes endócrinos em amostras reais. / For the development of the sensors described here innovators materials were used considering current literature reports, these materials: Graphene oxide, reduced graphene oxide, nanocomposites graphene and nanoparticles (rhodium and antimony), hybrid materials of graphene and CdTe quantum dots, and biosensors incorporating the laccase enzyme. These materials were synthesized using specific methodologies and characterized by several analytical techniques such as transmission electron microscopy, high resolution transmission electron microscopy, atomic force microscopy, Raman spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, UV-Vis and photoluminescence spectroscopy and electrochemical techniques. Subsequently, the materials were used for modification of glassy carbon electrodes to the determination of endocrine disruptors (estriol and 17&beta;-estradiol hormone) as electrochemical sensors for environmental and clinical samples. In essence, developed electrodes showed important advantages such as high sensitivity, good reproducibility, simple instrumentation, easy preparation and quick analytical procedures, with low detection limits in the range of picomolar and nanomolar, low interference rate of other species in same matrix sample. Finally, electrochemical techniques can be easily applied in the determination of endocrine disruptors in real samples.

L'utilisation de nanoparticules semi-conductrices colloïdales, appelées quantum dots, est nouvelle pour des applications en photocatalyse redox. Ces nano-objets possèdent une forte absorption dans le visible modulable avec leur taille. De plus, la présence d'une couche de ligands peut rendre ces nanostructures éco-compatibles. Dans ce manuscrit de thèse, une étude de la photocatalyse redox avec des nanoparticules cœur CdSe et cœur-coquille CdSe/ZnS a été réalisée dans le visible en solvant aqueux. Les quantum-dots hydrosolubles sont tout d'abord fonctionnalisés par des ligands de type acide aminé. Trois systèmes photochimiques ont ensuite été testés avec les substrats suivants : dérivés d'acides aminés, vanilline et 8oxodG. L'activité photochimique des nanoparticules semi-conductrices a pu être démontrée et évaluée par la détection de produits de réaction. Le mécanisme de transfert de charge photoinduit a par ailleurs été élucidé par des techniques spectroscopiques durant l'irradiation. / The use of colloidal semiconductor nanoparticles, called quantum dots, is recent in redox photocatalysis. Those nanostructures exhibit strong and size depending visible absorption properties. The ligand shell on the nanoparticle surface can be furthermore managed to realize green applications. Thus the study of redox photocatalysis with core CdSe nanoparticles and core-shell CdSe/ZnS was carried out with visible light in aqueous solvent. Firstly, we synthetized hydrophilic quantum-dots stabilized by amino acids ligands. Secondly, we perform three different studies of photocatalytic systems with the following substrates : modified amino acids, vanillin and 8oxodG. The nanoparticle's photochemical activity was first demonstrated and evaluated by the detection of photochemical products. The photoinduced charge transfer mechanism was elucidated during irradiation by spectroscopic techniques.

Nous avons développé plusieurs méthodes de synthèse de nanocristaux semi-conducteurs luminescents directement en solution aqueuse. Des nanoparticules de CdTexSy ont été préparées en phase aqueuse et les propriétés optiques ont été étudiées. Suite aux caractérisations chimiques, un modèle a été proposé pour calculer le poids moléculaire et déterminer la formule molaire des nanoparticules de CdTexSy. Nous avons démontré l’existence d’une relation entre le rendement quantique et le nombre de ligand à la surface des nanoparticules. Les propriétés optiques ont été améliorées grâce à la synthèse sous irradiation micro-ondes. Cette méthode de synthèse nous a permis de synthétiser des nanoparticules de CdTexSeySZ avec de bonnes propriétés à 680 nm. Les nanoparticules ont été couplées avec différentes molécules (Rouge du Nil, ligands Bispidines) et protéines (albumine de sérum bovin; BSA et anticorps; PSR 222). Le couplage a été mis en évidence par gel d’électrophorèse. Nous avons également testé les nanoparticules comme donneur ou accepteur dans des systèmes de transfert d’énergie. / We have developed several methods for the synthesis of luminescent semiconductor nanocrystals in aqueous solution. CdTexSy nanoparticles were prepared in the aqueous solution and their optical properties have been studied. Following chemical characterization, a model was proposed to calculate the molecular weight and molecular formula CdTexSy of the nanoparticles. We have demonstrated the existence of a relationship between the quantum yield and the number of ligands at the surface of the nanoparticles. The optical properties have been improved by using microwave irradiation for the synthesis. This method has allowed us to synthesize CdTexSeySz nanoparticles with good optical up to 680 nm. The nanoparticles were then coupled with various molecules (Nil Red, Bispidins ligands) and proteins (bovin sérum albumin; BSA and antibody; PSR 222). The coupling was demonstrated by gel electrophoresis. We also tested the nanoparticles as a donor or acceptor in energy transfer systems.

In this thesis, the strength of the LBIC system is enhanced in different aspects that includes its feasibility as a non-destructive characterization tool, the signal analysis and development of analytical solution to have better understanding on the defects and inhomogeneities in the quantum dot based hetero-structures for device applications, finally understanding its limits due to the size of the laser beam and interpretation of artefacts in the signal appearance due to the presence of co-devices. Chapter#1 provides the introduction and literature survey of the LBIC system. It covers the importance and area of application of the LBIC. Chapter#2 various tools and instrumentation are discussed briefly for the systems that are developed in the lab as well as standard tools utilised for the material characterization. A LBIC instrumentation a novel colloidal quantum dots (CQD) thin film deposition system is discussed. In the last part along with the standard characterization systems a software tool (semiconductor device simulator) is discussed, which is used to visualize and understand the LBIC profile that is obtained experimentally. Chapter#3 provides the information of colloidal synthesis of PbS and HgxCd1-xTe quantum dots. Device fabrication process is explained step by step for the following devices. p-n junction silicon diodes, PbS-CQD/Si hetero-structures, ITO/PbS-CQD/Al crossbar structures and HgCdTe-CQD/Si hetero-structures. Chapter#4 deals with the major constraints imposed on the LBIC due to the need of Ohmic contacts. To overcome this major limitation, in this work, the origin of the signal is studied with the remote contact geometry for silicon p-n junction devices. It was observed that the signals can be collected with the capacitively coupled remote contacts, where LBIC was ultimately demonstrated as contactless measurement tool without any compromise on the measurements and thus obtained physical parameters. The effect of finite laser beam size is also described, which was found to have effect on the actual dimensions measured with the LBIC images. LBIC utility is further enhanced with the Si/CQD based hetero-structure devices, which are the potential candidates in the evolving device technology to be utilized in various modular systems such as PDs and LED applications. Chapter#5 discusses the origin and possible mechanisms for lateral photo-voltage which is closely monitored in the PbS-CQD/Si hetero-junction device systems. Interestingly, it is observed that there are two different line profiles for n and p type Si substrates. Different mechanisms that give rise to this kind of profiles were found to be distinct and are related to the band alignment of the CQD/Si hetero-structure. It lead to the revelation of an interesting phenomenon and believed to be universally observed irrespective of the materials involved in the formation of hetero-junction. Simulations and experimental results are quite consistent and in agreement with each other, which confirm the underlying physical mechanism that connects the LBIC anomalies with the band alignment. Chapter#6 deals with the spatial variations in the transverse photocurrent in the PbS-CQD film which is studied as a function of applied bias. Analytical equation is setup for the photocurrent in the CQD film under applied bias with the help of available transport mechanism and equations from the literature. The spatial non-uniformity that exists in the photocurrent proved to be the result of spatial inhomoginities in the physical parameters. By correlating the spatial data to the analytical equation, it is shown that the inhomoginities can be predicted. This approach is important for the devices, where monolithic detectors are fabricated by depositing CQD film on Read-Out-Integrated-Circuit (ROIC), where the manifestation of non-uniformity can be understood and probably fixed. Chapter#7 HgCdTe CQD based devices are studied for the purpose of photo-detector applications in MWIR (3  5 μm) region. HgxCd1-xTe Colloidal quantum dots are technologically important due to their wide absorption range that covers different regions of the atmospheric window. HgxCd1-xTe are successfully synthesised, which covers the absorption edge up to ~6.25 m in the IR region. Absorption and photo-response studies are carried out on HgxCd1-xTe/Si hetero-junctions under incident IR radiation. It is observed that the band gap of the quantum dots can be tuned easily by controlling the growth time as a parameter, thus moulded HgxCd1-xTe CQD/Si hetero-structures were found to have good photo-response. Chapter#8 the summary and the future direction and scope of the work is discussed. This includes the interesting observations during this thesis work which are not reported here in details.

Over the last few decades, a vast research is going on, to study the optical properties of the nano particles i.e., metal and semiconductors thoroughly. Till date most of the optical studies are based on single particle measurement of a quantum dot (QD) or a chromophore under the influence of an external plasmonic field stimulus. In this the-sis, we tried to address the energy transfer at non local level on a layer of compact, monolayer QD assemblies over micro meter range. The energy transfer occurs in the presence of external field of metal particles or nanorods leads to the enhancement or quenching the emission from a layer of QDs. Chapter 1 is introduction to the basic theoretical aspects of excitons in semiconductor (QDs) and its optical properties under strong confinement regime. The discussion is followed with the optical properties of gold nanoparticles and rods, describing size and shape dependent variation of absorption properties, based on Mie and Mie-Gans theory. Theoretical background of collective effects in QD assemblies based on exciton-plasmonic interactions at single particle level as well as polarization based plasmo-nenhanced fluorescence has been subjected. Experimental techniques are explained in chapter 2 which contains the details of the synthesis of polymer capped nanoparticles with the respective characterization. A discussion on the synthesis methods for cadmium selenide QDs, gold nano particles and the rods with different polymer cap-ping legends and the related capping exchange methods. The thin film preparation of QD monolayers as well as hybrid nano assemblies using several techniques, i.e., Langmuir-Blodgett (LB), dip coat methods are provided. Further the details of surface morphology of the prepared thin films has been studied by different microscopic techniques i.e., atomic force microscopy (AFM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The details of the PL emission measurements of these hybrid arrays using confocal, Raman and polarization based near field scanning optical microscope (NSOM) modes followed with the life time measurements. In third chapter, the substantial strong coupling and collective emission regime is engineered in the QD monolayer films embedded with tiny gold nano particles keeping the QD density same. Tuning the photoluminescence (PL) of semiconducting QD assemblies using small Au NPs in different ratio, different packing density and extent of spectral overlap between QD photoluminescence and the metal nanoparticle absorbance has been discussed. We provided possible experimental and theoretical evidence for the plasmon-mediated emergence of collective emission and enhanced quantum efficiency in these QD films with the consolidation of multiple emitters and multiple NPs. The quantum efficiency of these hybrid assemblies is further explored with different material as well as the size effect of metal nano particles. Chapter 4 comprises the experiment results of the self-assembled compact and partially aligned gold nano rod (GNR) arrays on QD monolayer films. We experimentally demonstrated the quantum efficiency of these QD hybrid assemblies is gaining max-imum when the longitudinal surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) absorption maxima of GNR arrays is resonant with the QD monolayer PL maxima and is always non-existent for the off resonant case. Further, we reported the variability in the size and morphology of these GNR domains leads to the maximum achieved enhancement as well as anisotropy value in comparison with isolated rods and the explored conditions to further enhance the efficiency in these QD hybrid assemblies.

Nano-emitters are the new generation of laser devices. A photonic-crystal cavity, which highly confines light in small volumes, in combination with quantum-dots can enhance the efficiency and lower the threshold of this device. The practical realisation of a reliable, electrically pumped photonic-crystal laser at room-temperature is, however, challenging. In this project, a design for such a laser was established. Its properties are split up into electrical, optical and thermal tasks that are individually investigated via various device simulations. The resulting device performance showed that with our design the quantum-dots can be pumped in order to provide gain and to overcome the loss of the system. Threshold currents can be as low as 10’s of μA and Q-factors in the range of 1000’s. Gallium arsenide wafers were grown according to our specifications and their diode behaviour confirmed. Photonic-crystal cavities were fabricated through a newly developed process based on a TiOₓ hard-mask. Beside membraned cavities, also cavities on oxidised AlGaAs were fabricated with help to a unique hard-mask removal method. The cavities were measured with a self-made micro-photoluminescence setup with the highest Q-factor of 4000 for the membrane cavity and a remarkable 2200 for the oxide cavity. The fabrication steps, regarding the electrically pumped photonic-crystal laser, were developed and it was shown that this device can be fabricated. During this project, a novel type of gentle confinement cavity was developed, based on the adaption of the dispersion curve (DA cavity) of a photonic-crystal waveguide. Q-factors of as high as 600.000 were measured for these cavities made in Silicon.

Au cours de ces dernières années, la microfluidique est devenue une technologie attrayante pour la synthèse en écoulement continu de dispersions colloïdales de nanocristaux. Ce procédé permet un contrôle optimal des paramètres de synthèse, offre une très bonne reproductibilité, et la possibilité de transposition à grande échelle. Dans une première partie, nous avons développé des synthèses microfluidiques et écologiques de cristaux ZIF 8, adaptables à une grande échelle de production, avec un écoulement monophasique ou biphasique (eau/alcane). La technologie microfluidique permet la synthèse rapide (10 min) de cristaux ZIF-8 avec une large variation de taille de particules (de 300 à 900 nm) simplement en faisant varier les paramètres expérimentaux (débit, température, ...). Les cristaux de ZIF-8 obtenus sont de forme géométrique dodécaèdrique rhombique, de structure cristalline sodalite et leur surface spécifique est d’environ 1700 m2/g. Puis, les propriétés catalytiques des particules ZIF-8 ont été évaluées. Des 3-cyanocoumarines et des cyanoesters α,β-insaturés ont été synthétisés avec des rendements variant de 89 à 95% via la réaction de Knoevenagel utilisant les particules ZIF-8 comme catalyseur hétérogène. Les particules de ZIF-8 peuvent être recyclées au minimum cinq fois. Dans la seconde partie de ce mémoire, nous avons synthétisé des QDs CdS dopé Mn2+ et Cu+ recouverts d’une coquille ZnS en microréacteur tubulaire avec un écoulement monophasique ou biphasique (eau/alcane). Différents paramètres expérimentaux (temps de séjour, température, pH, rapport molaire des précurseurs, concentration et nature des précurseurs, …) ont été évalués afin d’optimiser les propriétés optiques. Les QDs CdS dopé Mn2+ présentent uniquement l’émission de fluorescence liée à la transition 4T1→6A1 et leur rendement quantique de fluorescence est voisin de 10%. L’introduction d’une coquille ZnS en écoulement monophasique permet d’améliorer les propriétés optiques et de réduire les défauts des surfaces des QDs 6%Mn:CdS/ZnS (émission à 590 nm et rendement quantique de 20 %). L’introduction d’une coquille ZnS à la périphérie des QDs Cu:CdS ne permet pas d’améliorer de manière significative le rendement quantique de fluorescence. Dans la dernière partie, la synthèse en microréacteur avec écoulement monophasique ou biphasique (eau/alcane) de QDs ZnS dopé Mn2+ a été développée. Les QDs obtenus possèdent un rendement quantique de 13% s’ils sont préparés en écoulement monophasique / In recent years, microfluidics has become an attractive technology for the continuous flow synthesis of colloidal nanocrystals. This technology allows a good control of the synthesis parameters, a good reproducibility and the possibility of the application on a large scale. In a first part, we have developed continuous and ecological syntheses of the ZIF-8 crystals for the large scale, either with a monophasic or a biphasic flow (water/alkane). The microfluidic technology allows the fast synthesis (10 min) of ZIF-8 crystals over a wide size range (from ca. 300 to 900 nm) simply by varying the experimental parameters (flow rates, temperature,…). ZIF-8 crystals with the stable rhombic dodecahedron shape, of sodalite structure and with a high specific surface area (ca. 1700 m2.g-1) were obtained. Next, the catalytic properties of ZIF-8 crystals were evaluated. These particles were demonstrated to be an efficient heterogeneous catalyst for the Knoevenagel synthesis of α,β-unsaturated cyanoesters and of 3-cyanocoumarins using 2-hydroxy aromatic aldehydes and ethyl cyanoacetate as starting materials (yields ranging from 89 to 95%). The ZIF-8 particles can be recycled at least five times with negligible changes in catalytic performances. In the second part, we synthesized the Mn2+ or Cu+-doped CdS QDs coated with a ZnS shell in a tubular microreactor using a monophasic or a biphasic flow (water/alkane). Various experimental parameters (time, temperature, pH, molar ratio, concentration and nature of the starting materials) were evaluated to optimize the optical properties of the dots. The obtained Mn2+ doped CdS QDs exhibited a photoluminescence emission related to the 4T1 → 6A1 transition with quantum yields higher than 10%. The introduction of a ZnS shell with the monophasic flow allows to improve the optical properties and to reduce the surface defects of the 6% Mn:CdS/ZnS QDs (strong emission at 590 nm and quantum yields of ca. 20%). The introduction of a ZnS shell on the surface of Cu doped CdS QDs does not significantly improve the quantum yields. Finally, the synthesis of Mn2+-doped ZnS QDs with monophasic or biphasic flow (water/alkane) was developed. The dots have a photoluminescence quantum yield of 13% if they are prepared in a monophasic water flow

Nanomateriais apresentam propriedades ajust&aacute;veis pelo seu tamanho e forma, como o fen&ocirc;meno de superparamagnetismo em nanopart&iacute;culas magn&eacute;ticas ou o confinamento qu&acirc;ntico dos portadores de carga em pontos qu&acirc;nticos (quantum dots). Assim, a s&iacute;ntese de nanopart&iacute;culas esf&eacute;ricas monodispersas torna-se um fator extremamente importante, haja visto que tais propriedades podem ser ajust&aacute;veis para diferentes aplica&ccedil;&otilde;es na &aacute;rea de tecnologia e biomedicina. Nanopart&iacute;culas magn&eacute;ticas e quantum dots podem ser apontados como promissores materiais para diagn&oacute;stico e terapia de neoplasias (c&acirc;ncer), e o desenvolvimento desses sistemas busca, atualmente, intensificar a magnetiza&ccedil;&atilde;o e a efici&ecirc;ncia de emiss&atilde;o, respectivamente, relativo &agrave;s propriedades magn&eacute;ticas e &oacute;pticas, al&eacute;m de outros requisitos. Neste trabalho, nanopart&iacute;culas esf&eacute;ricas de cobalto met&aacute;lico foram sintetizadas com di&acirc;metro m&eacute;dio de 5,3 nm e desvio padr&atilde;o de 0,4 nm, distribui&ccedil;&atilde;o de tamanhos lognormal. A equa&ccedil;&atilde;o de Langevin modificada pelo modelo de part&iacute;culas interagentes foi utilizada no ajuste da curva de magnetiza&ccedil;&atilde;o M(H) para obten&ccedil;&atilde;o do di&acirc;metro magn&eacute;tico m&eacute;dio e desvio padr&atilde;o, 4,7 nm e 1,0 nm, respectivamente. Comparando os dois di&acirc;metros, encontra-se uma camada morta de magnetiza&ccedil;&atilde;o de aproximadamente 3,0 &Aring; a qual, praticamente, n&atilde;o contribui para a magnetiza&ccedil;&atilde;o da amostra, sendo a magnetiza&ccedil;&atilde;o de satura&ccedil;&atilde;o de 125 emu g-1. Nanoestruturas core/shell de Co/Au apresentaram a propriedade de resson&acirc;ncia plamon de superf&iacute;cie, uma propriedade adicional tamb&eacute;m desejada para aplica&ccedil;&otilde;es biom&eacute;dicas, sendo este sistema denominado magnetoplasm&ocirc;nico. Quantum dots de CdSe foram sintetizados como elevado controle de tamanho e forma. Utilizando rotas de s&iacute;ntese diferentes dos cl&aacute;ssicos procedimentos denominados TOP-TOPO, e di&oacute;xido de sel&ecirc;nio como precursor, estudos mostraram que na presen&ccedil;a de um agente redutor no meio de rea&ccedil;&atilde;o e do solvente 1-octadeceno, as amostras apresentaram melhores propriedades &oacute;ticas. A estrutura cristalina das amostras de CdSe corresponde &agrave; forma&ccedil;&atilde;o da fase blenda de zinco, diferentemente das s&iacute;nteses TOP-TOPO que levam &agrave; forma&ccedil;&atilde;o da fase hexagonal wurtzita. A cin&eacute;tica de crescimento dos quantum dots de CdSe tamb&eacute;m foram avaliadas atrav&eacute;s de al&iacute;quotas retiras com o tempo de rea&ccedil;&atilde;o mostrando um crescimento exponencial do di&acirc;metro das part&iacute;culas, como previsto pelas teorias de nuclea&ccedil;&atilde;o e crescimento. Estudos por microscopia de fluoresc&ecirc;ncia mostraram que os quantum dots apresentaram o comportamento de intermit&ecirc;ncia de fluoresc&ecirc;ncia relatado na literatura como um dos fatores que levam a uma diminui&ccedil;&atilde;o do rendimento qu&acirc;ntico de fluoresc&ecirc;ncia. Nanoestruturas core/shell de CdSe/ZnS foram obtidas com elevado controle da espessura da camada de recobrimento e a intensifica&ccedil;&atilde;o das propriedades de fotoluminesc&ecirc;ncia foram mostradas. Os objetivos do trabalho foram alcan&ccedil;ados com sucesso, onde foi poss&iacute;vel observar a estabiliza&ccedil;&atilde;o e a intensifica&ccedil;&atilde;o da magnetiza&ccedil;&atilde;o da fase de cobalto met&aacute;lico, pouco relatado na literatura. Ainda, foi poss&iacute;vel conferir maior estabilidade qu&iacute;mica, versatilidade de funcionaliza&ccedil;&atilde;o da superf&iacute;cie e uma segunda propriedade de resson&acirc;ncia plasm&ocirc;nica com o recobrimento com ouro, sem grande preju&iacute;zo da propriedade magn&eacute;tica. Em rela&ccedil;&atilde;o aos sistemas &oacute;pticos, os semicondutores de CdSe foram obtidos por nova rota de s&iacute;ntese com expressivo controle de tamanho e forma, recobertos com ZnS intensificando as propriedades &oacute;pticas do sistema.&#8195; / Nanomaterials properties are size- and shape-controlled, such as the superparamagnetism phenomenon of magnetic nanoparticles or the quantum confinement of charge carriers of quantum dots. Therefore, synthesis of monodisperse spherical nanoparticles became extremely important over the past few deacades, since nanoparticles can be used for plenty of applications in technology and biomedicine. Magnetic nanoparticles and quantum dots are promising materials for diagnosis and therapy of cancer. Spherical nanoparticles of metallic cobalt were synthesized with mean diameter of 5,3 nm and standard deviation of 0,4 nm, lognormal distribution. A modified Langevin equation using the interacting superparamagnetic model was used to fit magnetization curves obtaining the mean magnetic diameter and standard deviation, 4,7 nm and 1,0 nm, respectively. The difference between these two diameters was assigned to the magnetic dead layer (&#8764;3.0 &Aring;), which does not contribute to the sample magnetization, being the saturation magnetization of cobalt nanoparticles around 125 emu g-1. Co/Au core/shell nanostructures were synthesized and the surface plasmon ressonance property was observed, an additional property also desired for biomedical applications, being the Co/Au core/shell system called magnetoplasmonic. CdSe quantum dots were synthesized with high size- and shape-controlled. Using different synthetic routes from the classic TOP-TOPO synthesis, and selenium dioxide as a precursor, the results show that and reducing agent is necessary and 1-octadecene solvent leads to better optical properties. CdSe samples showed a zinc blend (cubic phase) crystal structure, different from TOP-TOPO syntheses that leads to wurtzite structure (hexagonal phase). The growth kinetics of CdSe particles were also evaluated through aliquots from reaction showing exponential growth of particles diameter, as predicted on the theory of nucleation and growth. Fluorescence microscopy studies showed that quantum dots exhibited fluorescence intermittence behavior already reported in the literature as one fo the reasons for the quantum yield decrease. CdSe/ZnS core/shell nanostructures were obtained with high control of the coating layer thickness and the increase of the photoluminescence properties were shown.