Une partie traite de la dynamique des systèmes de solides rigides en présence de liaisons unilatérales (comme les problèmes de billard par exemple). On discute de la formulation systématique du problème de Cauchy correspondant ainsi que de l'existence et l'unicité de ses solutions. Une autre partie partie concerne l'étude des problèmes de contact avec frottement au bord en élasticité tridimensionnelle linéarisée, et les difficultés associées à l'absence de monotonie dans la discussion de l'unicité de solution. On fait valoir l'importance possible de cette discussion par rapport au problème de dimensionnement (de dispositifs de frein par exemple) vis-à-vis du phénomène de crissement. Une dernière partie traite de problèmes posés par l'évolution quasi-statique de structures minces élastiques (comme des fils ou des poutres) au-dessus d'obstacles rigides en présence de frottement. Ces problèmes fournissent des exemples archétypaux de processus de rafle de Moreau en dimension infinie. Des exemples simples mettent en évidence l'apparition spontanée de discontinuités spatiales mobiles de la vitesse, alors même que les données peuvent être des fonctions aussi régulières que l'on veut. Il ne peut y avoir alors de solution forte et il faut se contenter de solution faible au processus de rafle sous-jacent.

Les analyses présentées dans ce mémoire portent sur l'endommagement et la rupture de matériaux hétérogènes. Le mécanisme principal de dégradation est la fissuration à l'échelle la plus petite. Une approche probabiliste s'avère être un outil efficace. Ceci concerne des matériaux à comportement fragile (céramiques, fontes GS sous sollicitation cyclique) ou quasi-fragile (céramiques monolithiques impactées ou renforcées par des fibres longues, ciments renforcés par des fibres longues ou courtes). Le dialogue entre les différentes échelles a d'une part permis de construire des modèles de prévision de l'endommagement et de la rupture. D'autre part, diverses stratégies d'identification des paramètres du matériau ont été mises en oeuvre.

<p>The aim of this political scientist paper is to describe and analyze the quasi state Iraqi Kurdistan 1992-2006 using the theory of Kolstö about how and why quasi states develops and the theory of Pegg regarding how the international society deal with quasi states. A qualitative case method is used. In the study the two theories are combined. Iraqi Kurdistan is used as a case to study to confirm Kolstö’s and Pegg’s theories. It’s an interesting case as it’s included in one of the most sensitive geo political areas in the world. The Kuwait war 1990 and the Second Gulf war 1991 were the incentive to Iraqi Kurdistan as a quasi state and the US invasion of Iraq 2003 was the incentive to the end of it. In conclusion the case verify the theories and the theories promote the understanding of Iraqi Kurdistan’s period as a quasi state. The goal of the quasi state Iraqi Kurdistan was to become a federal state in a federal Iraq and it succeeded.</p>

Dans le contexte actuel d'optimisation des performances des dispositifs de microélectronique, le transistor MOSFET, brique de base, est soumis à des contraintes géométriques telles que son architecture même est remise en cause. L'augmentation du nombre de grille afin d'accentuer le contrôle électrostatique de la grille sur le canal a mis en avant des architectures ultimes telles que le nanofil dont la grille enrobe totalement le canal. Dans ce travail, une étude du nanofil de silicium a été réalisée afin d'estimer les potentialités de cette architecture au niveau transistor jusqu'à l'étude de petits circuits. Pour cela, un modèle analytique en courant a été mis en place et implémenté en Verilog-A afin de simuler des petits circuits dans un environnement de type ELDO. Toutefois, les paramètres du modèle telles que les masses effectives de transport (ou de confinement) ou le transport dans le film sont la clé de la prédictibilité au niveau circuit. C'est pourquoi des simulations avancées de type liaisons fortes ou Kubo-Greenwood ont été développées afin d'étudier finement l'évolution des caractéristiques du nanofil notamment vis-à-vis de son intégration géométriques. Issues de ces approches numériques, des expressions analytiques ont été établies afin d'inclure dans le modèle toute la physique observée en amont. Des effets comme l'évolution de la structure de bande ou l'impact des mécanismes d'interaction ont ainsi pu être apportés jusqu'au niveau circuit. Les résultats en courant acquièrent une certaine pertinence en créant un lien entre simulations numériques et données expérimentales.

The general purpose of this dissertation is to evaluate KrAmi – a correctional program for young offenders – regarding socioeconomic profitability. Evaluating socioeconomic results enables us to examine and reflect upon the possibilities of applying socioeconomic models to social work. The basic data, from a long-term follow up study of 140 persons in two KrAmi programs, one Knuff program and two probation programs (treatment as usual), also allow systematic comparisons with more traditional evaluation models The data have been presented in one research report and three articles. The research report examines both the effects in an effect study and the socioeconomic results in a CBA (Cost-Benefit Analysis) and a CEA (Cost-Effectiveness analysis). The overall aim of the socioeconomic study was to examine the socioeconomic profitability of the programmes. We found a halving of expenditure for the KrAmi and Knuff groups and a 25 percent reduction for the two probation programmes compared to the cost one year before rehabilitation started. The 15-year investment analysis (CBA) showed that expenditures decreased and benefits increased by about 2.5 million SEK per individual for the two KrAmi programmes and one non-custodial program, by 0.5-1.0 million SEK for the Knuff program and the other non-custodial program. For the KrAmi programs investment in rehabilitation pays off in 1-1.5 years, for probation in 2.5-4 years and for Knuff in 4 years after the intervention. The benefit-cost ratios were 17.8 - 12.7 for the two KrAmi programs and 5.1 - 5.8 for the two non-custodial programs. For the Knuff program the benefit-cost ratio was 13.2. KrAmi rates are higher for rehabilitation rate (pension points), rehabilitation rate compared to investment costs and benefit-cost ratio, pay-off time is the shortest. The results of both the effect study and socio-economic study, which were presented in the first article, suggest that social improvements for the clients corresponded with socio-economic profitability. However, these findings should be interpreted with caution due to difficulties in comparing short-term data on effects from ASI interviews collected in one period with long-term data concerning socio-economic costs per day per client in a different period. The second article elaborated on these design issues and also examined whether approaching an evaluation from different perspectives and employing different research methods can increase understanding. The conclusion drawn was that it was essential to have knowledge on the dissimilarities in design and measures between the two studies to come to the correct interpretations. These interpretations led to new questions to illuminate the results of the evaluations. In the third article the focus was the long-term follow up period. In this study the Knuff program was excluded from the study and the two KrAmi programs formed the program group and the two probation group formed the control group. The follow-up period was two years during which the socioeconomic costs decreased stepwise for both groups, probation groups more so than program groups. The deteriorations were 70-80% compared to the period before treatment. However rehabilitation to labour market was more successful for program groups than for control groups thanks to the greater socio-economic profitability for program groups. The introductory part of this dissertation focuses on methodological difficulties, and a multivariate regression analysis (MRA) is presented which shows that pre-existing differences in the composition of the program groups and control groups were not responsible for the differences on the socio-economic results. Moreover the introductory section includes a research presentation and the rationale for socioeconomic evaluation.

Abstract Since 1995, the Ministry of Education has been campaigning for the establishment of a teaching resources center of local culture in every county and city across Taiwan, and the center in Penghu, founded by Dongwei Elementary School under a Dec. 1998 command by Penghu county government, started to run on the first day of August in 1999. However, due to the failure of the local authority of educational administration to pose a reasonable and durable mechanism of management, in recent years the operation of the center has almost come to a complete stop. From an eco-philosophical point of view, the center focuses on the realization of the relationships built up amongst people, their local environment, and the nature. Located in a community rich in humanity and culture as well as natural resources, Penghu Teaching Resources Center of Local Culture should bring the school and the community tightly together, leading the teaching of local culture right into the community, the land where everything the center itself is about comes from. On the other hand, as museology evolves into its new form, ecomuseological theories and their successful applications have gradually taken the place of traditional, stereotypical operations of exhibitions. In this study, considering the nature of local culture teaching, the researcher has explored every possibility of bringing Penghu Teaching Resources Center of Local Culture back to prosperity again by introducing the element of ecomuseology. Digging deep into the literature concerning local culture teaching as well as ecomuseology and analyzing pools of data gathered from depth interviews, the researcher has come to the following conclusions: 1. The center should be ecologically combined with its community resources so that local culture teaching can always stay alive and up to date. 2. Following the 21st century museological trend, the center should offer its full services to cover areas of not only displaying but also education and recreation, turning static exhibitions into live experiences. 3. From an ecomuseological point of view, the center can be constructed as a whole exhibition network with a variety of routes extended out from the community. 4. Under the threats of other exhibition places that serve similar purposes, the center should secure its uniqueness by focusing on its specialty in education, turning competition into cooperation and creating a win-win situation. 5. The localism center should have full financial and human resources support from the authorities with its rank and power properly promoted. 6. Participation of local residents should be encouraged with volunteers recruited from the community to work as tour guides and commentators. This way, the center gets to live on with tours going deep from superficial sightseeing into the marrow of the local culture.

In general relativity, the nature of mass is non-local. However, an appropriate def-inition of mass at a quasi-local level could give a more detailed characterization ofthe gravitational field around massive bodies. Several attempts have been made tofind such a definition. One of the candidates is the Hawking mass. This thesispresents a method for calculating the spin coefficients used in the expression for theHawking mass, and gives a closed-form expression for the Hawking mass of ellipsoidal2-surfaces in Minkowski spacetime. Furthermore, the Hawking mass is shown to havethe correct limits, both in Minkowski and Schwarzschild, along particular foliationsof leaves approaching a metric 2-sphere. Numerical results for Schwarzschild are alsopresented.

This thesis deals with the question of what resources are necessary and sufficient for quantum computational speedup. In particular, we study what resources are required to promote fault tolerant stabilizer computation to universal quantum computation. In this context we discover a remarkable connection between the possibility of quantum computational speedup and negativity in the discrete Wigner function, which is a particular distinguished quasi-probability representation for quantum theory. This connection allows us to establish a number of important results related to magic state computation, an important model for fault tolerant quantum computation using stabilizer operations supplemented by the ability to prepare noisy non-stabilizer ancilla states. In particular, we resolve in the negative the open problem of whether every non-stabilizer resource suffices to promote computation with stabilizer operations to universal quantum computation. Moreover, by casting magic state computation as resource theory we are able to quantify how useful ancilla resource states are for quantum computation, which allows us to give bounds on the required resources. In this context we discover that the sum of the negative entries of the discrete Wigner representation of a state is a measure of its usefulness for quantum computation. This gives a precise, quantitative meaning to the negativity of a quasi-probability representation, thereby resolving the 80 year debate as to whether this quantity is a meaningful indicator of quantum behaviour. We believe that the techniques we develop here will be widely applicable in quantum theory, particularly in the context of resource theories.

This study investigates the required implementation of the System of Choice in the Swedish County Council of Västerbotten. The System of Choice is a national law with the objective to improve efficiency within primary care in Sweden. This was done by opening the market for more competition and giving the citizens the right to choose where to seek care. The reform was a big change for the organisation of health provision, which had up until the reform been characterized by monopolistic behaviour by county councils as dominant firms. At the time of this study it had been three years since the beginning of Health Choice, which is the name for the reform in Västerbotten. The aim of this research was to find out if the way in which Västerbotten County Council has chosen to shape Health Choice has led to the fulfilment of the objective of increased competition and thus higher motivation to perform quality care. This has been done by examining the development of the Health Choice and its reimbursement system through the eyes of the primary care providers. The study has further looked at the reasons underlying the result and ways to improve it. This area is not new ground for research. The organisation of health care is a popular topic all over the world since the population is growing and becoming older, thus putting increased pressure on the provision of health care (WHO, 2010, p. VI). Research has however showed that the optimal organisation of a reimbursement system for the primary care largely depends upon local conditions (Anell, 2005, p. 61). Since there is little previous in-depth information about the outcome of the Health Choice, the approach of this study has been inductive. Due to this exploratory and explanatory nature of the study a qualitative approach was applied. The data-collection has been done through 14 semi-structured interviews of about an hour each. To be able to catch the effects of the reimbursement system 11 of the interviews were conducted with health centre directors, representing both private and public providers as well as the different regions within the county council. The three other interviews were held with representatives from the county council and the supporting department for the Primary Care Group. The interviews generated transcribed text of 250 pages. This material was sifted and processed using the template analysis approach. The result shows that the county council‟s attitude to the Health Choice has negatively affected how it has been implemented. Too little resources have been spent on the purchasing department that is responsible for the development of the Health Choice and its reimbursement system. These factors have led to an organisation of Health Choice that discourages private providers to enter the primary care market in Västerbotten and there has thus only been a small increase in competition. A complex system with low continuity, lack of information and focus on the wrong things have led to the value of the reimbursement system as a motivational tool for increasing cost effectiveness and quality of care to be low.

In this thesis we study Wiener’s lemma. The classical version of the lemma, whose realm is a Banach algebra, asserts that the pointwise inverse of a nonzero function with absolutely convergent Fourier expansion, also possesses an absolutely convergent Fourier expansion. The main purpose of this thesis is to investigate the validity inalgebras endowed with a quasi-norm or a p-norm.As a warmup, we prove the classical version of Wiener’s lemma using elemen-tary analysis. Furthermore, we establish results in Banach algebras concerning spectral theory, maximal ideals and multiplicative linear functionals and present a proof Wiener’s lemma using Banach algebra techniques. Let ν be a submultiplicative weight function satisfying the Gelfand-Raikov-Shilov condition. We show that if a nonzero function f has a ν-weighted absolutely convergent Fourier series in a p-normed algebra A. Then 1/f also has a ν-weightedabsolutely convergent Fourier series in A.