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Abstract: For more than 250 years, the Canadian province of Quebec could be considered a territory of intensive "language contact" situations (Hoffer, 2002; Winford, 2003) between French and English. One of the outcomes of this situation is the flow of lexical units that pass especially from English to French (that is, loanwords). Against this sociolinguistic background, we observe a paradox that inspired the present study. On the one hand, English loanwords are widely reported to represent an "invasive species" (Peritz, 2018) in Quebec French. On the other hand, these lexical units are uncommon, as the relevant literature has shown through examples drawn from French oral speech (Poplack, 2017) or the francophone press (Planchon, 2019). In fact, these studies have demonstrated that English loanwords account for less than 1% of francophone communication of up to a few hundreds of millions of words. To identify a possible explanation for the abovementioned contradiction, we verify our hypothesis about the dependence of loanword frequency on both the context of loanword usage and the type of loanword that these items belong to in the Quebec francophone press. To this end, we pose the following research questions: 1. Are there any differences in the integration of English loanwords selected from the authoritative online reference source, the Banque de Dépannage Linguistique (2021), into various Quebec francophone print media context types as they are observed in a francophone newspaper, "Le Devoir"? 2. Does the type of borrowing to which an English loanword belongs (as it is indicated in the studied reference source) influence the integration of this unit into the contexts of "Le Devoir"? We choose a Quebec francophone newspaper, "Le Devoir," as our study material; it represents a corpus of 66,402,141 words drawn from 1,556 issues published between 2017 and 2020. Our reference pool is a list of examples of five types of English loanwords (i.e., "integral," "syntactic," and "idiomatic") described in the Banque de Dépannage Linguistique (2021) of the Office québécois de la langue française. To the best of our knowledge, this doctoral study is the first to produce a deep qualitative assessment of the contextual usage of five types of English loanwords (24 lexical units) in the Quebec press over the past quarter of a century and the first ever to analyze idiomatic English loanwords in this respect. Quantitative, contextual, and discourse analysis methods allow us to confirm our hypothesis. Indeed, contexts related to the context types "Culture," "Miscellaneous Topics," and "Opinions and Letters" are the most likely to feature English loanwords. Our multidimensional approach reveals important and recurrent usage patterns that are characteristic of the studied loanword types (for example, the idiomatic loanword "appliquer mur à mur" in the recurrent contexts of discussions on educational policies or the hybrid item "énergisante" in "boisson énergisante" as a negatively perceived term in the recurrent contexts of healthy habit recommendations). -- Résumé: Depuis plus de deux cent cinquante ans, la province canadienne du Québec peut être considérée comme un territoire de situations de "contact linguistique" intensif (Hoffer, 2002 ; Winford, 2003) entre le français et l'anglais. L'une des conséquences de ces situations est le flux inévitable d'unités lexicales passant notamment de l'anglais au français (les emprunts). Dans ce contexte sociolinguistique, nous observons un paradoxe qui a inspiré la présente étude. D'une part, les emprunts à l'anglais sont largement signalés comme ceux représentant une "espèce invasive" (Peritz, 2018) dans le français québécois, et pourtant, d'autre part, ces unités lexicales ne sont pas abondantes, comme la littérature pertinente le prouve de manière irréfutable par les exemples du discours oral français (Poplack, 2017), ou de la presse francophone (Planchon, 2019). En fait, comme l'ont démontré les études mentionnées, la part des emprunts à l'anglais représente moins de 1 % de la communication francophone, qui compte jusqu'à quelques centaines de millions de mots. À la recherche d'une explication possible de la contradiction mentionnée, nous cherchons, dans le cadre de notre étude et en nous référant à l'exemple de la presse francophone québécoise, à vérifier l'hypothèse de la dépendance de la fréquence des emprunts à la fois au contexte d'utilisation de ces items et au type d'emprunt auquel ces items appartiennent. Les questions de recherche que nous posons sont donc les suivantes : 1) Existe-t-il des différences dans l'intégration des emprunts à l'anglais, sélectionnés dans la source de référence en ligne faisant autorité, la Banque de Dépannage Linguistique (2021), dans divers types de contextes de la presse écrite francophone québécoise, tels qu'ils sont observés dans un journal francophone, "Le Devoir" ? 2) Le type d'emprunt auquel appartient une unité lexicale (tel qu'il est indiqué dans la source de référence étudiée) a-t-il une influence sur l'intégration de cette unité dans les contextes du "Devoir" ? Nous choisissons un journal francophone québécois, "Le Devoir," comme matériel d'étude (corpus de 66 402 141 mots provenant de 1 556 numéros du journal publiés entre 2017 et 2020). Notre liste de référence est la liste pertinente des représentants des cinq types des emprunts à l'anglais (à savoir, "intégral," "hybride," "morphologique," "syntaxique," "idiomatique") telle que décrite dans la Banque de Dépannage Linguistique (2021) de l'Office québécois de la langue française. À notre connaissance, cette étude doctorale est la première du genre au cours du dernier quart de siècle à aborder l'évaluation qualitative approfondie de l'usage contextuel de cinq types des emprunts à l'anglais (24 unités lexicales) dans la presse québécoise, les emprunts idiomatiques étant analysés à cet égard pour la toute première fois. Les méthodes d'analyse quantitative, contextuelle et discursive nous aident à confirmer notre hypothèse. En effet, les contextes liés à la "Culture," aux "Sujets divers" et aux "Opinions et lettres" s'avèrent être ceux qui accueillent le plus les emprunts à l'anglais. Notre approche multidimensionnelle des emprunts révèle des modèles d'utilisation influents et récurrents qui sont caractéristiques des types d'emprunts étudiés, par exemple : l'emprunt idiomatique "appliquer mur à mur" dans les contextes récurrents de discussions sur les politiques éducatives ou celui hybride "énergisante" dans "boisson énergisante" en tant que terme perçu négativement dans les contextes récurrents de recommandations d'habitudes saines."

Le recueil intitulé Triangle noir sur triangle blanc développe un imaginaire du désir amoureux, de la féminité et de l’intériorité. Ses poèmes succincts et dépouillés laissent place à un témoignage mélancolique qui prend forme au-delà du dicible. Expérience trouble défend l’hypothèse selon laquelle, dans La Beauté pourrit sans douleur (1989), les poèmes de François Charron, que je qualifie d’ordinaires, font surgir un sentiment d’étrangeté chez le lecteur. Après des analyses discursive et formelle, une analyse des effets de lecture et diverses considérations philosophiques et théoriques (Bégout, Freud, Rancière), j’en conclus que cette poésie à la fois ordinaire et étrange témoigne d’une conscience de l’absurde (Camus) qu’elle transmet à son lecteur. / This poetry collection entitled Triangle noir sur triangle blanc [Black Triangle over White Triangle] builds an imaginary of love desire, femininity, and interiority. Its succinct and unadorned poems give way to a wistful testimonial that takes shape beyond the realm of words. Expérience trouble [Confused Experience] supports the hypothesis that in La Beauté pourrit sans douleur (1989), François Charron's poems, which I consider ordinary, bring out a sense of uncanniness in the reader. After discourse and formal analyses, an analysis of the effects of reading and various philosophical and theoretical considerations (Bégout, Freud, Rancière), I have come to the conclusion that this poetry both ordinary and uncanny testifies to an awareness of the absurd (Camus) that it conveys to the reader.

Au(x) seuil(s) du sens s’intéresse aux articulations des interstices sensibles régissant l’expérience énonciative de Nous serons sans voix (2002), écrit par Benoit Jutras. L’essai analyse successivement la manifestation des limites corporelles dans le recueil de poèmes, la perméabilité des échanges interpersonnels, et le caractère séquentiel et impermanent du réel. En découle une réflexion sur la notion de seuil en tant que noyau des poèmes, autour desquels les contradictions, apories et paradoxes apparents construisent l’expérience de sens du texte. Matelas pyrogènes est un recueil de fragments poétiques qui prend pour ancrage la figure du lit et brode autour d’elle, progressivement, la mosaïque d’une dépossession du corps énonciateur. L’écriture s’intéresse à la dissonance interne entre la voix narrative et celles qui l’infiltrent, interrogeant l’impossibilité de faire corps et de s’appartenir entièrement. Le matelas, autant espace de refuge que lieu d’embuscade, devient au fil des pages la dernière certitude d’un corps qui peine à se définir face à un réel pétri de violence et d’ambiguïté. Matelas pyrogènes rapièce les accidents de conscience d’un corps fragmenté, à la fois multiple et incomplet. / Au(x) seuil(s) du sens concerns itself with the articulation of the sensible interstices governing the enunciative experience of Nous serons sans voix (2002), by Benoit Jutras. The essay successively analyses the manifestations of bodily limits, the permeability of interpersonal exchanges, and the sequential and impermanent character of reality as it appears through the collection of poems. The result is a reflection on the notion of threshold as the nucleus of the poems, around which the contradictions, aporias and apparent paradoxes construct the text’s experience of sense. Matelas pyrogènes is a collection of poetic fragments that take the figure of the bed and gradually weaves around it the mosaic of a dispossession of the enunciating body. The writing focuses on the internal dissonance between the narrative voice and those that infiltrate it, questioning the impossibility to form a body and belonging entirely to oneself. The mattress, as much a space of refuge as a place of ambush, becomes over the pages the last certainty of a body that struggles to define itself in the face of a reality full of violence and ambiguity. Matelas pyrogènes recounts the consciousness accidents of a fragmented body, both multiple and incomplete.

C’est dans la noirceur que nous existons est un recueil de poésie qui explore la souffrance du corps féminin marginalisé dans la société moderne. Les suites en vers et en fragments présentent différentes femmes ayant un désir commun : résister malgré tout. Les corps, les non-dits et les silences transmettent les affects dans une écriture concise. L’essai s’intéresse à la tension entre subir et résister qui plane dans Travesties-kamikaze de Josée Yvon. Il analyse plus précisément l’imaginaire de la souffrance créé par la mise en scène des corps et de ses manifestations, du silence, des non-dits et des hétérotopies. Les corps vivent sous une menace constante, mais n’ont pas peur d’exister, de connaître la douleur pour mieux combattre. Sorcières, femmes ingouvernables, elles préparent une révolution. Cet essai démontre également comment l’écriture de la souffrance se transforme en une forme de résistance féministe. / C’est dans la noirceur que nous existons is a book of poetry that explores the female marginalized body in the modern society. The poems and the fragments present different women who have a common desire: to resist. The bodies, their manifestations and the silences transmit the affects in a concise writing. The dissertation focuses on the tension between suffering and resisting that exists in the book of poetry Travesties-kamikaze of Josée Yvon. More precisely, it analyzes the imaginary of suffering created by the bodies and their manifestations, the silences and the heterotopias. Their bodies live in a constant fear of danger, but are not scared to live the pain to resist it better. Witches, unruly women, they prepare a revolution. This dissertation also shows how the writing of pain becomes a feminist resisting act.

<p>This study explores the development of francophone women's movements In Quebec, 1960-1980, In the light of a theoretical framework derived from hegemony theory and feminist theory. In particular, It is concerned to discover how the ideologies of women and the politics of feminism are related to the consolidatlon of ruling and opposition blocs in three periods, which have been characterised as liberal-modernisatlon (1960- 1976), a crisis of hegemony (1970-1976) and progressive national (1976-1980). The thesis argues that women's movements are not merely constituted by the social and political conditions in which they develop, but are also constitutive of more general allilances on a political field structured by class, national and gender struggles. Liberal, social Catholic, revolutionary, radical and trade union women's movements are studied.</p> <p>The study argues that the development of feminist politics was not, as has been thought, simply backard. Instead, IiberaI feminist politicaI organizations developed In advance of similar organizations in the rest of Canada. They did so by appropriating elements of the legitimatlng Iiberal modernisation ideology and adapting them to support their programmes for improvement In women's status and for the representation of women in the state, through an advisory ConseiI du Statut de la femme. The study also argues that feminist and nationalist aspirations were not merely opposed to one another, as is commonly argued, but that in the long run, the mobilised political field which grew out of national and trade union struggles, permitted rapid and innovative reform in state policy. Finally, the study points to the ways in which a feminist gender politics, particularly as influenced by trade union feminism, was central to the consolidatlon of the progressive-nationalist bloc, led by the Partl québécols.</p> / Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)

Given the importance that entrepreneurship and start-up businesses operating in technology-intensive sectors (biotechnologies, life sciences, renewable energy, artificial intelligence, information & communication technologies, software, etc.) have come to play as part of the processes of economic development and jobs creation, the access of such entrepreneurs and businesses to appropriate levels of corporate finance has become a major focus of policymakers in recent decades. Yet, this gave way to a wide variety of policy models across nation-states and even within nation-states, as levels of government and market actors adapted to those new challenges by refining or transforming pre-existing policies and institutions as well as by crafting new policy tools to address specific needs or interests. This thesis investigates the roots of such policy diversity within countries, offering in-depth accounts of the evolution of Quebec’s and Scotland’s policy strategies in the sector of development capital and sub-sector of venture capital since 1990. As compared to other regions’ or provinces’ in the United Kingdom (such as South East England) or Canada (such as Ontario), Quebec and Scottish regional venture capital ecosystems rely on a high degree of state intervention, either direct (through public investment funds) or indirect (through government-backed, hybrid or tax-advantaged funds). Hence the description of these two regions as “sponsor states,” heavily involved in the strategic backing of innovative businesses. Whereas most of the literature on venture capital has focused on economic variables to explain variations in such public sector involvement across polities however, this thesis seeks to explain policy divergence in Quebec and Scotland through a political and ideological lens. Its main argument is that the development of the venture capital ecosystems in these regions was underpinned by Québécois and Scottish nationalisms, which induced perceived imperatives and ideological preferences for policy autonomy, policy divergence, and state intervention. / Thesis / Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) / This thesis investigates the impacts of political ideas on economic policymaking. More specifically, it is a study into the effects of Québécois and Scottish nationalisms on regional policies in the sector of corporate finance, and subsector of venture capital. The question it was devised to answer is as follows: why is it that Quebec and Scotland developed particularly dynamic regional venture capital ecosystems, in which the state (through public investment funds) or state-backed investors (such as hybrid or tax-advantaged funds) play a leading role as compared with other Canadian or British regions? Through an in-depth process-tracing effort aimed at the uncovering of rationales underpinning major policy initiatives in this sector since 1990 and beyond, this thesis shows that minority nationalism contributed to the development of such ecosystems in key ways, notably by inducing perceived imperatives and preferences for policy autonomy, policy asymmetry, and state intervention.

Historical work on British war brides has been limited to the creation and collection of nostalgic interview anthologies; often by the women themselves or their children. These anthologies focus on the meeting of Canadian servicemen and British women and the women’s journey to and reunion with their husbands in Canada. Discussions of life in Canada and negative experiences are only briefly mentioned. This dissertation argues that this nostalgic view of war brides in the historical literature hides the immigration, settlement, and citizenship challenges faced by these women in Canada during and after the Second World War. Reception of war brides by the Canadian government and public was not as positive as the current scholarship has suggested. While some war brides flourished in Canada, others experienced adaptational problems, including differences in language and religion, navigating Canada’s housing crisis, and hostile in-laws. A few women also experienced problems related to abandonment, abuse, or husbands with undiagnosed post traumatic stress disorder. Since divorce was difficult to get at the time, these women tended to suffer in silence. Some war brides and their children even experienced problems with their citizenship, due to sexist provisions in the Canadian Citizenship Act in 1946, and changes to the Act in 1976, which made proof of citizenship necessary for all Canadians; something that many war brides were unaware of. This dissertation examines the creation and evolution of Canadian citizenship from a perspective that highlights its initial racism and sexism, as well as the consistent bureaucratic bungling regarding the application of its provisions since 1947. While these cases were fixed by amendments to the Citizenship Act in 2008 and 2014 by the Harper government, the citizenship conundrums that this community faced raise interesting questions about what citizenship means and who gets to be a Canadian citizen. / Thesis / Candidate in Philosophy / Most historical work about British war brides has been overly nostalgic and focussed on the collection and creation of interview anthologies; often created by these women and their children. Discussions of life in Canada and negative experiences are only briefly mentioned. This dissertation argues that this nostalgic view of war brides in the historical literature hides the immigration, settlement, and citizenship challenges faced by these women in Canada during and after the Second World War. The different experiences of these women reveal biases towards their background and gender, relationships damaged by the trauma of war, bureaucratic incompetence in the immigration and citizenship process, and raises important questions about national belonging and the nature of Canadian citizenship, from the post-war period to the present.