Acomodar adequadamente uma população urbana crescente terá implicações maiores não só para a indústria da construção, empregos e habitação, mas também para a infraestrutura associada, incluindo transporte, energia, água e espaços abertos ou verdes. Limitações da infraestrutura geralmente incluem o envelhecimento, subutilização e inadequação, assim como uma ausência de integração das estratégias de planejamento, projeto e gestão para o desenvolvimento futuro da cidade, em cenários de longo prazo. A exemplo do retrofit de edifícios, em que as intervenções ocorrem no âmbito do edifício isolado e seus sistemas constituintes, o retrofit urbano pode ser entendido como um conjunto de intervenções urbanas com vistas não somente à adequação da área urbana para atingir a sustentabilidade no momento presente, frente a problemas e demandas atuais, mas vislumbra a adequação para população e demandas futuras, fazendo a transição da situação atual da cidade para sua visão de futuro. Esta transição, o retrofit urbano em si, apresenta caráter abrangente e de larga escala, natureza integrada e deve ser mensurado por meio de indicadores e metas claramente definidos para monitoramento. Portanto, esta tese apresenta um método para implementação de retrofit urbano, na escala de cidades, para auxiliar a definição de metas de longo prazo e a tomada de decisão em processos de planejamento urbano. Utilizando as metas dos ODS - Objetivos de Desenvolvimento Sustentável, os \"indicadores de serviços urbanos e qualidade de vida\" da NBR ISO 37120:2017 (ABNT, 2017a), análise de tendência por Média Móvel Simples e benchmarking por análise de agrupamento (clustering), o resultado é um painel visual (dashboard), adaptável e flexível, passível de agregações e filtros, tais como: seções e temas da ISO 37120, classificação de indicadores, diferentes escalas temporais e espaciais, entre outras. O dashboard é interativo e amigável, traz informações e resultados desta pesquisa e pode ser totalmente acessado em https://bit.ly/2EDnZ4J. Sorocaba, município de grande porte do Estado de São Paulo, é utilizada como estudo de caso, evidenciando os desafios e oportunidades gerados pelo rápido crescimento populacional e auxiliando a priorizar intervenções de retrofit para o desenvolvimento urbano na direção de cenários futuros. / Accommodating growing populations in cities will have major implications not only for employment, housing and the construction industry, but also for urban infrastructure including transportation, energy, water and open or green space. Infrastructure constraints currently include ageing, underutilized and inadequate existing built environment, as well as a lack of integration in planning, design and management strategies for future infrastructure development in long-term scenarios. As building retrofit, which interventions take place in isolated buildings and their constituting systems performance, urban retrofitting can be understood as a set of interventions designed to upgrade and sustain an urban area by providing a long-term practical response to its current problems and pressures. Such interventions must take into account the future population´s needs by ensuring that the present urban infrastructure provides a firm basis for launching and achieving a city\'s ambitions for the future. One of the main requirements for urban retrofitting is a clearly defined set of goals and metrics for monitoring purposes. This thesis presents a method for urban retrofit implementation at city scale using a visual tool to support decision-making and urban planning processes. Using Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) targets, the 100 ISO 37120:2014 \'indicators for city services and quality of life\', Simple Moving Averages (SMA) trend analysis, clustering and city benchmarking, this method proposes creating an adaptative and flexible dashboard, that could aggregate and filter data, such as: ISO 37120 sections, indicators classification, time and spatial levels, etc. The resulting dashboard is interactive and friendly, and can be fully accessed in https://bit.ly/2EDnZ4J. We use Sorocaba, a medium sized, well-located city in São Paulo State in Brazil, as a case study, focusing on the challenges and opportunities arising from exceptional urban population growth, and ranking key retrofit interventions in Sorocaba as possible forerunners of future urban development scenarios.

A alteração dos processos produtivos da metrópole contemporânea encontra na Vila Leopoldina um exemplar bastante ilustrativo. O distrito abriga em seu território a estrutura da metrópole industrial no que diz respeito à circulação e tecidos viários e significativa presença de galpões desocupados, fruto da diminuição da atividade industrial no processo produtivo contemporâneo da Região Metropolitana de São Paulo. A estrutura industrial não representou um impeditivo para as transformações espaciais. Ao contrário, tornou?se uma importante peça na estratégia de ação do capital imobiliário sobre o bairro. Essa pesquisa identifica três territórios invisíveis que em alguns momentos se sobrepõem, em outros cooperam e em outros conflitam, em meio às contradições sociais e às diferentes estratégias de apreensão do espaço. Os territórios da Permanência, Ruptura e Resistência são tratados como o resultado da relação entre segmentos sociais específicos e o espaço urbano onde se inserem. A fim de compreender o papel de cada um deles no processo de alteração de padrões do distrito, a dissertação apresenta uma pesquisa histórica, enfatizando o surgimento e as dinâmicas dos três territórios, ancorada no processo de produção cartográfica descrito na metodologia. Para compreender as relações que estabelecem entre si, o trabalho é concluído com a análise das camadas materiais e imateriais dos territórios, com ênfase na Permanência, identificando dois padrões distintos de exclusão sócio?espacial, resultantes da ação do mercado imobiliário ao longo das últimas décadas. Estudar um bairro em profunda transformação oferece a oportunidade de compreender como se dão as relações interpessoais e as lutas pela conquista de espaço onde os marcos físicos, os padrões, os usos e ocupações se alteram. / The transformation of productive processes of the contemporary metropolis finds in Vila Leopoldina an illustrative model. The district shelters in its territory the structure of the industrial metropolis as what concerns the circulation and transport\'s network and meaningful presence of unoccupied barns, as a result of the decrease of industrial activity in the productive contemporary process of São Paulo metropolitan region. The industrial structure did not represent an obstacle to the transformation of its space. Instead, it became an important part in the strategy for action of the real state capital upon the neighbourhood. The present research identifies three invisible territories that at times overlap, at times cooperate, at times enter in conflict due to social contradictions and towards different strategies for the perception of the space. The territories we named as Permanence, Disruption and Resistance are considered the result of the relationship between specific social groups and the urban space in which they operate. In order to understand the role of each in the process of changing patterns of the district, this dissertation presents a historical research, underlining the emergence and the dynamics of those three territories, based on cartographic production process described in the methodology chapter. To understand the relationships established between them, the text concludes with the analysis of the material and immaterial layers of those territories, giving emphasis on Permanence, identifying two distinct patterns of socio?spatial exclusion, resulting from the action of the Real?estate market over the past decades. To study a neighborhood in deep transformation process offers the opportunity to understand how the interpersonal relationships occur and the struggles for the conquest of space where the physical landmarks, patterns, uses and occupations is in constant transformation.

The St. Paul Redevelopment Project was unique and touted as the first-of-its-kind to feature cooperation from all three levels of government. Several government agencies helped St. Paul accomplish an “impossible dream,” spending an estimated thirty million dollars to rechannel the Clinch River in the 1970s and 1980s. The small town of 1,000 residentsrelocated 100 families from South St. Paul to carry out the project, much to the dismay of many of the residents. A primary factor in enforcing the power of eminent domain in the St. Paul Redevelopment Project was the idea of “progress,” a commonality of many redevelopment projects. The St. Paul Redevelopment Project serves as a small case study of government intervention in the Appalachian region and of resistance. St. Paul as a community and “place” has been shaped by elected officials and government agencies, but ‘place’ also belongs to individuals. The example of redevelopment in St. Paul, Virginia, and the use of eminent domain exposes a complex system of power relations at work in Appalachia, that at least in the case under study, suggests how the response of one family, the Couches, reflected both participation in the dominant system of commodification and a rejection of it.

Transformation of informal housing settlements by urban renewal and redevelopment has become one of the major tasks of Turkish urban policy in the last decades. Nevertheless, in some cases urban redevelopment could not be facilitated due to low level of investments / and moreover most of the transformed settlements are still problematic with added difficulties brought out by urban transformation itself such as lower levels of physical quality, gentrification or dislocation. Understanding the sources of these implications and incompetence would be an important step for developing more successful policy and planning tools. To serve this aim, hypothesizing that there would be available regulatory tools including planning besides policy options relying on finance for local and central authorities and planning institutions on the basis of their political and regulative power and resources to overcome most of these bottlenecks / I have carried out both a theoretical and an empirical research to discuss the relevancy of this hypothesis. First, I have developed an institutional model of urban transformation to unravel the constituent shaping factors and actors of the process. Secondly, I have implemented this model for the analyses of urban transformation in informal settlements in Turkey with a case study in Sentepe and carried out surveys with households and interviews with developers to focus more on household and developer perspectives in terms of their aims and the implications they have an impact upon and are subjected to. Thus, this thesis includes an institutional analysis of urban transformation in informal settlements of Turkey, outlines the major problems of implications, discusses the links between factors, actors, events and their implications and accordingly searches for clues of efficient policies and better practices in urban transformation with a case study in Sentepe Neighbourhood. The findings of the empirical study revealed that first and foremost, the problem of disinvestment and very low levels of transformation in the area have been solved dramatically by a new &#039 / project&#039 / by the local authority in 2005, after almost twenty years passed since the first redevelopment plans were prepared. Moreover, the results indicate that the Sentepe Transformation Project could also managed to avoid the well-known unintended or undesirable social outcomes of a typical redevelopment like dislocation of residents or social integration of initial and new residents. These findings of the research suggest that local authorities and planning institutions could avoid some but not all of the bottlenecks and drawbacks of market mechanism in urban redevelopment even by making minor changes in the institutional environment such as providing information flow, easing the procedures for investors and developers, changing subdivisions and planning additional green areas for increasing the attractiveness of investments by builders in that area, and adoption of more participative approaches for developers and households. On the other hand, if the complementary housing and non-housing policies for redevelopment / such as affordable housing, employment or rent assistance are lacking, some of the outlined problems remain hard to solve. For local authorities and planners, these findings suggest the importance of accommodating policies, which are more responsive to the locality, to the needs and perceptions of local residents, local developers and local economy as well as of considering vulnerable sections of the society. For central authorities, on the other hand, the findings underline the cruciality of upper scale policies both directly and indirectly related to housing such as affordable housing and employment in the overall success of any local urban redevelopment practice. Once we have the institutional model to imply on various urban renewal processes, it would be helpful to carry out comparative studies for future research to better understand and evaluate various policy tools.

My research considers both the challenges to and opportunities for implementing Smart Growth strategies in the City of Guelph’s urban growth centre, with a particular focus on the St. Patrick’s Ward neighbourhood. I follow the development of the downtown secondary plan-making process, spanning the time period from March 2010 to June 2011, which includes public participation by residents in the St. Patrick’s Ward and the city at large. The plan-making process started prior to, and continues after, my chosen timeframe, but the information collected in my case study brings to light the complexity of drafting a secondary plan for implementing Smart Growth strategies; the plan should ideally establish a framework for local interpretation and implementation of Smart Growth – the widely supported intensification and redevelopment strategy. I take the view that while a plan can be written to code and be argued rationally by experts, its effectiveness and ethical validity is a function of public participation in planning decisions that include values-rational anchoring, i.e. critical and ethical reflection on the value of a goal. Although many guiding principles and recommendations in the draft Plan are based on Smart Growth strategies, the physical scale of urban intensification is today very much focused on density numbers under the Growth Plan for the Greater Golden Horseshoe. The City of Guelph’s draft Downtown Secondary Plan primarily seeks to facilitate high-density, mid- to high-rise condominium and/or office developments. This may in turn lead to increased spatial segregation based on socioeconomic differences. Like in Toronto, Guelph’s Downtown Secondary Plan deregulates zoning by-laws and reduces bureaucratic ‘red tape’ for the high-density development industry through more flexible policies. Potential socioeconomic consequences like displacement of entire populations, services, and jobs from the newly re-valued places are, however, not addressed in the Plan; the policy language and conceptual thinking appears primarily geared toward redevelopment and infill. The overall lesson learned from studying the plan-making process leading up to the City of Guelph’s 1st Draft Downtown Secondary Plan concerns the role of planning in implementing Smart Growth; being a specific form of urban planning, Smart Growth implementation requires facilitation and education of stakeholders who are willing to compromise, but not beyond the point where “smart” is removed from “growth”. Given the overarching responsibility of the government to drive home this message, every stakeholder working for the public interest must collaboratively define, steer, and direct the process and private interests at each and every step along the road. The case of Guelph demonstrates the difficulty of prioritizing such a responsibility. Thus, potential future pressures to push and undermine Smart Growth’s synergistic and public participatory core value must be monitored and controlled with long-term objectives in mind.

ABSTRACT IMPACTS OF URBAN RENEWAL POLICIES: THE CASE OF TARLABASI/ISTANBUL Sakizlioglu, Nur Bahar M.S., Department of Sociology Supervisor: Assoc. Prof. Dr. Helga Rittersberger-Tili&ccedil / May, 2007, 296 pages Istanbul of 2000s has experienced a shift in urban policy approach from leading and maneuvering uneven, excessive and speculative urban growth, towards managing &lsquo / urban transformation&rsquo / that has been put implementation with urban (re)development / renewal / regeneration / revitalization initiatives. To examine the rise of these new policies for &lsquo / urban transformation&rsquo / in Istanbul of the 2000s for the entire restructuring of the city is the first and comprehensive aim of this study. In this respect, the political economic, social, dynamics that lied beneath the policy shift toward urban transformation and the associated alterations in the institutional and legislative configurations are discussed. Besides, a categorization of the extant &lsquo / urban transformation&rsquo / projects in Istanbul with different scopes and aims is provided and lastly the main elements and impacts of the urban transformation projects in the city are evaluated. The second and main aim of the study is to investigate the underlying features and intents, impacts of the new urban policies designed to renew the historical neighborhoods of Istanbul with a specific focus on the role of the municipal government as the key actor in the process. Attached to this, it is specifically targeted to examine the relationship between these new urban renewal policies, strategies and gentrification in inner city historical neighborhoods. To this end, the case of TarlabaSi renewal process, a deprived neighborhood in the old commercial and cultural center of Beyoglu-Istanbul, is analyzed giving detailed accounts on the renewal approach and the municipality&rsquo / s attitudes towards different stakeholders in the process, the initial impacts of the project in the neighborhood and lastly on the relation between renewal initiative and gentrification. Embracing a qualitative methodology, the study makes use of variety of data collection techniques, namely semi-structured in-depth interviews, document analyses, media analyses, participant and direct observations. Based on the analysis, the study firstly evaluates that the rise of the new policies, programs for urban transformation/ renewal in Istanbul of the 2000s refers to a new phase in the unplanned and highly uneven urbanization experience of Istanbul, which has been shaped by the neoliberal policies for more than twenty years. It also suggests that this new urbanization phase has been shaping with an approach, which sidelines the social aspects of urban transformation on behalf of the rent-oriented project implementations, plans that would make the urban redevelopment sector attractive for inter/national investments and which paves the way to the rewriting of the uneven urban development that would potentially result in the accentuation of the polarizations between the winners and the losers in the redistribution of the urban rents created as the result of these projects. Based on the analysis regarding the TarlabaSi renewal process, it is suggested in the study that renewal process in the neighborhood initiated by the municipality with a cultural and tourism based renewal strategy has been shaping with rent- oriented approach which excludes the social aspects of urban renewal. Leading the process, municipality has embraced an entrepreneurial attitude towards the investors and a selectively inclusive, encouraging one towards the property owners. However, the tenants, the groups with no legal tenancy status and the marginal groups, all of which constitute the majority of the neighborhood population have been the social groups that the municipality has not taken as the addressees but rather excluded within the renewal process. The initial implications of the renewal proposal at the neighborhood level have been speculative increases in the real estate prices, heightened interest of the big capital groups for renewal investments in TarlabaSi and an emerging appeal and interest of the middle classes for a living in TarlabaSi etc. Once these impacts are evaluated in relation to gentrification, the study argues that the renewal process that has been experiencing in TarlabaSi is preparing the infrastructure for gentrification in the neighborhood as the result of the municipal initiative. Urban renewal plans shaped by the municipality do not include any social mechanisms, measures and programs to prevent the displacement of the low-income and marginal groups living in TarlabaSi in this process, rather encourage a radical change in the socio-cultural profiles of the residents to create a &lsquo / new&rsquo / TarlabaSi as a prestigious cultural center in the city. In this sense, the study argues that this deprived, sociospatially stigmatized neighborhood in the historical city center is being created as a gentrifiable one with the municipal intervention in this renewal process. While such a trajectory of neighborhood change pinpoints the potential reproduction of the uneven development process that has carried TarlabaSi to the thresholds of renewal through this new renewal policy, it leaves the low-income disadvantaged groups living in TarlabaSi to face the very tangible problem of displacement.

Urban transformation initiatives are interventions that aim to manage urban change. Evolving from slum clearance and renewal, these initiatives took different forms throughout the century, in accordance with their social, economic and spatial contexts. The dominant urban context of the late 20th and early 21st century being deindustrialization and decentralization, urban redevelopment and regeneration initiatives became the highlights of urban policy. Alongside the ever-transforming residential neighborhoods and city centers, deindustrialization brought about change in some other parts of the city that had incredible value: Docklands. These areas were slowly being abandoned in this period / creating serious socio-economic and spatial problems while also creating unique opportunities for cities in their adaptation to the postindustrial economy. The fall of production as the basis of urban economies was followed by the rise of consumption, which cherished these vast and publicly owned spaces abandoned by production related uses. Turkish cities are, and have been, transforming with a pace which policy intervention can barely catch up with. Turkish docklands are under real estate investment pressure in a similar way to the vacant docklands of postindustrial cities around the world, but with one significant difference. Dockland transformation has not been the condition, but is the desired situation in our port cities / HaydarpaSa port constituting one of the best examples. While still fully functional, this important port and its surroundings, including the HaydarpaSa train station, has been subject to transformation proposals throughout the last decade. Following a number of unsuccessful initiatives, the latest proposal for the area has been HaydarpaSa World Trade Center and Cruiser Project. This thesis aims to understand the actual forces behind transformation of a dockland area in Turkey, and to determine if the proposals have been addressing these forces and factors. The study involves examination of the conditions of urban development in the postindustrial era and some cases of dockland transformation schemes launched in this period. The aim is to compare these cases and their backgrounds to the context of the HaydarpaSa area, in order to determine the relevance of the utilized policy models to transform this extremely valuable part of the Bosphorus.

Die vorliegende Dissertation hat die Leerstandsrisiko-Bewertung bei einer Wohnanlagen-Sanierung zum Gegenstand. Ausgangspunkt dieser stellt die Situation auf dem Mietwohnungsmarkt in Ostdeutschland dar, der sich nach dem Ende der 90er Jahre stark verändert hat. Die neue Situation brachte ein Problem mit sich, mit dem die Wohnungsbau-Unternehmen früher kaum gerechnet haben- den Leerstand. Wird unter diesen Leerstandsbedingungen saniert, laufen die Wohnungsbau-Unternehmen die Gefahr, ihren sanierten Bestand nicht vollständig zu vermieten. Daraus resultieren etliche Probleme, die die Existenz derer aufgrund nicht eingenommener Mieten und teuerer Sanierungskosten gefährden. Um solche unwirtschaftliche Gegebenheiten zu vermeiden, ist es bei einer Wohnanlagen-Sanierung notwendig zu ermitteln, mit welchem Umfang das Leerstandsrisiko verknüpft ist und wie dem Mietausfall entgegenzuwirken ist. Auf dieser Basis liefert die Dissertation wichtige Hinweise, wie die Wohnungsbau-Unternehmen passende Sanierungsstrategien ausrichten können, um dieses ernsthafte Problem unter bestimmten Gegebenheiten zu lösen.

影響不動產使用權價值之因素除了使用期限之長短外，再開發行為更是關鍵之一。Capozza（1991）認為承租人由於租賃契約存續期間之限制，會選擇在較早時機以較小規模進行再開發。然這樣的行為不利於不動產維持最高最有效之利用。故Dale-Johnson（2000）將選擇權加入到租賃契約中，希望藉此提高承租人再開發之誘因。然選擇權具有價值，選擇權之價值應反映在初始租金之約定上，然初始租金之變動對於承租人之再開發行為是否會有影響尚無定論。本文使用Capozza（1991）之模型探討初始租金之變動以及租金成長假設型態不同對於承租人再開發行為之影響，結果顯示，初始租金變動會影響承租人再開發行為，而租金服從隨價變動時承租人再開發時點會延遲且再開發規模會增加。 / The factors effect real estate value beside the term of using property, redevelopment is one of the important key. Capozza(1991)consider that because the limited term of lease, the lessee will redevelopment earlier and less scale than lessor. But this kinds of lessee behavior isn’t good for the property in high and best use. Dale-Johnson(2000) let option into lease to give lessee more incentive under redevelopment. However, option with value and must reacted to initial rent. But the chang in initial rent if effect lessee’s redevelopment at the same time is unknown yet. This paper use Capozza(1991) model to confer how initial rent change and different pattern of rent growth will chang lessee’s redevelopment. The result shows that initial rent change will reduce lessee’s redevelopment scale,and when rent follow Arithmetic Brownian Motion, lessee redevelopment timing will defer and increase scale.

This dissertation examines the idea of community development in the last four decades of the twentieth century through the example of the Harlem neighborhood of New York City and, in doing so, explains the broader transformation of the American city in these decades. Frustration with top-down urban redevelopment and the rise of Black Power brought new demands to Harlem, as citizens insisted on the need for “community control” over their built environment. In attempting to bring this goal to life, Harlemites created new community-based organizations that promised to realize a radically inclusive, cooperative ideal of a neighborhood built by and for the benefit of its predominantly low-income, African-American residents. For several reasons, including continued reliance on the public sector, dominant leaders, changing sociological understandings of poverty, and the intransigence of activists, however, such organizations came to advance a narrower approach in Harlem in succeeding years. By the 1980s, they pursued a moderate vision of Harlem’s future, prioritizing commercial projects instead of development that served residents’ many needs, emphasizing economic integration, and eschewing goals of broad structural change. In examining community design centers, community development corporations, self-help housing, and other neighborhood-based strategies, I conclude that local actors achieved their longstanding aspiration that they could become central to the process of development in Harlem and similar places, but built a dramatically different reality than the idealistic hope that had fueled demands for community control in the late 1960s. This ironic outcome reveals the unexpected, radical roots of urban landscapes that by the end of the century were characterized by increasing privatization, economic gentrification, and commercial redevelopment. Likewise, it demonstrates that such dramatic changes in American cities were not simply imposed on unwitting neighborhoods by outsiders or the result of abstract forces, but were in part produced by residents themselves. Understanding the mutable nature of community development helps to explain both the complicated course of urban development in the aftermath of modernist planning and the lasting, often contradictory consequences of the radical demands that emerged from the 1960s, two areas that historians have only begun to examine in detail.