xiv, 116 p. / This study presents the development and validation of a measure of counseling competency with refugee torture survivors. The Refugee Torture Counseling Competency Assessment (REFTOR) measure was adapted from the Multicultural Awareness Knowledge and Skills Survey - Counselor Edition (MAKSS-CE-R; Kim et al., 2003) and was theoretically developed based on the limited literature available on refugee torture survivors. The 37-item REFTOR measure was administered to a sample of 179 psychologists and trainees in clinical and counseling psychology who were actively engaged in clinical work. Results of an exploratory principal axis factor analysis with oblimin (oblique) rotation revealed a two-factor structure for the measure with 37 total items and that explained 43.64% of the total variance. The first factor included 29 items and was labeled "Efficacy," accounting for 38.90% of the variance, and the second factor included 8 items and was labeled "Awareness," accounting for 4.74% of the variance. Evidence of concurrent validity was supported by factor correlations with other scales and items, and internal consistencies for the subscales and the full scale were acceptable. Information regarding current training experiences relevant to clinical work with refugee torture survivors and attitudes towards torture among study participants was also assessed. Results revealed that training experiences are limited, with the majority of information participants received relevant to working with refugee torture survivors coming from non-empirical articles (67% of participants). Attitudes towards torture varied considerably with a sizable proportion of participants endorsing torture in some circumstances (32.4%) and reporting uncertainty about the morality of psychologists' professional involvement in torture (12.3%). Recommendations for future research and implications of study findings for training are discussed. / Committee in charge: Krista Chronister, Co-Chair; Benedict McWhirter, Co-Chair; Paul Yovanoff, Member; Jennifer Freyd, Outside Member

En adoptant une approche qualitative et pluridisciplinaire, basée sur l’étude longitudinale des circulations de la population de Deir Mqaren - un village syrien situé entre Damas et la frontière libanaise - cette thèse interroge la dimension réticulaire des mobilités humaines. A travers les récits de vie des réfugiés de cette bourgade et l’analyse de leurs parcours migratoires vers la Jordanie et l’Allemagne, elle décrypte la mécanique des flux au départ de Syrie. Cette recherche invite ainsi le lecteur à déplacer son regard vers des réseaux de lieux et d’acteurs souvent considérés comme marginaux, mais formant pourtant l’ossature des routes de l’exil reliant la Syrie au reste du globe. En plaçant la focale sur les conditions du mouvement des individus, l’intention de cette étude est à la fois de mettre en exergue les imbrications entre les migrations économiques antérieures au conflit et la logique des mouvements actuels de réfugiés ; mais aussi de montrer de manière tangible l’évolution des mécanismes relationnels permettant aux exilés d’accéder à des ressources (informations, mobilité, logement, emploi) en dépit des contraintes structurelles auxquelles ils ne cessent d’être confrontés. Les représentations (carto)graphiques élaborées dans le cadre de cette thèse visent pour leur part à mieux rendre compte du caractère mobile, instable et particulièrement labile de ces dynamiques socio-spatiales. / In adopting a qualitative and multidisciplinary approach, based on the longitudinal study of the Deir Mqaren’s inhabitants’ circulations – a Syrian village located between Damascus and the Lebanese border – this thesis questions the “reticular” dimension of human mobility. Through refugees’ narratives and the analysis of their migration journeys to Jordan and Germany, its aims to understand the mechanics of refugee flows from Syria. Thus, this research invites the reader to move his focus towards networks of places and actors often considered as being marginal, despite the fact that they form the “backbone” of the roads of exile liking Syria to the rest of the world. By placing the focal point on individuals’ conditions of movement, the intention of this study is to both highlight the continuum existing between pre-conflict economic migration and the logic of the current refugee movements; and show in a tangible way the evolution of the relational mechanisms allowing exiles to access resources (such as information, mobility, housing, employment) despite the structural constraints they are constantly facing on their way towards safe destinations. The graphic representations developed in the framework of this thesis aim to better reflect the mobile, unstable and particularly labile nature of these socio-spatial dynamics.

Text in English / Disasters are global phenomena, often occurring without warning and with physical and psychological consequences among those affected. In May 2008, refugee and migrants living in South Africa were exposed to xenophobic violence, which may be described as a human caused disaster using the Shultz, Espinel et al. (2008) definition of disaster. Refugee and migrant women were particularly vulnerable during this time due to heightened risk for exposure to violence and pathology. During 2014, a mixed methods convergent study was conducted in Johannesburg to determine the presence of acute stress disorder symptoms (ASD), posttraumatic growth (PTG) and experiences of xenophobic violence among refugee and migrant women. One hundred and three refugee and migrant women completed a selfadministered questionnaire, while semi-structured individual interviews were conducted with a sub-set of 22 women.The quantitative results showed a positive, linear association between moderate ASD-total symptoms, as assessed by the Stanford Acute Stress Reaction Questionnaire (SASRQ) (Cardeña, Classen, Koopman, & Spiegel, 2014) and moderate posttraumatic growth-total, assessed by the posttraumatic growth inventory (PTGI) (Tedeschi & Calhoun, 1996). All ASD symptom subscales were predictors of posttraumatic growth. The qualitative results from both the SASRQ open-ended responses and semi-structured responses showed that refugee and migrant women were adversely affected by the xenophobic violence, with a prevailing fear that the xenophobic violence would re-occur. There was convergence in the quantitative findings and the qualitative findings for the pathological and adaptive outcomes. Policymakers must address xenophobic violence by working towards prevention of this type of violence. In instances where policies fail to address or prevent xenophobic violence, disaster programmes should consider xenophobic violence in disaster planning. Further to this, mental health intervention programmes should not only focus on alleviating ASD symptoms but also emphasise enhancing PTG. / Psychology / M.A. (SS (Psychology))

Made available in DSpace on 2018-06-04T19:14:36Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2017-11-24 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / No contexto das migrações em busca de refúgio, as experiências vividas tanto nos países de origem quanto nos locais de acolhida envolvem elementos com potencial de desencadear sofrimentos nas pessoas em situação de refúgio. O deslocamento em busca de refúgio pode comprometer a saúde dessas pessoas. O objetivo desta pesquisa é investigar os itinerários terapêuticos para a preservação e recuperação da saúde entre pessoas em situação de refúgio oriundas da República Democrática do Congo, residentes na cidade de São Paulo. Foram realizadas quinze entrevistas em profundidade com congoleses com o status de refugiado, além da observação etnográfica. Esta pesquisa mostrou que não é possível generalizar as condições de saúde das pessoas em situação de refúgio. Embora todos os congoleses tenham relatado casos de sofrimento, sobretudo, pelas dificuldades e adversidades encontradas no local de acolhida, o processo de refúgio não se traduziu na vida dessas pessoas, de forma geral, em casos de adoecimento físico e/ou mental de grande significado. Apesar disso, essas pessoas necessitam de suporte em relação à sua saúde pelo sofrimento a que invariavelmente são submetidas. A análise dos itinerários demonstrou que os caminhos percorridos pelos congoleses em busca de cuidados terapêuticos nem sempre coincidem com esquemas ou fluxos pré-determinados. Suas escolhas expressam construções subjetivas individuais e também coletivas acerca do processo de adoecimento e de formas de tratamento, forjadas sob as influências de diversos fatores e contextos. De maneira geral, os caminhos percorridos pelos congoleses abarcam, em menor escala, a autoatenção e, de maneira expressiva, o sistema profissional (SUS) e, sobretudo, as redes sociais (familiares e amigos) e a espiritualidade. Vale destacar que quase todos os entrevistados não têm a percepção de saúde mental em termos biomédicos. A doença não é vista como um processo estritamente biológico/corporal, mas como o resultado do contexto cultural e a experiência subjetiva de sentir-se mal. / In the context of migrants in search of refuge, the experiences reported in both the country of origin and destination involve elements with the potential of triggering suffering in those people seeking refuge. The displacement in search of refuge may compromise the health of those people. This research project aims to look into the therapeutic itineraries for the preservation and recovery of the health of the refugees who come from the Democratic Republic of the Congo, who are now residents of São Paulo. Fifteen in-depth interviews have been carried out with the Congolese people living here as refugees, as well as ethnographic observations. This research has shown that it is not possible to generalize about the health situation of the refugees. In spite of the fact that all the Congolese have reported cases of suffering, mainly due to the difficulties and adversities found in the places of refuge, the process of refuge has not been translated into cases of both physical and/or mental illnesses of great significance as a whole. Nonetheless, those people need a great deal of support in regard to their health situation as a result of the suffering they are invariably submitted to. The analysis of the itineraries has demonstrated that the paths taken by the Congolese in search of therapeutic care do not always coincide with predetermined schemes or influxes. Their choices express both individual and collective subjective constructions with regard to the process of falling ill and the methods of treatment, forged under the influences of various factors and contexts. As a whole, the paths taken by the Congolese encompass self-awareness, on a smaller scale, and the Brazilian Unified Health System (SUS), more significantly speaking, but above all, social networks (family and friends) and spirituality. It is worth pointing out that almost all of the interviewees do not have a full perception of their mental health in biomedical terms. The illness is not seen as a strictly biological/bodily process, but as a result of the cultural context and the subjective experience of feeling ill. / BV UNIFESP: Teses e dissertações

In 2000, Tim Ingold argued: 'people do not import their ideas, plans or mental representations into the world, since that very world ... is the homeland of their thoughts. Only because they already dwell therein can they think the thoughts they do' (2000: 186). He thus stressed the importance of place in the construction and reproduction of culture. How does this play out, however, among refugees who by virtue of their displacement must 'import' cultural concepts into alien environments? For those outside a 'homeland' how do they make sense of the world? In this thesis I examine the relationship between Tibetan refugees, the landscapes of their exile and their wider material environment. Drawing on theory in material anthropology and thirteen months' ethnographic fieldwork conducted in two contrasting Tibetan refugee settlements in northwest India, I analyse how Tibetan refugees are affected by, and in turn exert agency over their material world. Through this discussion, I reflect on the multiple and mutable meanings of home for Tibetan refugees, many of whom were born and/or raised in India. Few scholarly discussions of home encompass both its affective and imaginary dimensions; this thesis achieves this by focusing on the material and aesthetic aspects of home. Through this lens, I explore how refugees both work hard to develop a sense of home in exile, yet simultaneously destabilise this by orienting themselves towards an imagined home in a future 'free Tibet'. The discussion unfolds thematically, through chapters focusing on several material categories: landscape, the built environment, dress and objects. I develop my analysis via existing theoretical literature in material anthropology and its sub-disciplines, transnational and migration studies, and area-specialist literature in Tibetology.

Lorsque se produisit le soulèvement militaire les 17-18 juillet 1936 en Espagne contre le gouvernement du Frente Popular de la Deuxième République, l’ordre établi fut alors bouleversé ; et c’est cette rupture dans le processus historique qui déclencha la Guerre Civile espagnole (1936-1939). Comme dans le cas de nombreux conflits qui ont marqué l’histoire de l’Humanité, le déclenchement des hostilités en Espagne donna lieu à des déplacements forcés de la population non combattante qui, le plus souvent, s’effectuèrent sous la forme d’évacuations « en débandade » ou d’évacuations « organisées » des zones en guerre.Dans la mesure où la Guerre Civile de 1936-1939 fut le premier conflit européen où apparut le besoin de déplacer un nombre considérable de personnes – en particulier des femmes, des enfants, des personnes âgées et des malades – face au danger que représentaient les combats, les pouvoirs publics républicains durent élaborer et mettre en place une politique d’évacuation et d’assistance sans précédent. Néanmoins, les autorités républicaines ne furent pas seules à agir car nombreuses furent les organisations politiques, syndicales ou associatives, tant à l’échelle nationale qu’internationale, qui collaborèrent avec elles. Il ne faut pas oublier que la Guerre Civile espagnole fut un conflit fratricide qui connut une mobilisation internationale sans précédent ; un certain nombre de pays acceptèrent d’ailleurs de recevoir sur leur territoire des réfugiés espagnols, notamment les enfants. En raison de sa proximité géographique, la France fut de loin le pays qui accueillit le plus de réfugiés. / When the military uprising against the Popular Front leading the Second Republic took place in Spain on the 17th-18th July, 1936, the status quo was upset. This break in the historical process triggered the Spanish Civil War (1936-1939). Like in many other conflicts that marked the history of mankind, the beginning of hostilities in Spain forced civilians to move and leave their homes. In most cases, these people left the war areas either in great disorder or in an organized way. Since the Civil War (1936-1939) was the first European conflict in which there was a need to move a large number of people – particularly women, children, elderly people and the sick – in order to avoid war dangers, the Republican power had to devise and implement unprecedented evacuation and assistance measures. However, the Republican authorities were not alone in this, since many national and international political organizations, trade unions and associations cooperated with them. It should not be forgotten that the Spanish Civil War was a fratricidal conflict that triggered unprecedented international action ; besides, some countries agreed to welcome Spanish refugees, especially when they were children. Due to its proximity to Spain, France was, by far, the country which accepted the largest number of refugees.

O refúgio faz parte de uma trajetória histórica da humanidade, na qual o mundo moderno ainda resiste em adaptar-se. A figura do refugiado surge em uma paisagem social que se opõe às diferenças e, neste cenário, o discurso jornalístico, tomado como acontecimento e realidade sobre o fenômeno, constrói espaços limitados que restringem sua função social, estreitando realidades, identidades e significados. Sob tal perspectiva, esta pesquisa tem como objetivo principal compreender como a cobertura jornalística brasileira participa da construção do refugiado, apresentando-o a partir de elementos que enfatizam a guerra e/ou a paz. Para isso, utiliza-se como ponto de partida o jornalismo para paz, teoria criada por Johan Galtung, a qual seria capaz de tecer novos valores para o trabalho jornalístico. Sob a luz do conceito, a disciplina poderia atuar colaborando para a integração local destes sujeitos, bem como levantando possibilidades para a repatriação voluntária e o reassentamento, consideradas soluções duráveis da causa. Para chegar a um denominador comum, utilizamos como método a análise de conteúdo de 98 textos publicados por jornalistas brasileiros nos veículos Correio Braziliense, Folha de São Paulo, O Globo e Zero Hora durante os dez anos que sucederam os ataques terroristas de 2001. O estudo constrói um panorama sobre a imprensa brasileira e revela que, por encontrarem na violência e na vitimização o principal atrativo, as empresas jornalísticas apreendem o assunto com indiferença, apresentando o refugiado como ator social estereotipado e de caráter ameaçador. O que desponta no conteúdo brasileiro, então, não é uma realidade voltada para paz. / The refuge phenomenon is part of a historical trajectory of humanity in which modern world still resists to adapt itself. Refugees emerge in a social landscape that opposes to differences and, in this context, the journalistic discourse, taken as happening and reality on the cause, builds up limited spaces that restrict its social function inside the phenomenon, narrowing realities, identities and meanings. According to this perspective, this research aims to understand how the Brazilian journalistic coverage takes part on the construction of refugees, presenting them by means of elements that emphasize war and/or peace. To do so, it is used the peace journalism theory, by Johan Galtung, which should be able to create new values for the journalistic work. Under this paradigm, the field could work collaborating to the social integration of these people, as well as raising possibilities for voluntary repatriation and resettlement, considering long term solutions to the cause. To get to a common ground, the method used was the content analysis of 98 texts that were published by Brazilian journalists at the newspapers Correio Braziliense, Folha de São Paulo, O Globo and Zero Hora during the ten years that followed the September 11th, 2001 terrorist attacks. With an innovative characteristic, this study builds up an image of the Brazilian press and reveals that, for finding in violence and in victimization its main attraction, journalism companies treat the subject with indifference, presenting refugees as stereotyped and threatening social actors. What comes up in the Brazilian content, then, is not a reality based upon peace.

The current forced displacement crisis, with over 65 million people in 2017, and more than a third being refugees, means it is higher than since the Second World War. Therefore, integration of external forced migrants (refugees) in host countries is a high priority policy objective of the international community. Yet, the existing refugee regime largely fails in successful integration, including in cases of resettling in perceived ethnic homelands. This thesis comparatively analyses the integration process of Syrian- Armenian forced migrants in the perceived ethnic homeland, Armenia and unrecognised territories of Nagorno-Karabakh, and a regional diaspora centre, Lebanon. The work aims to understand socio-cultural and economic factor impact on the process, and whether some can be regarded as fundamental for the successful outcomes, the role of state and non-state actors in the process, and influence of the psychological state of mind of forced migrants on it. The selection of case studies is ideal for several reasons. First, institutionally, a host-community (the Republic of Armenia and the Lebanese-Armenian diaspora) is interested in newcomers remaining in the country. Second, NGOs play a central role, thus, due to their decades of experience, allowing to facilitate advanced methods of integration. Third, Armenians integrate into their ethnic kin community, thus arguably improving integration chances. Finally, Armenians have been historically skillful in new societal integration, which bodes well for future successful integration. The analysis applies the theoretical framework of migration, diaspora and social identity to empirical findings from fieldwork, state and NGO reports and media information. The key argument of the thesis is that although all factors of integration are closely interrelated, economic integration should be perceived as a defining factor in the overall success. Additionally, I argue that, where problematic economic integration is experienced, cultural differences against the host-society and sense of nostalgia become reinforced, thus slowing integration. Finally, whilst I conclude that economic integration generally improves over time, it is likely that where host-society culture is significantly different, newcomers generally remain a distinctive community, even if within an ethnic homeland.

This study seeks to examine the naturalisation of refugees under international law with specific focus on the South African refugee system. The universalised nature of human rights and the difficulties of refugees finding new roots in host states form the basis of this study. This study takes a closer look at the South African refugee system and the path to naturalisation of refugees. It identifies policy and legal gaps in the process of naturalisation of refugees and argues that the practice as it stands today, fundamentally abuses the rights of refugees and questions South Africa’s good faith in meeting its international obligations under the 1951 Refugee Convention. It argues further that the biopolitical philosophy upon which South African citizenship is anchored is itself a hindrance to the realisation of efforts aimed at naturalising refugees and their descendants. The research methodology used in this study is non-empirical. This is so because the study is based on available data, information already available in print or on the internet. The study attempts to accomplish the above by undertaking an in-depth analysis of the history of refugees, the current position of naturalisation under international law, and identifies the inherent challenges. In the South African context, the study makes use of extensive statutory, constitutional and case law materials to justify that the current treatment of refugees in their quest for naturalisation is indefensible within the context of a human rights-based approach and the dictates of the Constitution. This study concludes by making recommendations that would help close the legal and policy gaps that obtain presently. These include amendments to the Refugees, Immigration and Citizenship Acts and strengthening policy implementation at the DHA. It is hoped that the recommendations will strengthen and evolve a human rights culture and bring refugee, immigration and citizenship laws in line with the Constitution. It will also pave the way for a more just and peaceful South Africa as she strives to meet her obligations under regional and international law.

Submitted by Ana Carla Almeida (ana.almeida@ucsal.br) on 2018-05-02T17:57:04Z No. of bitstreams: 1 DISSERTACAOJOAOOLIVEIRA.pdf: 6452112 bytes, checksum: 12a75c456d4ee272244b43ffbe9b15fa (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Rosemary Magalhães (rosemary.magalhaes@ucsal.br) on 2018-05-02T19:30:11Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 DISSERTACAOJOAOOLIVEIRA.pdf: 6452112 bytes, checksum: 12a75c456d4ee272244b43ffbe9b15fa (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-05-02T19:30:11Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 DISSERTACAOJOAOOLIVEIRA.pdf: 6452112 bytes, checksum: 12a75c456d4ee272244b43ffbe9b15fa (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-02-27 / O que torna uma vida digna de ser chorada? Ao cruzarmos, junto aos refugiados sírios, de terras inóspitas para regiões mais seguras, trajetórias registradas e narradas através de fotografias, surgem perguntas fundamentais sobre um período histórico marcado por inúmeras exceções e violações: como estas imagens podem ser lidas? Estamos próximos demais, historicamente, desses eventos de modo que o risco de pensarmos sobre eles é insuperável? O que constitui uma família em tais circunstâncias? Utilizando métodos da Semiologia, Semiótica, Filosofia e Sociologia, foi visada uma aproximação interdisciplinar capaz de formular algo sobre como, através de experiências estéticas, consequências e reflexões éticas podem ser atingidas. Partindo da forma ensaística, uma revisão bibliográfica foi feita, seguida pela análise de dez fotografias, públicas e disponíveis nos principais veículos de comunicação internacionais. A análise foi realizada por ferramentas diversas, tais como: análise componencial, aplicação do modelo barthiano de studium e punctum, aplicação do modelo lacaniano de processo metafórico e processo metonímico e a aproximação zizekiana da crítica à cultura. Cada série de fotografias teve, ainda, um tema particular de análise, como: cor, movimento e composição. Do ponto de vista técnico-analítico, foi avaliada a adequação dos diversos métodos às fotografias, bem como quão propícios eles foram ao estabelecimento de diálogos interdisciplinares frutíferos. Do ponto de vista crítico-sintético, foram avaliadas a articulação entre teoria e práxis e a capacidade das ferramentas utilizadas de levantarem novas questões, tais como a definição de família e o efeito de uma ética fundada na alteridade sobre a leitura de imagens. Explorar um ferramental interpretativo capaz de gerar, pelo objeto estético, fotográfico, consequências éticas em contextos sociais e familiares excepcionais, portanto, foi o fio condutor desta escrita. Na sala escura, revelam-se os pontos de estofo desta travessia da fotografia à representação, da anotação à meditação. / What makes a life worth mourning? As we cross, along with Syrian refugees, from inhospitable lands to safer regions, trajectories registered and narrated through photographs, fundamental questions about a historical period marked by a myriad of exceptions and violations arise: how can these images be read? Are we too close, historically speaking, to those events so that the risk of thinking about them is unsurmountable? What constitutes a family in such circumstances? Using methods derived from Semiology, Semiotics, Philosophy, and Sociology, this research aims at an interdisciplinary approach in order to elaborate on how, by means of aesthetic experiences, ethical consequences and reflections can be attained. From an essayistic style, a literature review was conducted, followed by the analysis of ten photographs, all of them public and available in mainstream international news agencies. The analysis was made using a varied range of tools, such as: componential analysis, application of the barthian studium and punctum model, application of the lacanian metaphor and metonymy model, and the zizekian approach to cultural criticism. Each series of photographs had, also, a particular theme of analysis, such as: color, movement, and composition. From a technical-analytical stance, the methods used were assessed both with respect to their fitness regarding the chosen photographs and with respect to how prone they were to establish fruitful interdisciplinary dialogues. From a critical-synthetic stance, proper articulation between theory and praxis was assessed, as well as how efficiently these tools were able to raise new questions, such as the definition of family itself, and the effects of an Ethics founded on alterity over the interpretation of images. This text’s common thread was to explore interpretative tools capable of achieving, through an aesthetic object, ethical consequences in exceptional familial and social contexts. In the dark room, the quilting points of this crossing are revealed, from photograph to representation, from annotation to meditation.