Bakgrund: Förvirringen kring hur den ideella sektorn och dess mångfald ska benämnas försvårar situationen gällande hur forskning om sektorn utvecklas. Fokus i denna studie är därför enbart på välgörenhetsorganisationer, som en del av den ideella sektorn. Antalet välgörenhetsorganisationer tycks ständigt öka och som följd har en slags konkurrenssituation utvecklats, vilket har ökat organisationernas medvetenhet kring styrning. Givare och allmänhet förväntar sig allt mer tydlighet och transparens vad gäller information om organisationernas prestationer och resultat. Problemdiskussion: Välgörenhetsorganisationer står inför ett antal utmaningar vad gäller deras styrning. Utmaningarna tycks bero på att beslutsfattandet uppfattas som diffust och otydligt samt att det saknas definitioner och mått av väsentliga begrepp så som prestationer och resultat. Funderingar har väckts kring hur organisationernas beslut om resursprioriteringar görs och vilken roll och påverkan ekonomistyrning har vid dessa situationer. Vidare har funderingar även väckts angående prestationsoch resultatbegreppets innebörd i välgörenhetsorganisationers specifika kontext. Syfte: Studiens första syfte är att kartlägga välgörenhetsorganisationernas beslutsprocess för att identifiera och förklara hur beslut om resursprioriteringar görs och vilken roll ekonomistyrningen har vid dessa beslutssituationer. Vidare syftar studien även till att definiera prestationsbegreppet och hur detta kan mätas samt utreda vad resultatbegreppet innebär för välgörenhetsorganisationer. Studien ska resultera i en referensram för att öka kunskapen om ekonomistyrningens roll i välgörenhetsorganisationers beslutsprocess. Metod: Forskningen antar en fallstudie med två välgörenhetsorganisationer där semi-strukturerade intervjuer och granskning av dokument har legat till grund för insamling av empiriskt material. Resultat och analys: Ekonomistyrningen tycks inte ha den roll eller det genomslag i de studerade organisationerna som den beskrivs kan eller till och med borde ha, detta tycks vidare kunna bero på ett antal identifierade gap. Besluten i organisationerna tycks istället påverkas och styras av en rad andra faktorer, där medlemmarnas tolkning av dessa faktorer uppfattas som utbredd. I dagsläget använder sig organisationerna inte av begreppet prestation utan talar istället i andra termer när de syftar på vad de utför. Resultatbegreppet tycks vidare ha två innebörder beroende på situationen. Slutsats: Utifrån studien som genomförts kan det konstateras att ekonomistyrningen inte har en speciellt utbredd roll i välgörenhetsorganisationernas verksamhet och inte heller i deras beslutsprocess. Besluten tenderar istället att baseras på medlemmarnas känslor, interna diskussioner, extern information, tillströmningen av medel och vad som är publikt för tillfället. Organisationerna talar i termer av output, aktivitet och verksamhet när de syftar till begreppet prestation. Vidare innebär prestationsbegreppet att något utförts, vanligen gentemot mottagaren i utsatthet. Det har dock uppdagats att organisationerna utför prestationer av både social och ekonomisk karaktär. Resultatbegreppet tycks vidare avgöra värdeaspekten i det som organisationerna utför. Resultatbegreppet i organisationerna syftar därmed som följd både till ekonomiska och sociala resultat. / Background: The confusion around how the nonprofit sector and its diversity will be named complicates the situation regarding how research about the sector develops. Focus of this study is therefore solely on charities, as a part of the nonprofit sector. The amounts of charities are constantly increasing and as a consequence a competitive situation has occurred, which has increased the organizations awareness about management control. Donors and the public are expecting even more clarity and transparency regarding information about the organizations performance and results. Problem discussion: Charities face a number of challenges regarding their management control. The challenges seem to be related to the fact that the decision-making is perceived as diffuse and unclear. Also lacks of definitions and measures around significant concepts like performance and results. Concerns have been raised about how the organizations' decisions on resource prioritizations are done and what role and impact management control has in these situations. Furthermore, concerns have also been raised regarding the concepts of performance and results and their signification in the charities specific context. Purpose: The first objective of the study is to map the charitable organization's decision-making process. This in order to identify and explain how decisions about resource priorities are made and what role the management control has on these decision-making situations. Secondly, the study aims to define the concept of performance and how the concept of performance can be measured and also examine what the concept of result means for charities. The study will result in a framework for increasing knowledge about the role of management control in the decision-making process of charities. Method: This research adopts a case study methodology with two charities in which semi-structured interviews and reviews of documents have been the basis for collecting empirical data. Results and analysis: The management control does not appear to have the role or the impact of the studied organizations that it is described can or even should have, which seem to depend on a number of identified gaps. The decisions of the organizations seem rather to be influenced and controlled by a number of other factors, where the members' interpretation of these factors is perceived as widespread. In the current situation the organisations are not using the concept of performance, instead they are talking in other terms when they refer to what they do. The concept of result seems furthermore have two meanings depending on the situation. Conclusion: Based on the study conducted, it can be stated that the management control does not have a particularly prevalent role in the charitable organizations and not either in their decision-making process. Instead, the decisions tend to depend on the members' feelings, internal discussions, external information, the inflow of funds and what is currently of public interest. The organizations are talking in terms of output, activity, and operation when they refer to the concept of performance. Furthermore, the concept of performance means that something has been done, usually against the receiver in distress. However, it has been revealed that the organizations are undertaking performance of both social and economic character. The concept of result also seems to determine the value of what the organizations accomplish. The concept of result, as a consequence, therefore aims both to economic and social results.

We show that finite de Finetti-type results may be viewed as results on the approximation of certain continuous functions of a parameter by a sequence of positive operators (Ln) . For distribtions that depend on a finite-dimensional statistic (Tn) only, Ln is the expectation operator of (Tn) under the extremal infinite exchangeable distributions. The rate of approximation of finite exchangeable distributions by mixtures of marginals of infinite exchangeable distributions is the rate of approximation of a single function of the parameter, namely the second indefinite integral of the Fisher information. Our results include a major part of what is known about finite de Finetti theorems. The theory is, however, not only valid for the case when the extremal infinite exchangeable distributions are products of identical distributions. It applies as well to Markov-exchangeable distributions or the linear model. Moreover, the metric is not restricted to the supremum norm. (author's abstract) / Series: Forschungsberichte / Institut für Statistik

This thesis considers the practical problem of constrained and unconstrained local optimization. This subject has been well studied when the objective function f is assumed to smooth. However, nonsmooth problems occur naturally and frequently in practice. Here f is assumed to be nonsmooth or discontinuous without forcing smoothness assumptions near, or at, a potential solution. Various methods have been presented by others to solve nonsmooth optimization problems, however only partial convergence results are possible for these methods. In this thesis, an optimization method which use a series of local and localized global optimization phases is proposed. The local phase searches for a local minimum and gives the methods numerical performance on parts of f which are smooth. The localized global phase exhaustively searches for points of descent in a neighborhood of cluster points. It is the localized global phase which provides strong theoretical convergence results on nonsmooth problems. Algorithms are presented for solving bound constrained, unconstrained and constrained nonlinear nonsmooth optimization problems. These algorithms use direct search methods in the local phase as they can be applied directly to nonsmooth problems because gradients are not explicitly required. The localized global optimization phase uses a new partitioning random search algorithm to direct random sampling into promising subsets of ℝⁿ. The partition is formed using classification and regression trees (CART) from statistical pattern recognition. The CART partition defines desirable subsets where f is relatively low, based on previous sampling, from which further samples are drawn directly. For each algorithm, convergence to an essential local minimizer of f is demonstrated under mild conditions. That is, a point x* for which the set of all feasible points with lower f values has Lebesgue measure zero for all sufficiently small neighborhoods of x*. Stopping rules are derived for each algorithm giving practical convergence to estimates of essential local minimizers. Numerical results are presented on a range of nonsmooth test problems for 2 to 10 dimensions showing the methods are effective in practice.

6 pp. / 1. Drinking Water Wells; 2. Private Water Well Components; 3. Do Deeper Wells Mean Better Water; 4. Maintaining Your Private Well Water System; 5. Private Well Protection; 6. Well Water Testing and Understanding the Results; 7. Obtaining a Water Sample for Bacterial Analysis; 8. Microorganisms in Private Water Wells; 9. Lead in Private Water Wells; 10. Nitrate in Private Water Wells; 11.Arsenic in Private Water Wells; 12. Matching Drinking Water Quality Problems to Treatment Methods; 13. Commonly Available Home Water Treatment Systems; 14. Hard Water: To Soften or Not to Soften; 15. Shock Chlorination of Private Water Wells / This fact sheet is one in a series of fifteen for private water well owners. The one- to four-page fact sheets will be assembled into a two-pocket folder entitled Private Well Owners Guide. The titles will also be a part of the Changing Rural Landscapes project whose goal is to educate exurban, small acreage residents. The authors have made every effort to align the fact sheets with the proposed Arizona Cooperative Extension booklet An Arizona Well Owners Guide to Water Sources, Quality, Sources, Testing, Treatment, and Well Maintenance by Artiola and Uhlman. The private well owner project was funded by both the University of Arizonas Water Sustainability Program-Technology and Research Initiative Fund and the USDA-CSREES Region 9 Water Quality Program.

Bakgrund och problem: År 1999 blev det tillåtet för idrottsföreningar med elitverksamhet att bilda aktiebolag. I dag har endast 23 stycken idrottsföreningar av ungefär 20 000 valt att bilda aktiebolag som man upplåtit sin serieplats till. Inför Riksidrottsmötet 1997 lämnade AIK, Svenska ishockeyförbundet samt några enstaka mindre föreningar in en motion om att idrottsföreningar skulle få möjlighet att driva föreningen i en alternativ assoicationsform. Argumentet för denna motion var att detta skulle ge en möjlighet för svensk idrott att kunna konkurrera sig med internationella föreningar. En bättre ekonomi skulle ge bättre sportsliga resultat. För att kunna närma sig den internationella nivån behövs stora finansiärer, vilket man inte hade möjlighet till genom den associationsform föreningar var tvungna att bedrivas som. Problemformulering: Ger bolagiseringen bättre ekonomiska och sportsliga resultat? Syfte: Syftet med denna studie är att undersöka hur föreningens finansiella resultat och sportsliga resultat påverkas av den nya bolagiseringen. Metod: Studien har genomförts som en kvantitativ fallstudie på fyra stycken fotbollsföreningar som bildat aktiebolag. Ekonomiska värden och tabellposition har sedan analyserat för idrottsAB från 1999 till 2011 samt över alla lagen i allsvenskan 2011 och superettan 2011. Studien innehåller även kvalitativa inslag. Slutsats: Slutsatsen är att bolagiseringen av elitverksamheten för föreningar varken ger ekonomiska eller sportsliga lyft. / Background and problem: In 1999 it became allowed for sport clubs to run their clubs as a company. In Sweden today, there is only 23 of approximately 20000 sport clubs that runs their club as a company. in 1997, before the swedish national sport meeting, a few clubs, such as AIK, and the Swedish Icehockey Association submitted a motion that included a request that the clubs could be runned in an another legal form. The main reason for this motion was that it would give the clubs other opportunities for financing, and that would make the clubs competitive in Sweden such as international. To approach the international clubs, the clubs in Sweden needed major external financiers, which was not allowed before.A better economy at the clubs whold lead to better results on the pitch. Problem formulation: Does the corporatisation of the Swedish football clubs give better economic-and sport results? Purpose: The purpose of this study is to find out how the economic and sport results depend on the corporatisation. Method: This case studie has been performed with a quantitative method on four football companies in the two major leagues. Economical values and the positions in the leagues between 1999-2011. There is also a comparision between the companies and the other clubs in the league for 2011. The studie also includes qualitative elements. Conclusion: The conclusion is that the corporatisation of the Swedish football clubs does not affect the economic results and sport results.

SammanfattningI kunskapssamhällets nuvarande form är kompetensutveckling ett dominerande begrepp i sammanhang för vuxnas lärande. Kompetensutvecklingsinsatser kan ses som ett av de sätt genom vilket lärande sker för organisation, verksamhet och individ. Dock finns ingen given relation mellan en kompetensutvecklingsinsats och lärande. Kompetensutveckling är ett sätt att utveckla verksamheten och medarbetarnas lärande. Detta sker både med formella och informella insatser utifrån varierande syften samt mål.Utvärderingar undersöker ofta resultaten och medarbetarnas utveckling genom lärande samt kunskap i relation till avsatt mål för kompetensutvecklingsinsatsen utifrån ett företagsperspektiv. Men vad kan egentligen kompetensutvecklingsinsatser innebära för medarbetarna i en verksamhet?Syftet med denna studie är att undersöka medarbetarnas uppfattningar av två kompetensutvecklingsinsatser samt metoderna för dessa inom verksamhetsområdet ”Aktivitet och Upplevelse” inom Uppsala Kommun. Studien syftar även till att undersöka medarbetarnas uppfattning av resultaten för kompetensutvecklingsinsatserna i relation till deras arbete på arbetsplatserna. Studien genomfördes med fokusgruppintervjuer. Resultatet av studien visar att informanterna uppfattade kompetensutvecklingsinsatserna som en introduktion och en grundutbildning för metoderna Sherborn och Taktipro, samt att metoderna innebar ett tankesätt som präglade medarbetarnas vardagliga arbete i verksamheten.

Title: YMCA and University sport as pioneers of volleyball in Czech countries Objectives: The goal of our thesis is to make an overview of beginning and development of volleyball between first and second world war in Czech countries and to prove the influence of YMCA and University sport on it. Methods: We have used these methods in our thesis: progressive and retrospective method, direct and indirect method and comparative method. The necessary part of a retrospective and progressive method were synchronous and diachronic attitude to a historical progress. Results: The thesis provides an overview of information related to the formation and development in a period between World War I and World War II in the Czech lands with contribution of the YMCA organisation and the University Sport organisation. The paper demonstrates that these two organisations had the major role in the development of volleyball and thanks to them volleyball in our lands is one of the best ones in Europe from its beginning, in a matter of both its level and organisation. The objectives and partial objectives of the thesis have been fullfiled. Keywords: Clubs, results, tournament, competition, players, championship

Annotation: This thesis contains an analyzes of JUDO sporting achievements of women. It examines how the methodology of training techniques and sports preparation of women differs from the men equivalents. Wheather any trainers are concentrated on women's groups. It describes technical, tactical and psychological preparation and the role of the coach. Finally, the thesis will refer to competitions and interest of women to take part in active judo competitions. I will specialise in the female categories . Keywords : women's Judo, training preparation, competitions, success, achievements, results

Le régime de la tutelle sur les établissements publics, et les conditions de la coopération, appréhendées selon les critères classiques du droit administratif, ne permettent qu'une conduite imparfaite de la politique culturelle de l'État. Les établissements publics sont un objet : le ministère de la Culture établit avec ces personnes publiques dotées d'une autonomie des rapports inégaux qui ne peuvent fonder la mise en œuvre d'une politique publique cohérente.Les finances publiques enrichissent cependant le droit public et en modifient les instruments administratifs : la loi organique relative aux lois de finances crée de nouveaux rapports entre l'État et les entités en charge de l'exécution d'un service public. L'opérateur de l'État est le point d'entrée d'une gouvernance inédite et de l'introduction de la performance au sein des établissements publics nationaux. Par ailleurs, de nouvelles structures de coopération se mettent en place, qui enrichissent les critères de l'établissement public.La contractualisation de la performance, dont il convient d'étudier les possibilités de l'étendre aux structures de coopération, est un moyen de faire de l'établissement public un acteur de la gouvernance culturelle : de nouvelles connexions s'établissent, les gestionnaires des structures culturelles doivent rendre des comptes. En retour, la généralisation de cette dynamique de contractualisation serait un moyen pour l'État de mener une réflexion inédite sur la détermination et la conduite de la politique culturelle, à partir de ses modes de gestion. / The mode of supervision of public establishments, together with the cooperation conditions, understood on the basis of the classical criteria of administrative law, only allow for an imperfect conduct of the state's cultural policy. The public establishments are an object: The Ministry of Culture establishes relations with these public entities that are on unequal footing and cannot provide a basis for the implementation of a coherent public policy.However, public finances add to the wealth of public law and modify its administrative instruments : the loi organique relative aux lois de finances (Organic Law on Laws of Finance of August 1, 2001) establishes new relations between the state and the entities responsible for the implementation of a public service. The state operator represents the entrance point of a new governance that introduces the notion of performance within national public establishments. Further, new cooperation structures are being put into place that enrich the criteria of public establishments.The fact that performances are contractually defined – and the extension of this system to cooperation structure should be examined – can turn the public establishment into a player in the field of cultural governance: New connections are established, the managers of cultural structures are made accountable. In return, the wider application of this contracting dynamic would provide the state with a unique opportunity to reflect on how to determine and conduct a cultural policy based on these forms of managements.

Pupil influence is supported by UN convention and legal text, yet it seems to be difficult to realize in school practice. Meaning and purpose of pupil influence appears unclear and can be understood and interpreted in different ways. The aim of this study is to examine, describe and thereby contribute to a better understanding of the phenomenon of pupil influence. The method used is Fairclough’s three- dimensional model for critical discourse analysis. The empirical data consists of focus group interviews with 9th grade pupils and the curriculum, Lgr 11. Four discourses are identified and discussed in relation to the results-driven and market-oriented Swedish school; a learning discourse, an individual discourse, a responsibility discourse and a conditional discourse. The results show that the pupils look upon pupil influence in school in relation to subject knowledge here and now and not as skills to acquire for a future active democratic citizenship. Contrary to the curriculum the pupils articulate pupil influence as a prerequisite for learning. Pupil influence seems to be regarded as individual and personal, and equated with having opportunities to make decisions. Areas possible to practice pupil influence on are characterized by being measurable and to provide a basis for comparison.