Inledning: Nollvisionen, som Sveriges trafiksäkerhet utgår från, uttrycker explicit att medborgares åsikter, krav och behov ska tas hänsyn till. De studier som undersökt hur medborgarnas åsikter hanteras av den offentliga sektorn har främst visat på ett tvetydigt resultat. Det saknas i stort sett forskning kring medborgares synpunkter angående trafiksäkerhet idag. Syftet med denna studie är att undersöka medborgarnas synpunkter om trafiksäkerhet och hur de relaterar till trafikolyckor och trafiksäkerhetsåtgärder. Metod: 400 synpunkter från Huddinge kommun för perioden 2014-2018 inhämtades och kategoriserades. Detta kompletterades med olycks- och skadestatistik från STRADA och trafiksäkerhetsåtgärder från kommunen. Materialet analyserades utifrån en gatu- och områdesanalys baserad på DeSo-indelningen, med hjälp av GIS. Eventuella samband analyserades vidare med hjälp av regressionsanalyser. Resultat: 78 % av synpunkterna var riktade mot en plats inom kommunens tätorter. Hastigheter på 30- och 40 km/h stod för 54 % respektive 32 % av synpunkterna, men 40 km/h visade på en överrepresentation efter den totala längden på vägsträckan. Synpunkterna kunde kategoriseras i 11 olika kategorier och vanligaste synpunkten var riktad mot hastigheter som utgjorde 38 % av synpunkterna. I de olika Deso-områdena var spannet av synpunkter mellan 0-39 stycken. Regressionsanalyserna visade inte på något samband till synpunkterna i gatuanalysen, men i områdesanalysen visade olyckor på ett R²-värde på 0,254 och trafiksäkerhetsåtgärder ett R²-värde på 0,413. Slutsats: Synpunkterna visade på en stor variation i typ, men det var framförallt hastigheter som bekymrade medborgarna. Det fanns stora skillnader baserat på områden och gator, och dessa skillnader kunde inte förklaras utifrån olycksstatistiken. Studien visade på att socio-ekonomiska faktorer delvis kan ligga bakom motivationen till synpunkterna. Kommunens trafiksäkerhetsåtgärder stämde delvis överens med synpunkternas karaktär och områdesplats, dock inte i hög grad på gatunivå. Det kan indikera att kommunen försöker åtgärda synpunkterna eller att medborgarnas syn på trafiksäkerhet delvis stämmer överens med kommunen. / Introduction: The zero-vision policy, on which Sweden’s traffic safety is based upon, expressly states that citizens’ opinions, demands and needs should be taken into consideration. Studies that have investigated the management of public opinions have mostly shown an ambiguous result. The empirical evidence for citizens’ opinions regarding traffic safety is largely lacking as of today. The purpose of this study is to investigate citizens’ opinions regarding traffic safety and how they relate to traffic accidents and road safety measures. Method: 400 opinions were gathered and categorised from Huddinge municipality for the period 2014-2018. This was supplemented by accident and injury statistics from STRADA and road safety measures from the municipality. The data was analysed using a street analysis and a regional analysis, based upon the DeSo classification, using GIS. Correlations were further investigated using regression analyses. Results: 78 % of the opinions were aimed at a place within the municipality’s urban areas. Speed limits of 30- and 40 km/h accounted for 54 % and 32 % respectively of the opinions, but 40 km/h showed an overrepresentation after the total length of the road section. The opinions were categorized into 11 different categories and the most common opinion was regarding speed and accounted for 38 % of the opinions. In the various DeSo-areas the range of opinions was between 0-39. The regression analyses did not show any relationships towards the opinions in the street analysis, but in the area analysis traffic accidents showed an R²-value of 0.254 and road safety measures an R²-value of 0.413. Conclusion: The opinions showed a great variation in type but is was mainly speeds that worried the citizens. There were large differences based on area and streets, and these differences could not be explained by traffic accidents. This study showed that socio-economic factors could partly underlie the motivation behind the opinions. The municipality’s road safety measures were partly in line with the nature of the opinions and their DeSo location, but not to a great extent at street level. This may indicate that the municipality is trying to address the opinions or that the citizens’ view of traffic safety is partly in line with that of the municipality.

The aim of the present research is to advance a general predictive model of the social psychological processes underlying collective action in contexts where collective action is met with significant repression by the authorities. The model integrates the recent advancements in the collective action literature and examines the unique predictive role of anger and fear (emotional pathway), political, identity consolidation and participative efficacies (instrumental pathway), politicised identification (identity pathway) as well as moral obligation, over and above past participation. Moreover, the research investigates how perceived risk, due to government sanctions, shapes these antecedents and the willingness to engage in collective action. Five survey studies (Studies 1 to 5) test this model in various repressive contexts (i.e., Egypt, Hong Kong, Russia, Ukraine, and Turkey). In addition, one experimental study (Study 6) examines the causal relation between perceived risk and (a) the antecedents of collective action and (b) the action intentions in a British sample. The results confirm the intensifying role of perceived risk, whereby it indirectly spurs further resistance through shaping the antecedents of collective action. The results also suggest that protesters are intrinsically motivated to engage in collective action when placed under risk. Specifically, although not motivated by political efficacy, protesters are strategic as they are motivated by the likelihood to consolidate the identity of their protest movement and the likelihood of their own participation to incrementally contribute to achieving the desired goals. Moreover, they are emotional, politicised and dutiful as their outrage towards how the authorities treat the protesters, their identification with their protest movement, as well as their sense of moral responsibility encourage them to take action despite the risks.

Within the evolutionary framework of sexual selection and parental investment theory, the study employed four experiments to examine the effects of mating and parenting awareness on the perception and assessment of high risk sports. In Study 1, participants were exposed, in random order, five types of pictures---attractive female, regular female, attractive male, regular male, and award winning pictures. After the activation of each of these pictures, participants were asked to respond to pictures depicting high risk sport events. The reaction time to high risk sport events was shortest when men saw attractive female pictures. The same effect was not found in female participants viewing attractive male pictures. Study 2 used the same mating awareness manipulation (attractive female pictures versus other pictures) but also added parenting and child rearing pictures depicting pregnant women or young children with their mothers. The results showed that men's reaction time to high risk sports was shorter when exposed to attractive female pictures than other conditions and was longer when exposed to parenting-related pictures. Study 3 included socialsexual orientation as a covariate and results similar to Study 1 were obtained after controlling for the extraneous influence of socialsexual orientation. Study 4 focused on risk assessment in different domains including entertainment, financial investment, health and social risk. The results showed that men under-assessed risk in the entertainment domain when exposed to attractive female pictures than to award winning pictures. However, the same effect was not found with other risk domains. Overall, the findings support the evolutionary account of risk taking which is sexually selected male attribute as an ornament to attract mating partners and which is reduced when men shift from mating to parenting and child rearing concerns. One practical implication for controlling risk taking behaviors among adolescents is the knowledge that risk taking behavior may be more likely in mixed- than in single-gender social groups. / 李宏利. / Adviser: Lei Chang. / Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, Volume: 70-06, Section: A, page: 1923. / Thesis (doctoral)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2008. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 93-118). / Electronic reproduction. Hong Kong : Chinese University of Hong Kong, [2012] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Electronic reproduction. [Ann Arbor, MI] : ProQuest Information and Learning, [200-] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Abstracts in Chinese and English. / School code: 1307. / Li Hongli.

Nesta tese são desenvolvidos três estudos sobre o risco associado aos acidentes de trânsito, com o objetivo de avaliar como a população o percebe, e o valor que estaria disposta a pagar para reduzi-lo. As análises foram feitas com duas diferentes metodologias econométricas e dois diferentes conjuntos de dados da população de Porto Alegre. O primeiro estudo procurou avaliar que fatores de risco contribuem para aumentar a gravidade dos acidentes de trânsito, utilizando dados de acidentes de trânsito ocorridos na cidade de Porto Alegre no período 2000-2008, através de modelos logit ordenados generalizados. Os resultados indicam que a maioria das vítimas feridas em acidentes de trânsito são condutores jovens, do sexo masculino e que estavam em motocicletas ou cujo acidente foi um choque contra obstáculos. Contudo, as vítimas fatais têm maior probabilidade de morte são os pedestres, com mais de 60 anos de idade. Os acidentes com maior gravidade ocorrem em maior proporção a noite ou finais de semana, em locais mais afastados do centro da cidade, o que sugere comportamento associado à alta velocidade e uso de substâncias psicoativas como álcool. Para os demais estudos utilizaram-se dados de um survey feito com a população de Porto Alegre em 2009. O segundo estudo avalia como as características sócio-demográficas, a experiência no trânsito e a informação recebida, afetam a percepção do risco e o comportamento no trânsito. Os resultados indicam que os indivíduos que tem risco maior de morte no trânsito subestimam seu próprio risco e vice-versa; e que os mais jovens têm maior percepção deste risco, assim como os que tiveram experiência de acidente de trânsito ou passam mais tempo expostos a ele. O risco do consumo de bebidas alcoólicas associado ao trânsito, no entanto é percebido maior pelos idosos, mulheres, não bebedores ou quem não tem comportamento de risco, assim como pelos que têm mais informação do risco. Da mesma maneira, o comportamento de risco no trânsito associado ao consumo de álcool está negativamente relacionado a percepção deste risco e a idade. O terceiro estudo estimou a disposição a pagar ( ) dos entrevistados pela redução no seu próprio risco de sofrer lesões em um acidente de trânsito e o valor de uma vida estatística ( ), utilizando modelos lineares e não-lineares ajustados através de uma transformação Box-Cox. Os resultados indicam que a esta relacionada de forma decrescente com a idade e com a não utilização de dispositivos de segurança, mas aumenta com a renda, o tempo de exposição ao trânsito, a experiência com acidentes, para as mulheres e para os que têm dependentes. O valor médio eliciado da para reduzir a zero o risco das lesões mais graves, que resultam em morte, implicou em de cerca de R$ 13,4 milhões (US$7,3 milhões) - valor menor, porém comparável ao encontrado para países desenvolvidos e em estudo para o Brasil. / This thesis develops three studies on the risk associated with traffic accidents, in order to assess how people perceive it and the value they would be willing to pay to reduce it. The analysis was made with two different econometric methods and two different sets of data from Porto Alegre's population. The first study to assess at risk factors that contribute to increased severity of accidents, using data obtained from traffic accidents in the city of Porto Alegre between the years 2000 and 2008, and applying the generalized ordered logit. The results indicate that most of the victims injured in accidents are young drivers, males, motorcyclists and whose crash was a “collision with obstacles”. However, fatal victims have a different profile: they are pedestrians, over 60 years old. The most serious accidents occur in greater proportions at nights or weekends, at locations further away from the city center, which suggests behavior associated with high speed driving and the use of psychoactive substances, such as alcohol. The other two studies used data from a survey done with the population of Porto Alegre in 2009. The second study evaluates how socio-demographic characteristics, traffic experience and the information received about the risks of driving under the influence of alcohol, affect risk perception and behavior in the traffic. The results indicate that individuals who have greater risk of dying in traffic, underestimate their own risk and vice versa; and that young people as well as those who have been in an accident or those who spend a lot of time in traffic, have a greater perception of their risk. On the other hand, the risk of alcohol consumption associated with traffic, is perceived better by older people, women, non-drinkers, people without risky behavior, and those who are more aware of the risks of driving under the influence of alcohol. Similarly, risky behavior in traffic, related to alcohol consumption, is inversely proportional to perception of risk and to age. The third study estimated the respondents' willingness to pay ( ) for the reduction in their risk of suffering injuries in a traffic accident, as well as the value of a statistical life ( ), using linear and nonlinear models adjusted by the Box-Cox transformation. The results indicate that the decreases with age and with not using safety devices, but increases with income, exposure to traffic, and the accidents experience, for women and for those who have dependents. The average value elicited by to reduce to zero the risk of severe injuries that result in death, implied a of about R$13.4 million (US$ 7.3 million) - lower, but still a comparable value to that found in developed countries, and studied in Brazil.

Submitted by admin tede (tede@pucgoias.edu.br) on 2018-05-03T16:54:50Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Vania Aparecida da Silva Figueiredo do Couto.pdf: 1308005 bytes, checksum: af7ac9cb95837a3e71bc27d5a020aef8 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-05-03T16:54:50Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Vania Aparecida da Silva Figueiredo do Couto.pdf: 1308005 bytes, checksum: af7ac9cb95837a3e71bc27d5a020aef8 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-12-01 / This thesis was elaborated from three articles, with articles I and II, "Perception of risk under theoretical analysis" and "Perception of risk of young people involved in traffic accidents: a conceptual and statistical analysis", respectively, structured on the basis of secondary data, in which only theoretical aspects are discussed, while Article III "The relationship between personality and risk perception of motorcyclists in traffic" presented a descriptive study with primary data, in which primary results were presented as information base the university students of the City of Sinop-MT. This study had as general objective to know the main factors that constitute the risk perception of university students of Sinop-MT, in motorcycle traffic accidents in order to contribute to the development of accident prevention programs. To achieve the objective outlined in the thesis and in each of the articles (Article I - To know how the national and international literature describes the aspects that involve the perception of risk in traffic; Article II - To present the statistics at national, state and the study of the relationship between social - demographic variables and behavioral aspects, personality dimensions and the perception of risk of university motorcyclists), were compared with the obtained from the development of theoretical research and a research with empirical method, with quantitative analyzes. The results and discussions of the studies carried out allowed us to conclude that the risk perception of Sinop-MT students regarding traffic accidents with motorcycles has personality traits as one of the main factors, as well as the use of drugs and alcohol, along with the direction, besides the lack of knowledge about what is defensive driving and disrespect to traffic signaling / legislation, are factors that generate the high number of traffic accidents with motorcycles, so it is important to carry out studies and lectures awareness in motorcycle accident prevention programs. / Essa tese foi elaborada a partir de três artigos, com os artigos I e II, “A percepção de risco sob enfoque de análise teórica” e “Percepção de risco dos jovens envolvidos em acidentes de trânsito: uma análise conceitual e estatística”, respectivamente, est ruturados com base em dados secundários, em que são discutidos aspectos unicamente teóricos, enquanto o artigo III “A relação entre personalidade e percepção de risco de motociclistas no trânsito”, trouxe um estudo descritivo com dados primários, em que foram apresentados resultados primários, tendo como base informacional os universitários da Cidade de Sinop-MT. Assim, esse estudo teve como objetivo geral conhecer os principais fatores que constituem a percepção de risco de universitários de Sinop-MT, quanto aos acidentes de trânsito com motocicleta de forma a contribuir para a elaboração de programas de prevenção de acidentes. Para o alcance do objetivo traçado na tese e os objetivos em cada um dos artigos (Artigo I – Conhecer como a literatura nacional e internacional descrevem os aspectos que envolvem a percepção de risco no trânsito; Artigo II – Apresentar as estatísticas em nível nacional, de estado e município de Sinop-MT comparando os acidentes por categoria, faixa etária, sexo e escolaridade dos condutores; Artigo III – Analisar a relação entre as variáveis sociodemográficas e os aspectos comportamentais, as dimensões de personalidade e a percepção de risco de motociclistas universitários ), foram alcançados a partir do desenvolvimento de pesquisa teórica e uma pesquisa com método empírico, com análises quantitativas. Os resultados e discussões dos estudos realizados permitiram a conclusão de que a percepção de risco dos universitários de Sinop- MT no que se referem aos acidentes de trânsito com motocicleta tem os traços de personalidades como um dos principais fatores, bem como, o uso de medicamentos e álcool junto à direção, além do não conhecimento sobre o que é direção defensiva e desrespeito à sinalização/legislação de trânsito, são fatores que geram o elevado número de acidentes de trânsito com motocicletas, por isso é importante a execução de estudos e palestras de conscientização dos motociclistas, nos programas de prevenção de acidentes.

As coastal cities around the world identify and implement adaptations to sea level rise, they are faced with competing interests around what should be done and how to prioritize actions. Often, environmental problems--like confronting the challenge of sea level rise--are posed as requiring expert driven, technical solutions to identify and mitigate risks across the landscape. This framing, however, ignores the way in which diverse knowledge can help inform long-term planning horizons that address complex ways that sea level rise affects communities. The failure to integrate diverse knowledge into sea level rise adaptation can result in barriers to implementation and outcomes that can reproduce inequities. In environmental planning, knowledge integration challenges can stem from ambiguity around the construction of environmental risk knowledge, as well as institutional arrangements that inhibit diverse involvement. Ambiguity refers to a context in which there are different and sometimes conflicting views on how to understand the problem or system to be managed, for example, conflicts around what risks to measure and how to measure them. This manifests in the ways that different groups construct and use knowledge about risks. Often ignored in planning contexts and research on sea level rise adaptation, ambiguity--particularly around social risks--are critical to address, since they can determine whether diverse knowledge about risks are integrated or ignored in planning. This dissertation uses a case study of Miami-Dade County, Florida and is guided by the question: how do different groups understand risk within sea level rise, and what planning and governance factors influence the way diverse dimensions of risk are integrated into adaptation strategies? Findings from this case study suggest that baselines, projections, and the focus of risk rooted in an economic discourse based on short-term planning horizons and technical constructions of risk have more authority as compared with counter arguments around ecological and social risks. Recommendations include the need for transparent adaptation decisions and the inclusion of diverse stakeholders in the production of regional climate science, sea level rise assessments, and adaptation planning. A more integrated approach can better address diverse risks and facilitate long-term planning.

The study investigated three aspects related to smoking, namely, smoking behaviour, risk perception and attitudes to anti-smoking legislation. The theoretical framework of the study was the Information-Motivation-Behavioural (IMB) skills model. The study was a quantitative one, making use of a cross-sectional survey design to obtain data about the three variables of interest. Responses to statements about risk perception and attitudes to anti-smoking legislation in the questionnaire were arranged on a three-point Likert scale. The inferential statistics used were one-sample ttests and Chi-square analyses. The results showed an overall smoking prevalence of 16%, with twice as many females than males being smokers in the sample. ‘Coloured’ students in both genders had the highest smoking rate compared to all other race groups. The knowledge of the health risks of smoking were very high, however smokers had a lower perception of risk compared to non-smokers. Moreover, while there was a fair amount of support for anti-smoking legislation among smokers, smokers tended to show less support for legislation than non-smokers, especially to those parts of the legislation that affect them more directly. The results of the study indicate a clear connection between smoking behaviour and the effect it has on both risk perception as well as attitudes to anti-smoking legislation in individuals.

The overall aims of this thesis were to investigate psychological and behavioral effects of receiving cancer genetic counseling for breast, ovarian and colorectal cancer and/or with a family history of these cancer types and to determine whether counselees’ informational needs were met. Study I was performed 3-7 years post-counseling. Participants (n=214) reported a relatively high level of anxiety but a low level of depression compared to cancer patients in general. However, there was no indication that the distress experienced was due to the counseling. Moderate changes in life and family relations, high level of adherence to recommended controls and satisfaction was reported. Study II was a randomized control trial (RCT) intervention study which involved 147 counselees. An increase in the level of knowledge and correct estimation of personal risk was reported in both the intervention and control groups, although this increase declined at later follow-up. Enhanced information led to significantly greater satisfaction with the given information, and the way of informing relatives. Most counselees had shared information with their at-risk relatives. Study III focused on sharing information with at-risk relatives among participants in study II and their relatives (n=81). Counselees were interviewed and answered a questionnaire, whilst their relatives only answered the questionnaire. Counselees reported positive/neutral feelings about communicating genetic information and mostly interpreted their relatives’ reactions as positive/ neutral. Also, approximately 50% of relatives reported positive/neutral reactions and were generally satisfied with the received information. Study IV was conducted in Sweden and Norway based on 235 counselees. Counselees expected counselors to be skillful and thoughtful, take them seriously and provide risk estimations and medical information. Most important issues to counselees were satisfactorily addressed by the counselors. Analyzing importance rankings resulted in five categories of needs: a need for facts, caring communication and medical information, need for understanding and support in sharing genetic information, practical care and medical/practical information. In conclusion, no adverse psychological or behavioral effect on counselees was observed. Apparently, genetic counseling is managed properly and counselors successfully address counselees’ needs. Providing extended information does not seem necessary, however, tailoring information to individual counselees needs may create a more effective counseling.

The recent experience with the 2009 H1N1 pandemic has drawn attention to the need to better understand the public’s response to emergently released vaccines (ERV). This study applied a mixed methods approach to examine the causal pathways underlying the vaccination behaviour during a public health emergency. The integrated evidence from empirical and theoretical-based findings highlights a number of factors to consider in interventions to improve vaccination rates with an ERV. These factors include: 1) providing clear risk messages around the disease and the ERV, 2) improving accessibility to the vaccine, 3) encouraging primary healthcare providers to provide recommendations for vaccination, 4) implementing strategies to increase seasonal influenza vaccination prior to the next public health emergency, 5) developing strategies to target sub-populations more reluctant to accept an ERV. Developing theory-based interventions that are behaviour-specific may be more likely to result in behaviour change within the public in future emergency vaccination campaigns.

<p>HIV poses considerable social and health challenges in South Africa, particularly among young people aged 15-24. Research indicates a strong link between risky sexual behaviour and alcohol and illicit drugs. In the Western Cape drug-related behaviours is a growing concern among young people because of relatively high prevalence rates of drug abuse, particularly methamphetamine. Previous South African studies have tended to focused on the link between substance use and risky sexual behaviour among commercial sex workers. The theoretical approach of this study is the information motivation behavioural skills model. Participants were selected using non-probability sampling of 279 first year students registered for Psychology I at the University of the Western Cape. This study employed a quantitative research approach using a survey design. Results: Forty-six percent of students do not believe that the use of illicit drugs has an impact on a person&rsquo / s sexual behavior. However, the findings also showed that only 45% of students believed that there was a difference between illicit drug users correctly using condoms when compared to non-users. Data was analysed using descriptive and inferential statistics. Conclusion: Prevention is our best and most effective means of decreasing risk-taking behaviours associated with HIV infection. Information is the first line of intervention that is necessary to reduce risk-taking behaviours / however prevention strategies and interventions of risk-taking behaviours should aim to increase motivation and help young people integrate information in a way that it is personally relatable. This is vital to address the inconsistencies between perceptions of risk and the realities of risk-taking behaviour.</p>