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Farliga kemikalier kan migrera från leksaker eller andra varor och utgöra en hälsorisk. Eftersom barn är särskilt känsliga för exponering av farliga kemikalier bör de skyddas ytterligare, vilket görs med gällande lagstiftning för leksaker. Kemikalieinspektionens tillsyn visar dock på brister och att kemikalielagstiftningen inte är tillräcklig. Syftet med denna uppsats är därför att undersöka riskuppfattningen och kännedomen kring farliga kemikalier i barns leksaker hos föräldrar med barn i åldern 0-3 år. För att undersöka detta används en kvantitativ metod i form av webbenkät och datamaterialet presenteras med beskrivande statistik.  Resultat ställs i relation med vald teori om riskperception och visar bland annat att en lägre kännedom och tillit till lagstiftning bidrar till en lägre riskuppfattning. Oro, media och historiska händelser där farliga kemikalier visat sig ha en hormonstörande effekt bidrar till en högre riskuppfattning. Vissa skillnader i riskuppfattningen mellan kvinnor och män kan även utläsas. Resultat visar också att det inte finns någon skillnad mellan låg- och höginkomsttagare vad gäller betalningsviljan för en leksak försedd med innehållsförteckning. Det verkar därför inte vara ekonomiska förutsättningar som styr om åtgärder vidtas, utan snarare föräldrars oro för att deras barn exponeras för farliga kemikalier i leksaker.  Slutligen konstateras det i uppsatsen att en åtgärd för att minska barns exponering för farliga kemikalier och därmed även hälsorisker är en minskad konsumtion. / Hazardous chemicals can migrate from toys and other goods and pose a health risk. As children are particularly sensitive to exposure to hazardous chemicals, they should be further protected, as is the case with current toy legislation. However, the Swedish Chemicals Agency's supervision shows shortcomings and that the chemical legislation is not sufficient. The purpose of this essay is therefore to investigate the perception of risk and knowledge about dangerous chemicals in children's toys, for parents with children aged 0-3 years.  Results are set in relation to the chosen theory of risk perception and show, among other things, that a lower knowledge and trust in legislation contributes to a lower perception of risk. Concerns, media and historical events where dangerous chemicals have been shown to have an endocrine disrupting effect contribute to a higher risk perception. There are some differences in the perception of risk between women and men. The result also shows that there is no difference between low- and high-income earners in terms of willingness to pay for a toy provided with a table of content. Therefore it does not seem to be economic conditions that govern whether measures are taken, but rather parents' concerns that their children are exposed to dangerous chemicals in toys.  Finally, the essay states that a measure to reduce children's exposure to hazardous chemicals and thus also health risks is a reduced consumption.

Can one society’s flood risk perception and management strategy impact the neighbouring society? This study applies a socio-hydrological model to four ideal types of society living along the same river. These societies have various rationalities and risk perceptions: risk-controlling, risk-monitoring, risk- neglecting and risk-downplaying. Combined with a hydraulic model of the river, this study explores the human-flood interactions and how the four societies can influence each other. The results show that the society that adopts soft-measures experiences the lowest flood loss; the society that neglects flood risks suffers from much higher flood losses. Dynamics, including the levee effect and adaptation effect, can also be observed. The society that builds levees to alter the hydrological regime causes the flood stage to be higher than it would have been without levees, indirectly increasing flood loss for the neighbouring societies. A more sustainable flood risk management strategy calls for broader considerations than the conventional method. / Skulle ett samhälles uppfattning om översvämningsrisk och förvaltningsstrategi påverka det närliggande samhället? Denna studie tillämpar en sociohydrologisk modell på fyra idealtyper av samhälle som lever längs samma flod. Dessa samhällen har olika rationaliteter och riskuppfattningar: riskkontroll, riskövervakning, riskförsummelse och risknedsättande. I kombination med en hydraulisk modell av floden, utforskar denna studie interaktionen mellan människa och översvämning och hur de fyra samhällena kan påverka varandra. Resultaten visar att det samhälle som vidtar mjuka åtgärder upplever lägst översvämningsförlust; det samhälle som försummar översvämningsrisker lider av mycket högre översvämningsförluster. Dynamik, inklusive valleffekten och anpassningseffekten, kan också observeras. Det samhälle som bygger vallar för att förändra den hydrologiska regimen gör att översvämningsstadiet blir högre än det skulle ha varit utan vallar, vilket indirekt ökar översvämningsförlusterna för de närliggande samhällena. En mer hållbar strategi för hantering av översvämningsrisk kräver bredare överväganden än den konventionella metoden.

Extrema skyfall till följd av klimatförändringar blir att vanligare och när de inträffar riskerar de att leda till urbana översvämningar. Den ökade frekvensen av skyfall är anledningen till att urbana översvämningar har lyfts som ett problem i svensk lagstiftning. Enansvarsproblematik har identifierats i relation till detta, då fastighetsägare inte är medvetna om sitt eget ansvar och därför inte anpassar sina bostäder. En kunskapsbrist bland fastighetsägare samt uppfattningen om deras exponering och utsatthet har identifierats som grunden bakom denna problematik. Sommaren 2021 inträffade ett skyfall i Gävle vilket ledde till omfattande översvämningar. Många fastighetsägare drabbades, däribland bostadsrättsföreningar. Hur bostadsrättsföreningar påverkas och resonerar kring översvämningar är ett relativt outforskat forskningsområde i svensk kontext. Av den anledningen blev därför syftet med denna studie att undersöka föreningarnas uppfattning om risk och anpassning. Detta genom att studera ordföranden inom föreningarnas uppfattning om utsatthet, sårbarhet samt möjlighet till hantering i relation till översvämningen. För att ta reda på detta genomfördes semistrukturerade intervjuer. Resultaten visar på att föreningarna har fått en något högre riskuppfattning kopplat till översvämning. I kontrast till tidigare studier kan respondenterna även identifiera ett samband till klimatförändringar. Den faktor som främst påverkade föreningarnas anpassningsförmåga negativt var att det rådde en utbredd kunskapsbrist inom föreningarna. Det finns därmed ett fortsatt stort behov av en ökad kunskap och vägledning från externa aktörer. / Extreme cloudbursts due to climate change are increasing and when these events occur urban flooding is a potential consequence. This is the reason urban flooding has been addressed in the Swedish legislation, at a national level. However, liability issues have been identified, as property owners are not fully aware of their responsibility and therefore neglect adaptation. A lack of knowledge has been identified as the main reason, as well as perception of risk. In the summer of 2021, cloud bursts struck Gävle and caused substantial urban flooding. Many housing co-operatives were affected. Housing co-operatives and how they are affected by flooding is a relatively unexplored research area in a Swedish context and therefore the purpose of this study became to: analyze how experiences of flooding has affected housing co-operatives' perception of risk and adaptation by exploring chairmans perceptions of exposure, vulnerability and flood risk management. Semi structured interviews were performed with chairmans within the boards of the housing co-operatives. The results proved there had been a slight increase in flood risk awareness. The respondents were also able to connect the flood with climate change. However, a large lack of knowledge negatively affects the adaptive capacity of the housing co-operatives. The need for further knowledge and guidance from external actors is therefore large. / Stöd för aktörssamverkan och mångfunktionell anpassning av bostadsområden

Research on risk perception, disaster preparedness, and hurricane risk communication among Hispanic/Latino individuals with disabilities is growing. However, there is limited understanding of how cultural factors influence risk perceptions, hurricane preparedness, and how emergency managers communicate hurricane risks to Hispanic/Latino individuals with developmental disabilities in Central Florida. This qualitative case study aims to fill this gap by exploring the cultural influence on risk perception and hurricane preparedness, as well as how local emergency managers communicate risks associated with hurricanes to Hispanic/Latino individuals with developmental disabilities. The study seeks to understand how culture can shape this population's risk perception and natural disaster preparedness for disasters like hurricanes. The researcher uses an integrative theoretical framework that combines the Cultural Theory of Risk, Protective Motivation Theory, and Familism to guide the study. In-depth individual and group interviews were conducted with a diverse sample of Hispanic/Latino families living with individuals with developmental disabilities. Interviewees were selected based on location, age, and cultural background. Additionally, the researcher conducted a desk review of hurricane communication from each Central Florida county, followed by individual interviews with the emergency managers from Central Florida counties. Data from Hispanic/Latino families living with individuals with developmental disabilities were analyzed using inductive and deductive methods to identify themes related to the effect of culture on risk perception and natural disaster preparedness, specifically for hurricanes. The study revealed that culture can influence risk perception and natural disaster preparedness among Hispanic/Latino individuals living with developmental disabilities in many ways. Moreover, data from the desk review and interviews with emergency managers indicated a preference for relying heavily on the social networks of Hispanic/Latino individuals with developmental disabilities to communicate hurricane risks. Keywords: Risk perception, cultural influence, developmental disabilities, hurricane preparedness, Hispanic/Latino, risk communication.

The thesis investigates the influence of media consultation habits as the developers of risk perceptions among young travelers. It deals with the information-seeking practices of individuals aged 18 to 29 by scrutinizing the extent to which certain media channels are sought out to inform themselves about travel-related risks. By employing a quantitative research approach and collecting data through a web-based questionnaire, the study investigates the role of various information channels by measuring the degree to which they are sought out by the respondents. The findings reveal that legacy media is the most trusted source for risk information among young travelers, surpassing social media and other channels. This unexpected result highlights the significant role of traditional media in shaping risk perceptions despite the prevalence of digital platforms. The study's conclusions are intended to serve tourism professionals and destination managers seeking to enhance communication strategies and manage tourists' risk perceptions effectively.

The outputs that form the basis of this PhD submission include a web site that summarises a unique collection of over 200 Court Judgments in personal injury claims for work-related upper limb disorders heard in the UK, together with a number of more conventional publications. Individually, these outputs all address upper limb disorders associated with work although they each had slightly different objectives and the audiences for which they were produced significantly influenced the type of publication in which they appeared. Together, they help illustrate when, how and, to some extent, why upper limb disorders associated with keyboard use became the issue it did in the UK in the late 1980s and 1990s. While many might now regard keyboard or computer use as an innocuous task, in the late 1980s and 1990s upper limb disorders associated with keyboard use, particularly computer use, became the subject of litigation, legislation, industrial disputes and widespread publicity. The outputs on which this submission is based, together, suggest that following the importation of the concept of repetitive strain injuries (RSI) from Australia in the later 1980s, the activities of trades unions and journalists in the UK promoted work-relevant upper limb symptoms and disorders associated with keyboard use as work-induced injuries. Subsequently, a small number of successful, union-backed, personal injury claims, which involved contentious medical evidence and perhaps an element of iatrogenesis, were widely promoted as proof that computer use causes injury. Around the same time, the government chose to implement flawed Regulations relating to the design and use of computer workstations, which failed to distinguish between that which might give rise to discomfort, fatigue and frustration and that which might give rise to injury. The existence of these Regulations, which among other things require regular, individual risk assessments of computer users, unlike any other type of work, could be interpreted as further 'proof' that computer use causes injury. The approach to the prevention and management of musculoskeletal disorders advocated in current HSE guidance, including the risk assessment strategy, remain capable of generating distorted perceptions of the risks arising from keyboard and computer use.

The recent experience with the 2009 H1N1 pandemic has drawn attention to the need to better understand the public’s response to emergently released vaccines (ERV). This study applied a mixed methods approach to examine the causal pathways underlying the vaccination behaviour during a public health emergency. The integrated evidence from empirical and theoretical-based findings highlights a number of factors to consider in interventions to improve vaccination rates with an ERV. These factors include: 1) providing clear risk messages around the disease and the ERV, 2) improving accessibility to the vaccine, 3) encouraging primary healthcare providers to provide recommendations for vaccination, 4) implementing strategies to increase seasonal influenza vaccination prior to the next public health emergency, 5) developing strategies to target sub-populations more reluctant to accept an ERV. Developing theory-based interventions that are behaviour-specific may be more likely to result in behaviour change within the public in future emergency vaccination campaigns.

本研究採用2013年度台灣社會變遷基本調查計畫數據進行分析，旨在探討在不同災害經驗下，心理資源變化、災害風險知覺與身心狀態的關係，並探討資源獲得是否能作為災後的保護因子，從而降低災害經驗對身心狀態的影響。研究結果發現：（1）資源的流失能部分中介災害經驗（財產損失、心理創傷）下的身心狀態，結果支持Hobfoll的資源保留理論；（2）資源的獲得能降低災害經驗（財產損失）下的無法控制感；（3）對於身心狀態，地震經歷頻率與資源獲得的交互作用能調節身心狀態，即不論經歷頻率多寡，資源的獲得愈多，身心狀態便愈好。控制災害經驗與心理資源獲得的情況下，個體覺得地震發生可能性愈高，身心狀態就愈差。上述結果僅出現在地震災害樣本中，淹水災害則無上述發現。詳細討論見內文。 / The aim of the study is to examine the relationships between change in psychological resources, risk perception and psychological adjustment under different disaster experiences. Using the data from Taiwan Social Change Survey 2013 to test the hypnosis: whether psychological resources gain can directly influenced one’s psychological adjustment, or the resources gain can indirectly reduce the impact of disaster by altering the risk perception. Results showed that: 1) Resources loss can partially mediate the effect between the disaster experiences and psychological adjustment. 2) Resources gain can moderate the effect between disaster loss experiences to risk perception, victims who gain more resources, their controllability of future disaster is higher. 3) Resources gain can moderate the effect between frequency of experiencing disaster and psychological adjustment. After controlling the disaster experience and resources gain, the likelihood of Earthquake recurrence that one believes, can predict his/her psychological adjustment. The above results only found in case of the earthquake disaster, but not in flooding.

Purpose: The construction industry is the industry with the largest amount of accidentseach year. The industry accounts for 20-40 percent of all fatal work accidents. Thereare several reasons why a lot of accidents occur in the industry but most of the accidentsis due to unsafe acts. The aim of the study is to investigate how the situation appearstoday and to present a suggestion to reduce the amount of accident for carpenters in theproduction. This has been done by answering the following questions: Why does accidents happen to carpenters in the production? In which operation, in the production, does most of the accidents occur? What can be given as a proposal to reduce the number of accidents for carpentersin the production stage?Method: Collection of data is mainly relied on interviews of carpenters, supervisorsand site managers. The method that is used is semi-structured interviews, documentanalysis and literature study. The interviews have been done with employees from threedifferent companies.Findings: The study has concluded that most accidents happens on heights and thatthey mostly happens of unsafe acts and that risk perception is not enough.By involving carpenters in the planning state can risks be detected and handled in anearly state. An improved communication between carpenters and the managementresult in discussion about risks and safety improves. The results of this is a saferenvironment and a decrease in work accidents.Implications: Work accidents can decrease through planning where carpenters areincluded in an early state. There should also be an open communication between thecarpenters and the management where safety will be discussed.Limitations: This study is limited to carpenters in the production because a study thatexamines all disciplines are too extensive for 15 HP. The interviews are limited to fivecarpenters, one foreman and two site managers. Because of this the study can´t bequalified to be generalizable though the study is considered transmittable to most of theconstruction companies. / Syfte: Byggbranschen är den bransch med flest antal anmälda yrkesolyckor per år.Branschen står för 20–40 procent av alla dödliga arbetsolyckor. Det finns flera orsakertill varför det sker så mycket olyckor i branschen men majoriteten beror på osäkrahandlingar. Syftet och målet med studien är att undersöka hur situationen ser ut idagsamt lämna ett förslag på hur man kan minska antalet olyckor för snickare iproduktionen. Detta har gjorts genom att besvara följande frågeställning: Varför uppstår det olyckor för snickare i produktionsstadiet? I vilket moment, i produktionen, uppstår det flest olyckor? Vad kan ges som förslag för att minska antalet olyckor för snickare iproduktionsstadiet?Metod: Insamling av data är främst förlitat sig på intervjuer av snickare, arbetsledareoch platschefer. De metoder som har använts i undersökningen är semistruktureradeintervjuer, dokumentanalyser och litteraturstudier. Intervjuerna är genomförda medpersoner från tre olika företag.Resultat: Genom studien har det framkommit att flest olyckor sker vid arbete på höghöjd och att olyckor beror mestadels av osäkra handlingar där riskhanteringen fallerar.Genom att involvera snickare i planeringen av arbetet kan riskmoment upptäckas ochhanteras i ett tidigt stadie. En förbättrad kommunikation mellan snickare och ledningenresulterar i att diskussioner om risker och säkerhet förbättras. Resultatet av detta är ensäkrare arbetsmiljö samt en minskning av arbetsolyckor.Konsekvenser: Arbetet är att arbetsolyckor kan minskas genom planering där snickareinvolveras samt en öppen kommunikation mellan snickare och ledningen där säkerhetkan diskuteras.Begränsningar: Arbetet är begränsat till endast snickare i produktionen då ett arbetesom undersöker alla yrkesgrupper inom byggbranschen blir för omfattande för 15 HP.Då intervjuerna är begränsade till fem snickare, en arbetsledare och två platschefer kanarbetet inte kvalificeras som generaliserbart dock anses arbetet vara överföringsbart påde flesta företag inom branschen.