In 2005 a new recommendation was implemented, IAS 36 "Impairment of intangible assets". The Swedish translation of the recommendation is RR 17. The previous treatment of impairment of goodwill was to amortize it over a certain amount of years. In order for a company to make impairment, they had to estimate the decrease in value of goodwill to be permanent. The new recommendation RR 17 on the other hand states that goodwill should be impaired as soon as an indication of impairment loss is revealed. This implies that the new recommendation shows the fair value of goodwill. Our problem description is; how does the impairment procedure of goodwill in companies applying RR 17 look like? In order to reach the purpose of this study, which is to understand the impairment procedure of goodwill, we used four sub questions; (1) How does goodwill arise? (2) How is goodwill divided between cash generating units? (3) How do stock listed business combinations in accordance with RR 17 estimate whether an impairment loss of goodwill exist or not, in cases where goodwill exist, how is it impaired? (4) How is goodwill revalued and how often? The study has mainly taken a hermeneutic approach because we strive to understand the impairment procedure of goodwill. We conducted a qualitative study, with semi- structured interviews. Four companies, which operate in somewhat different branches, were chosen in order to get a diversified illustration of different business areas and see if there were any differences between them. Our central concepts present general accounting principles as well as accounting principles handling impairment of goodwill, which helps the reader to receive a better understanding of the essential concepts concerning the impairment procedure of goodwill. In the analysis we connect our empirical findings with the central concepts in order to discover more dimensions of the impairment procedure of goodwill. The result from our interviews showed that the companies follow the recommendation RR 17. However we could identify some differences between the companies, which we believe are due to the fact that the companies operate in different business areas and are therefore faced with somewhat diverse risks. Further we could link the differences to be correlated to the mindsets and demands of the companies’ auditors. Finally we want to make the reader aware of the fact that the recommendation RR 17 has so far only been applied in an economic boom and therefore when we conducted this study the need to impair goodwill was very small.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Washington, 2000. / Vita. Includes bibliographical references (p. 183-190).

A Igreja Nossa Senhora Consolata é o espaço sagrado constituído pela comunidade do bairro São Vicente em Boa Vista, estado de Roraima. Este templo, construído no ano de 1983, pelos Missionários da Consolata, com a ajuda e colaboração dos fiéis da comunidade, é consequência dos múltiplos processos socioculturais e religioso pelos quais passou essa comunidade. Este templo, tido como o lugar sagrado, passou recentemente por um processo de reforma e adequação do seu espaço. Tal processo, além de modificar a antiga arquitetura do templo, inseriu novos elementos e símbolos e redimensionou seu espaço dando-lhe uma nova arquitetura. Este trabalho tem como objetivo analisar esse processo de reforma, mas principalmente refletir sobre o significado dos símbolos e ícones que aí foram introduzidos com a reforma. Nesta análise parte-se do princípio de que o templo é o espaço sagrado por excelência na experiência católica cristã e por isso, nele deve conter elementos simbólicos que ajudem a comunicação entre o fiel orante e o seu adorado o ser divino. Portanto, esta reflexão dar-se-á na tentativa de compreender o significado das formas geométricas do templo, bem como dos ícones ai expostos, a saber: o Cristo Pantokrator, a Cruz, os mosaicos do altar e o ícone da Virgem Consolata. Para a realização da mesma, nos utilizamos da metodologia da pesquisa qualitativa, nos apoiando em instrumentos como: pesquisas em arquivos e levantamentos bibliográficos, rodas de conversas e entrevistas. Todo esse trabalho de pesquisa nos fez constatar que o processo de construção do grupo social do bairro de São Vicente de Paulo e da comunidade Nossa Senhora Consolata foi fruto dos diversos encontros e desencontros que dos processos de êxodos ao qual o povo se submeteu (ou foi submetido), imprimindo, assim, um caráter particular naquele grupo religioso. Denota-se, portanto, que criar um espaço de culto, era a motivação para que também, se lutasse por um espaço de vida. E nessas experiências é que o povo foi se descobrindo, foi de sedentarizando e foi se estabelecendo como grupo cultural, social e religioso, garantindo assim, seu território, sua identidade e sua sobrevivência. Seguido nesta perspectiva, podemos dizer que nesse caso o espaço de culto torna-se um fator vital, tanto como expressão das conquistas, como instrumento importante nesse processo histórico, fruto de sua criatividade e ressignificação constante que a vida exige, principalmente, para um povo que soube reinventar a sua própria cultura e seus símbolos. / Our Lady Consolata Church is the holly place made by Saint Vincents community in Boa Vista city, State of Roraima. This temple, built in 1983, by Consolatas missionaries helped by catholic folk who lives in the district where the church is situated, is the result of the many social cultural and religious processes for what this catholic community has passed by. This temple, considered the holly place, suffered actually a reform and reorganizational process of its space. Such process, besides modifying the ancient architecture of the temple, added new elements and symbols and redimensioned its space by giving to it a new architecture. This work has as objective to analyse this process of reform but mainly to reflect about the meaning of the symbols and icons which were added by the reform process. In this analyses we start from the principle which the temple is the most holly place into the Christian catholic experience and because this such place must have symbol elements for helping the communication between prayer believer and theirs worshipped the divine be. Therefore this reflection will be done by trying to understand the meaning of the geometrycal shapes of the temple and all icons in its interior side such as: Cristo Pantokrator, the cross, the mosaics of the altar and Virgin Consolata icon. To come true the analyses we used the qualitative search methodology by taking as investigative tools such elements: searches in archives and bibliographies, talking groups and interviews. All this search work made us to realize that the composition process of the social group of Saint Vincent Pauls district and of Our Lady Consolata Community were the result from several rights and wrongs that is also the result from exodus process which the people was submited (or submited themselves), printind this way, a particular character in that religious group. Understand itself, therefore, that to create a worship space, was the motivation for fighting for a life space too. And in these experiences the folk was descovering itself , it was raising roots and it was growing up as cultural social and religious group by conquering its territory, identity and suverving. Followed in this perspective, we can say that , in this case, the worship space become itself an essential factor, such as conquests expression as important tool in this historic process, result from their creativity and frequent re-meaning required by the life, maily, for a people which knew re-invent own culture and their symbols.

Magíster en Ciencias, Mención Astronomía / Utilizando datos del High cadence Transient Survey (HiTS), inspeccionamos el halo de la Vía Láctea en busca de estrellas variables RR Lyrae distantes (dH >100 kpc). Los datos del proyecto HiTS, diseñado principalmente para encontrar explosiones de supernova en tiempo real, consisten en imágenes tomadas con la Dark Energy Camera que está montada en el telescopio Blanco (4 m) del Observatorio Inter-Americano de Cerro Tololo, en tres campañas distintas, y cubren con gran profundidad ~ 200 grados cuadrados del Halo. Como resultado, identificamos un total de 332 RR Lyrae (173 en los datos tomados el año 2014 y 159 con datos del 2015), cubriendo un rango de distancias desde ~ 9 hasta ~ 260 kpc, aproximadamente. De acuerdo con nuestro estudio, dentro del grupo de RR Lyrae encontradas al menos 18 están a más de 90 kpc del Sol (16 más allá de 100 kpc). El análisis del catálogo creado nos permitió estudiar la distribución espacial de RR Lyrae y relacionar tres sobredensidades con galaxias enanas esferoidales conocidas (Sextans, Leo IV y Leo V). Lo anterior se utilizó como validación de ideas asociadas al uso de RR Lyrae para el descubrimiento de galaxias de ultra-baja luminosidad difíciles de detectar con otros métodos. Usando la distribución espacial de las estrellas encontradas con HiTS 2014, construimos y analizamos perfiles de densidad de la Vía Láctea, de la forma rho(r) ~ r^{-n}. Siguiendo una metodología de Monte Carlo vía cadenas de Markov, encontramos que el perfil que mejor ajusta a los datos es un perfil simple, con n=-4.18^{+0.18}_{-0.19}. Sin embargo, el ajuste de un perfil con quiebre es también válido, con el quiebre en R_b=19.34^{+10.66}_{-3.16} kpc, y pendientes interna y externa de n_1=-3.47^{+2.26}_{-1.32} y n_2=-4.23^{+0.33}_{-0.25}, respectivamente. / Using data from the High cadence Transient Survey (HiTS), we inspected the halo of the Milky Way looking for distant RR Lyrae variable stars (dH >100 kpc). The HiTS project, which was originally designed to find supernovae explosions in real time, consists of images taken with the Dark Energy Camera mounted at the Blanco telescope (4 m) at the Cerro Tololo Inter-American Observatory during three different campaigns, covering 200 sq. degrees of the Galactic halo. We identified a total of 332 RR Lyrae stars (173 with data from HiTS 2014, and 159 with HiTS 2015), covering a range in distance from ~ 9 to ~ 260 kpc. According to this study, within our sample of RR Lyrae stars at least 18 are beyond 90 kpc from the Sun (and 16 beyond 100 kpc). The analysis of the catalog allowed us to study the spatial distribution of RR Lyrae stars and to associate three ovendensities with known dwarf spheroidal galaxies (Sextans, Leo~IV y Leo~V). We used this as a proof-of-concept for ideas about the role of RR Lyrae in the discovery of ultra-faint dwarf galaxies that might be difficult to find by other methods. Using the spatial distribution of RR Lyrae from HiTS 2014, we built and analyzed number density profiles of the Milky Way, of the form rho(r) ~ r^{-n}. Following a Markov chain Monte Carlo methodology, we found that the best fit for the data is a simple power law with n=-4.18^{+0.18}_{-0.19}. However, fitting a broken profile is also valid, with a break at R_b=19.34^{+10.66}_{-3.16} kpc, and inner/outer slope of n_1=-3.47^{+2.26}_{-1.32}/n_2=-4.23^{+0.33}_{-0.25}. / Este trabajo ha sido parcialmente financiado por la Comisión Nacional de Investigación Científica y Tecnológica (CONICYT) y el Instituto Milenio de Astrofísica (MAS)

The aim of this master's thesis is to select a suitable option to replace outdated hardware equipment of the company RR Donnelley Prague s.r.o.. In the theoretical part, terms 'virtualization', 'cloud' and their models are explained. Next, RR Donnelley Prague is described and the current situation in terms of hardware infrastructure and outsourced services is analysed. The practical part contains a recommendation of possible solutions of the situation described and, particularly, a selection of criteria assessed and a multi-criteria evaluation of proposed solutions. To estimate weights of the criteria, a scoring method and a paired comparison method is applied. The multi-criteria evaluation of options uses the weighted sum method and TOPSIS. In the end, results of the applied methods are compared and benefits of the thesis for the company and the author are quantified.

Made available in DSpace on 2017-06-01T18:12:55Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 francisco_mario_ribeiro_castro.pdf: 5466182 bytes, checksum: 1631b4b05f0a6efbcb00c2979780fd20 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-08-31 / Our Lady Consolata Church is the holly place made by Saint Vincent s community in Boa Vista city, State of Roraima. This temple, built in 1983, by Consolata s missionaries helped by catholic folk who lives in the district where the church is situated, is the result of the many social cultural and religious processes for what this catholic community has passed by. This temple, considered the holly place, suffered actually a reform and reorganizational process of its space. Such process, besides modifying the ancient architecture of the temple, added new elements and symbols and redimensioned its space by giving to it a new architecture. This work has as objective to analyse this process of reform but mainly to reflect about the meaning of the symbols and icons which were added by the reform process. In this analyses we start from the principle which the temple is the most holly place into the Christian catholic experience and because this such place must have symbol elements for helping the communication between prayer believer and theirs worshipped the divine be. Therefore this reflection will be done by trying to understand the meaning of the geometrycal shapes of the temple and all icons in its interior side such as: Cristo Pantokrator, the cross, the mosaics of the altar and Virgin Consolata icon. To come true the analyses we used the qualitative search methodology by taking as investigative tools such elements: searches in archives and bibliographies, talking groups and interviews. All this search work made us to realize that the composition process of the social group of Saint Vincent Paul s district and of Our Lady Consolata Community were the result from several rights and wrongs that is also the result from exodus process which the people was submited (or submited themselves), printind this way, a particular character in that religious group. Understand itself, therefore, that to create a worship space, was the motivation for fighting for a life space too. And in these experiences the folk was descovering itself , it was raising roots and it was growing up as cultural social and religious group by conquering its territory, identity and suverving. Followed in this perspective, we can say that , in this case, the worship space become itself an essential factor, such as conquests expression as important tool in this historic process, result from their creativity and frequent re-meaning required by the life, maily, for a people which knew re-invent own culture and their symbols. / A Igreja Nossa Senhora Consolata é o espaço sagrado constituído pela comunidade do bairro São Vicente em Boa Vista, estado de Roraima. Este templo, construído no ano de 1983, pelos Missionários da Consolata, com a ajuda e colaboração dos fiéis da comunidade, é consequência dos múltiplos processos socioculturais e religioso pelos quais passou essa comunidade. Este templo, tido como o lugar sagrado, passou recentemente por um processo de reforma e adequação do seu espaço. Tal processo, além de modificar a antiga arquitetura do templo, inseriu novos elementos e símbolos e redimensionou seu espaço dando-lhe uma nova arquitetura. Este trabalho tem como objetivo analisar esse processo de reforma, mas principalmente refletir sobre o significado dos símbolos e ícones que aí foram introduzidos com a reforma. Nesta análise parte-se do princípio de que o templo é o espaço sagrado por excelência na experiência católica cristã e por isso, nele deve conter elementos simbólicos que ajudem a comunicação entre o fiel orante e o seu adorado o ser divino. Portanto, esta reflexão dar-se-á na tentativa de compreender o significado das formas geométricas do templo, bem como dos ícones ai expostos, a saber: o Cristo Pantokrator, a Cruz, os mosaicos do altar e o ícone da Virgem Consolata. Para a realização da mesma, nos utilizamos da metodologia da pesquisa qualitativa, nos apoiando em instrumentos como: pesquisas em arquivos e levantamentos bibliográficos, rodas de conversas e entrevistas. Todo esse trabalho de pesquisa nos fez constatar que o processo de construção do grupo social do bairro de São Vicente de Paulo e da comunidade Nossa Senhora Consolata foi fruto dos diversos encontros e desencontros que dos processos de êxodos ao qual o povo se submeteu (ou foi submetido), imprimindo, assim, um caráter particular naquele grupo religioso. Denota-se, portanto, que criar um espaço de culto, era a motivação para que também, se lutasse por um espaço de vida. E nessas experiências é que o povo foi se descobrindo, foi de sedentarizando e foi se estabelecendo como grupo cultural, social e religioso, garantindo assim, seu território, sua identidade e sua sobrevivência. Seguido nesta perspectiva, podemos dizer que nesse caso o espaço de culto torna-se um fator vital, tanto como expressão das conquistas, como instrumento importante nesse processo histórico, fruto de sua criatividade e ressignificação constante que a vida exige, principalmente, para um povo que soube reinventar a sua própria cultura e seus símbolos.

An accounting issue that has received attention is the issue of identification of intangible assets in acquisitions. This is because the company's result can be different depending on how much the company chooses to identify intangible assets separated from goodwill. As the practice for identification of intangible assets lacks clarity, companies are able to account for this in different ways. In this study, the manner in which identification of intangible assets are managed by companies listed on Swedish multilateral trading facilities and the manner in which companies distribute the purchase sum on net tangible assets, intangible assets and goodwill in comparison with listed companies is examined. The study emanates from a systems approach and is descriptive. It seeks to describe the concerns relating to identification of intangible assets in acquisitions rather than creating general conclusions. It alos emanates from a quantitative method where data is gathered from annual reports from the companies in question for the year 2012. The result showed that listed companies identified more intangible assets separated from goodwill. At the same time it was not possible to determine if this depended on whether or not the companies listed on multilateral trading facilities were better or worse than listed companies in the accounting of acquisitions. It also emerged that the information concerning acquisitions in annual reports left much to be desired. To improve the identification of intangible assets, clearer practice is required as well as auditors speaking up on the issue. / Ett uppmärksammat redovisningsproblem är identifiering av immateriella tillgångar vid företagsförvärv. Företagets resultat kan bli annorlunda beroende på hur företaget väljer att identifiera immateriella tillgångar skilt från goodwill. Då praxis kring identifiering av immateriella tillgångar saknar tydlighet lämnas utrymme för företag att redovisa immateriella tillgångar på olika sätt. I studien undersöks hur identifiering av immateriella tillgångar hanteras av företag på svenska Multilateral Trading Facilities (MTF) och hur dessa företag fördelar köpeskillingen på netto materiella tillgångar, immateriella tillgångar och goodwill i jämförelse med börsnoterade företag. Studien utgår ifrån ett systemsynsätt och är deskriptiv. Uppsatsen syftar därför till att beskriva problematiken kring identifiering av immateriella tillgångar vid ett företagsförvärv snarare än att skapa generella slutsatser. Studien utgår från en kvantitativ metod där data samlas in från årsredovisningar för de aktuella företagen för år 2012. Resultatet visade att börsnoterade företag identifierade mer immateriella tillgångar skilt från goodwill. Samtidigt gick det inte att avgöra om det berodde på att företag på MTF:er var bättre eller sämre än börsnoterade företag i redovisningen av företagsförvärv. Utöver detta framkom dessutom att informationen kring företagsförvärv i årsredovisningen lämnar mycket att önska. För att förbättra identifieringen av immateriella tillgångar krävs tydligare praxis samt att revisorerna vågar säga ifrån.

L'activation des cellules B est connue pour s’accompagner de remodelages des gènes d’immunoglobulines qui permettent la maturation d'affinité des régions variables d'Ig par hypermutation somatique SHM et la commutation de classe CSR. Ces deux processus sont sous le contrôle de la région régulatrice 3’ (3’RR) du locus IgH. Pendant la CSR, le locus IgH subit des changements tridimensionnels mettant les régions switch ciblés par AID à proximité de la région 3’RR afin de faciliter la recombinaison. La sous-unité MED1 du complexe Médiateur favorise cette interaction à longue distance avec la 3’RR mais elle intervient aussi dans la transcription germinale qui précède la CSR afin de faciliter l’activité d’AID. Comme récemment démontré chez la souris, la région 3’RR peut aussi être ciblée par des recombinaison médiée par AID, mais contrairement à la CSR, ce type de recombinaison qui joint la région Sμ et la 3’RR et qui s’appelle recombinaison suicide du locus IgH ou LSR entraîne une délétion complète de l’ensemble des gènes constants conduisant à la mort des cellules B par la perte de l’expression du BCR. Nous montrons maintenant que la LSR médiée par AID se produit aussi dans les cellules B humaines activées avec les deux régions 3’RR (3’RR1 en aval de Cα1 et 3’RR2 en aval de Cα2) et qui peut toucher l’allèle fonctionnel mais elle peut aussi être biallélique marqué par une quasi-absence de ce type de recombinaison dans les plasmocytes de la moelle mais aussi dans les cellules B mémoires quiescents du sang et qui peut par contre être réinduite à haut niveau lorsque les cellules B mémoires sont réactivées. Toutes nos conditions de stimulation utilisées in-vitro induit la LSR, sans permettre de discerner comment se fait « le choix » entre la CSR et la LSR. Nos résultats montrent par contre que la sous-unité MED1 semble influencer la transcription de la 3’RR et la recombinaison LSR chez la souris. L’inactivation conditionnelle de MED1 influence l’accessibilité transcriptionnelle et donc les recombinaisons sans affecter les marques épigénétiques du locus IgH. Cette étude de MED1 a aussi révélé que l’ensemble des processus stimulés par l’IgH 3’RR sont « Médiateur-dépendants » (SHM, CSR sans distinction de la cis et la trans-CSR, expression augmentée du locus dans les plasmocytes…), comme semble l’être également le processus de choix des segments variables au cours des réarrangements VHDJH. / B-cell activation is accompanied by remodeling of immunoglobulin genes resulting in affinity maturation of Ig variable regions by somatic hypermutation (SHM) and class switch recombination (CSR). These two processes are under the control of the 3' regulatory region (3’RR) of the IgH locus. During CSR, the IgH locus undergoes three dimensional changes bringing the AID-targeted switch regions near the 3'RR region to facilitate recombination. The MED1 subunit of the Mediator complex promotes this long-distance interaction with the 3'RR, but it is also implicated in germinal transcription preceding CSR in order to facilitate AID activity. As recently demonstrated in mice, the 3'RR region can also be targeted by AID-mediated recombination, but unlike CSR, this type of recombination joining the Sμ region and 3'RR (called Locus Suicide Recombination or LSR) results in a complete deletion of all the constant genes leading to B-cell death by loss of B Cell Receptor expression. We now show that AID-mediated LSR also occurs in activated human B cells with the two 3'RR (3'RR1downstream of Cα1 and 3'RR2 downstream of Cα2) and affects the functional allele. It can also be bi-allelic marked by the absence of this type of recombination in plasma cells of the bone marrow but also in quiescent blood memory B cells. LSR occurs at high level when the memory B cells are reactivated. All in-vitro stimulations induce LSR, without identifying conditions favoring either CSR and the LSR. Our results also show that the MED1 subunit appears to influence 3’ RR transcription and LSR in mice. Conditional inactivation of MED1 influences transcriptional accessibility and therefore recombination without affecting epigenetic markers of the IgH locus. This study also revealed that all the processes controlled by the 3'RR are "mediator -dependent" (SHM, CSR without distinction between Cis and Trans -CSR, increased expression of the IgH locus in the plasma cells ...), as well as the choice of varia ble segments during VDJH rearrangements

Slums bilden einen wesentlichen Bestandteil vieler Stadtregionen des globalen Südens, wobei Indien die höchste Zahl an Slumbewohnern beherbergt. Die internationalen Unterschiede in der Definition des Begriffs "Slum" sowie Mängel bei der Datenerfassung haben eine hohe Fehlerwahrscheinlichkeit bei der Aufnahme von Slumbevölkerungszahlen und -standorten in globalem, nationalem und städtischem Massstab zur Folge. Das Hauptziel dieser Dissertation besteht darin, eine Vorgehensweise zur automatischen Erkennung von Slums mit Hilfe von hochauflösenden Satellitenbildern zu entwickeln, und diese Methode in der indischen Metropole Hyderabad anzuwenden. Diese Arbeit entwickelt ein mehrstufiges Satellitenbildbearbeitungsverfahren, welches in der Lage ist, eine schnelle Slumerkennung in Hyderabad durchzuführen. Das Verfahren beruht auf dem Verhältnis zwischen einem bestimmten Bereich räumlicher Heterogenität, ausgedrückt durch Lakunarität, und der Wahrscheinlichkeit, dass die Struktur eines Gebietes der Oberflächenstruktur eines Slums entspricht. Die Anwendung der hier vorgeschlagenen Methode produzierte zum ersten Mal einen plausiblen, räumlich kohärenten und politisch unverzerrten Datensatz über Slumstandorte und Slumbevölkerung für das gesamte Stadtgebiet von Hyderabad. Die Ergebnisse verdeutlichen die Unstimmigkeiten bei der bisherigen Erfassung der Slumbevölkerungszahlen sowie bei der offiziellen Anerkennung von Slums. Die multitemporale Satellitenbildauswertung zeigt ein Wachstum der Slumbevölkerungszahlen im Grossraum Hyderabad an und bietet Einblick in den zeitlich-räumlichen Slumwachstumprozess zwischen den Jahren 2003 und 2010. Diese Dissertation stellt einen wissenschaftlichen Beitrag zu den Themen Fernerkundung der Siedlungen und fortgeschrittene Bildbearbeitungsmethoden dar und bietet den unterschiedlichsten Parteien, für welche Slumdaten von Bedeutung sind, ein wichtiges Instrument. / Slums are a pervasive feature of many urban regions in the global South, with India hosting the largest number of the global slum dwellers. Differences in slum definitions across countries and deficiencies of data collection are the cause of a large error margin in establishing slum population numbers and slum locations at a global, national and city scale. The main goal of this thesis is to develop an approach to automated identification of slums using sub-metre resolution satellite imagery, and to apply the new method to the slum-plagued South Indian megacity of Hyderabad. This dissertation establishes a multi-step satellite imagery analysis framework, which is capable of performing rapid identification of slums in Hyderabad without extensive ground surveys or manual image analysis. It is based on the relation of a specific range of spatial heterogeneity expressed through lacunarity to the probability of an area to be morphologically similar to the surface texture of a slum. The application of the proposed method has for the first time produced plausible, spatially coherent and politically unbiased slum coverage and slum population datasets for the whole of Hyderabad. The results expose inconsistencies in slum population data reporting and the slum recognition process currently in place in the city. The analysis of multitemporal remote sensing data indicates a considerable slum population increase in the metropolitan area of Hyderabad and provides an insight into spatiotemporal slum development patterns between the years 2003 and 2010. This dissertation contributes to the body of knowledge on remote sensing of human settlements and advanced image processing techniques and presents an essential instrument to be used by a the United Nations bodies, national and city governments as well as non-governmental organisations engaged in slum-related work.

No description available.