Diese Arbeit entwickelt zunächst einen Ansatz, der die Quantifizierung der Angemessenheit von Lebensbedingungen für Wohlbefinden und Entwicklung (Adequate Human livelihood conditions for wEll-being And Development (AHEAD)) auf globaler Ebene ermöglicht. Der Ansatz erlaubt es, sektorale Klimaauswirkungen direkt in Beziehung zu den Voraussetzungen für adäquate Lebensbedingungen zu setzen. Weiterhin befasst sich die Arbeit im Detail mit den Themen Wasserverfügbarkeit und menschlicher Gesundheit und zeigt auf, wie regionale und lokale Untersuchungen die Aussagekraft von allgemeinen, globalen Studien erweitern können. Die Ergebnisse des zeigen, dass Wasser als Element von AHEAD eine besonders aktive Komponente des Systems ist, so dass durch Klimawandel bedingte Veränderungen starke Auswirkungen auf das Gesamtsystem zur Folge haben können. Die Quantifizierung von AHEAD zeigt außerdem, dass Wasserknappheit die Lebensbedingungen bereits heute in vielen Regionen limitiert und Auswirkungen des Klimawandels diese Limitierungen weiter verstärken. Die detaillierte Analyse zum Thema Wasser ermöglicht die Ableitung von geeigneten Ansatzpunkten zur Verbesserung der Bedingungen. In einem ähnlichen Ansatz werden die vielfältigen sozio-ökonomischen und natürlichen Einflussfaktoren, die die Auswirkungen von Hitzestress auf die menschliche Gesundheit beeinflussen integriert, so dass die Ableitung relevanter Informationen zur Reduktion von Klimaauswirkungen auf das menschliche Wohlbefinden möglich wird. Eine Verbindung der vorgestellten Ansätze erlaubt es, Aussagen über die Art, die Intensität sowie die räumliche Ausprägung von aktuellen und zukünftigen Einschränkungen von Lebensbedingungen zu treffen. / This thesis develops an approach to assess Adequate Human livelihood conditions for wEll-being And Development (AHEAD) on a global scale. The approach allows to relate sectoral impacts of climate change to an integrated measure of livelihood limitations, taking into account important determinants of the society as well as the environment. Additionally, detailed sectoral studies on water availability and human health show how local and regional studies of specific livelihood aspects can complement generic, global assessments and provide an overall indication of the nature, severity and spatial distribution of limitations to human livelihoods. The results show, that water as an element of AHEAD is one of the most active system components. Impacts of climate change on water may have strong indirect effects on livelihood adequacy. The potential impacts of changes in water availability on AHEAD are quantified, showing that water scarcity limits livelihood adequacy in many regions of the world. The utilisation of an ensemble of climate change and water models further allows to assess the relevance of model related uncertainty in this regard. As water availability plays a crucial role for the fulfilment of livelihood needs, the global assessment is complemented by a detailed analysis of the adequacy of water availability for relevant sectors. By taking into account sector-specific determinants, the approach allows to depict limitations in detail, also giving indications as to how water adequacy may be improved. Similarly, the analysis of heatwave impacts on human health provides a methodology to assess the multiple environmental and human influences which affect vulnerability and provides specific information on potential adaptation measures to reduce climate impacts. By identifying the most decisive limiting factors, applicable information on how to most effectively improve human livelihoods is generated.

Essa pesquisa buscou comparar as tecnologias transgênica (soja RR e manejo com glifosato) e convencional (soja e manejo convencionais) quanto à maior tolerância à ferrugem asiática (Phakopsora pachyrhizi) e obtenção de genótipos promissores para produtividade de grãos (PG) e tamanho das sementes (representado pelo peso de cem sementes, PCS). Foram avaliadas 200 progênies F2:5 e F2:6 oriundas de dois dialelos parciais 5 x 2, ambos com cinco genitores de alta produtividade de óleo (USP 70.108, USP 70.010, USP 70.113, USP 70.007 e USP 70.042) em cruzamentos com: (1) duas cultivares elites convencionais (BRS 133 e Conquista); (2) suas versões essencialmente derivadas transgênicas (BRS 245 RR e BRS Valiosa RR). Os experimentos envolveram: a) dois manejos com herbicidas, manejo convencional para soja convencional e manejo com glifosato para a soja RR; b) dois manejos de fungicidas, sendo um experimento com aplicações sucessivas de Opera & Nativo (O&N, para controle da ferrugem e das doenças de final de ciclo, DFC) e outro experimento com aplicações de Derosal para controle apenas das DFC. O efeito da ferrugem para cada genótipo foi expresso pela taxa de reação da ferrugem sobre a produtividade (FP) e o tamanho das sementes (FT), calculados pelas diferenças entre médias ajustadas de PG e PCS nos dois experimentos com fungicidas. As comparações foram feitas em análises de variância, testes de médias e de parâmetros de capacidade de combinação. O controle da ferrugem com fungicidas (O&N) resultou em maiores médias de PG e PCS. Houve grande variação entre os efeitos de capacidades geral e específica, com destaque dos genitores USP 70.108, USP 70.010 e BRS 133 para PG e FP. O genitor mais divergente e com dominância positiva para PG foi USP 70.042. As duas tecnologias foram numericamente semelhantes para tolerância à ferrugem (FP e FT). A tecnologia convencional apresentou a vantagem de ser estatisticamente mais produtiva (PG e PCS) do que a tecnologia transgênica. Por outro lado, a tecnologia transgênica tem a vantagem de ter uso mais fácil e menor custo de cultivo aos produtores. / This research aimed to compare the performance of transgenic (RR soybean and management with glyphosate) and conventional (conventional soybean and herbicides) technologies for tolerance to rust (Phakopsora pachyrhizi ) and obtaining promising genotypes for seed yield and size (represented by the weight of one hundred seeds, PCS). A total of 200 progenies were evaluated in F2:5 and F2:6 generations; these progenies were obtained in two partial diallel 5 x 2, both involving five parents with high oil yield (USP 70.108, USP 70.010, USP 70.113, USP 70.007 and USP 70.042) in crosses with: (1) two elites conventional cultivars (BRS 133 and Conquista); (2) their essentially derived transgenic versions (BRS 245 RR and BRS Valiosa RR). The experiments involved: a) two managements with herbicides: conventional management for conventional soybean and management based in glyphosate herbicide to RR soybean; b) two managements with fungicides: an experiment with successive applications of Opera & Native (O&N, fungicides that control rust and late season leaf diseases, DFC), and another experiment with Derosal applications (fungicide that controls only DFC). The effect of rust for each genotype was expressed by the rate of reaction to rust on seed yield (FP) and on seed size (FT) as calculated from the differences in seed yield (PG) and seed size (PCS) between adjusted means in the two experiments with different fungicides. The soybean genotypes were compared by analysis of variance, multiple comparisons and parameter estimation of combining ability. In general, the control of rust with fungicides (O&N) resulted in higher means of PG and PCS. There was great variation among the effects of general and specific combining abilities, with major outstanding of USP 70.108, USP 70.010, and BRS 133 parents for PG and FP. The parent USP 70.042 was the most divergent and showed positive dominance for PG. Both technologies were numerically similar for FP and FT. The conventional technology has the advantage to be statistically more productive (PG and PCS) than transgenic technology. However, the transgenic technology has the advantage to be easier to use and less expensive to soybean producers.

<p>Background: At the turn of the year 2004/2005, IAS 19 replaced Tryggandelagen (TrL) and RR 29 as the accounting standard in Swedish concerns. This introduction was associated with a certain apprehension for the possible changes in the companies’ pension liabilities and equity.</p><p>Purpose: To illustrate the difficulties of the introduction of IAS 19 by observing how it differs from TrL, and what kind of problems these differences can cause.</p><p>Procedure: Individuals who are well up in, and work with pension liabilities have been interviewed. After this follows an example of the calculated pension liability of a company, to illustrate the differences between the calculations according to TrL and IAS 19. To conclude the chapter, a comparison between a number of companies from the Stockholm stock exchange is made to establish their various actuarial assumptions.</p><p>Method: The essay mainly follows the qualitative research method, since this method is more appropriate when the substance in the matter is based on detailed differences and opinions.</p><p>Results and conclusions: The introduction of IAS 19 has taken time and been an expensive matter, although the expenses weren’t as great as feared. The introduction gave positive effects, such as an increased control of the pension liabilities. Because of this, there is a positive attitude towards IAS among the accounting profession. However, problems connected with the introduction have occurred, such as complicated procedures and “teething troubles”, but the advantages and disadvantages make up for the other.</p><p>The companies’ right of self-determination when it comes to actuarial assumptions seems to cause problems with for example the transparency. Therefore it is recommended that the companies should have to justify their choice of assumptions. It is also recommended that there should be more specified criteria of which assumptions that should be included in the annual report.</p> / <p>Bakgrund: Vid årsskiftet 2004/2005 ersatte IAS 19 Tryggandelagen (TrL) och RR 29 som redovisningsstandard i svenska koncerner. Det här införandet förknippades med en viss oro över förändringar i företagens pensionsskulder och eget kapital.</p><p>Syfte: Att belysa svårigheterna vid införandet av IAS 19 genom att se hur IAS 19 skiljer sig från Tryggandelagen och vilka problem som de här skillnaderna kan medföra.</p><p>Tillvägagångssätt: Personer som arbetar med och är väl insatta i ämnet redovisning av pensionsskulder intervjuas. Företagsexempel visas för att belysa skillnader vid uträkning av pensionsskulder enligt TrL och IAS 19. Avslutningsvis görs en jämförelse mellan ett antal företag på Stockholmsbörsen för att visa deras olika aktuariella antaganden.</p><p>Metod: Huvudsakligen följer uppsatsen den kvalitativa forskningsmetoden eftersom den metoden lämpar sig bäst för att få substans i materialet som baseras på detaljerade skillnader och åsikter.</p><p>Resultat och slutsatser: Införandet av IAS 19 har tagit tid och varit kostsamt, men kostnaden blev inte lika stor som befarat. Införandet gav positiva fördelar, såsom ökad kontroll av kostnaden för pensionsförpliktelser. Därför råder en positiv inställning till IAS bland redovisningsprofessionen. Problem i form av både komplicerat förfarande och barnsjukdomar finns sammankopplat med införandet, men fördelarna uppväger nackdelarna.</p><p>Företagens självbestämmanderätt gällandes de aktuariella antagandena förefaller kunna orsaka problem med bland annat transparensen. Därför rekommenderas motivering av antagandena och mer specifika regler för vilka antaganden som ska anges i årsredovisningarna.</p>

Background: At the turn of the year 2004/2005, IAS 19 replaced Tryggandelagen (TrL) and RR 29 as the accounting standard in Swedish concerns. This introduction was associated with a certain apprehension for the possible changes in the companies’ pension liabilities and equity. Purpose: To illustrate the difficulties of the introduction of IAS 19 by observing how it differs from TrL, and what kind of problems these differences can cause. Procedure: Individuals who are well up in, and work with pension liabilities have been interviewed. After this follows an example of the calculated pension liability of a company, to illustrate the differences between the calculations according to TrL and IAS 19. To conclude the chapter, a comparison between a number of companies from the Stockholm stock exchange is made to establish their various actuarial assumptions. Method: The essay mainly follows the qualitative research method, since this method is more appropriate when the substance in the matter is based on detailed differences and opinions. Results and conclusions: The introduction of IAS 19 has taken time and been an expensive matter, although the expenses weren’t as great as feared. The introduction gave positive effects, such as an increased control of the pension liabilities. Because of this, there is a positive attitude towards IAS among the accounting profession. However, problems connected with the introduction have occurred, such as complicated procedures and “teething troubles”, but the advantages and disadvantages make up for the other. The companies’ right of self-determination when it comes to actuarial assumptions seems to cause problems with for example the transparency. Therefore it is recommended that the companies should have to justify their choice of assumptions. It is also recommended that there should be more specified criteria of which assumptions that should be included in the annual report. / Bakgrund: Vid årsskiftet 2004/2005 ersatte IAS 19 Tryggandelagen (TrL) och RR 29 som redovisningsstandard i svenska koncerner. Det här införandet förknippades med en viss oro över förändringar i företagens pensionsskulder och eget kapital. Syfte: Att belysa svårigheterna vid införandet av IAS 19 genom att se hur IAS 19 skiljer sig från Tryggandelagen och vilka problem som de här skillnaderna kan medföra. Tillvägagångssätt: Personer som arbetar med och är väl insatta i ämnet redovisning av pensionsskulder intervjuas. Företagsexempel visas för att belysa skillnader vid uträkning av pensionsskulder enligt TrL och IAS 19. Avslutningsvis görs en jämförelse mellan ett antal företag på Stockholmsbörsen för att visa deras olika aktuariella antaganden. Metod: Huvudsakligen följer uppsatsen den kvalitativa forskningsmetoden eftersom den metoden lämpar sig bäst för att få substans i materialet som baseras på detaljerade skillnader och åsikter. Resultat och slutsatser: Införandet av IAS 19 har tagit tid och varit kostsamt, men kostnaden blev inte lika stor som befarat. Införandet gav positiva fördelar, såsom ökad kontroll av kostnaden för pensionsförpliktelser. Därför råder en positiv inställning till IAS bland redovisningsprofessionen. Problem i form av både komplicerat förfarande och barnsjukdomar finns sammankopplat med införandet, men fördelarna uppväger nackdelarna. Företagens självbestämmanderätt gällandes de aktuariella antagandena förefaller kunna orsaka problem med bland annat transparensen. Därför rekommenderas motivering av antagandena och mer specifika regler för vilka antaganden som ska anges i årsredovisningarna.

Este trabalho consiste em um estudo de caso sobre a realidade da disciplina Ensino Religioso, tal como foi ministrada, entre 2014 e 2015, em duas escolas de Boa Vista, Roraima uma da rede pública e outra do sistema particular de ensino buscando oferecer subsídios para formulação de uma resposta equilibrada à pergunta feita por alunos, pais, professores: aula de religião, pra quê?. Partiu-se da constatação que a inclusão, na grade escolar, da disciplina Ensino Religiosa, nem sempre traz os resultados esperados. Sendo essa inclusão permitida pela Constituição brasileira e pela Lei de Diretrizes e Bases da Educação Nacional, como garantir que os currículos assegurem o respeito à diversidade de credos e coíbam o proselitismo? Diante dos riscos, faz sentido oferecer a disciplina na rede pública? Buscou-se, então a compreensão dos procedimentos metodológicos e recursos didáticos utilizados pelos docentes da disciplina de Ensino Religioso nas turmas estudadas, analisando as diferentes propostas para o seu ensino, além de identificar semelhanças e diferenças entre a abordagem docente dos sistemas público e particular das escolas estudadas, procurando oferecer elementos para uma melhora do Ensino Religioso e para a implementação de mecanismos que possam minimizar os riscos do preconceito e do proselitismo. / This paper consists on a case study as taught, between 2014 and 2015, in two schools from the city of Boa Vista, Roraima - one from the state education system, and the other from the private one - seeking to offer enough data for formulating a balanced response to a question from students, parents and teachers: "religion education, what for?". The starting point was the observation that including Religious Education in the official curriculum does not always bring the expected results. But since that inclusion was allowed by the Brazilian Constitution and the Law of Directives and Bases of National Education, how can the state guarantee that the curricula ensures the respect for diversity of creeds and how to restrain proselytizing? Given the risks, does it make sense to offer the discipline in the state education system? We aimed then to understand the methodological procedures and teaching resources used by teachers of religious education in the studied groups, analyzing the different proposals of religious education, identifying similarities and differences between the teaching approaches of the public and private systems of education and trying to offer elements for an improvement of the Religious Education and the implementation of mechanisms to minimize the risks of prejudice and proselytizing.

Esta Dissertação aborda as questões relacionadas ao Ensino Religioso nas escolas públicas em Boa Vista, como uma contribuição epistemológica para a formação do cidadão e da cidadania, sobre a sua aceitação ou negação dentro do ambiente escolar. O Ensino Religioso é uma disciplina pouco valorizada ainda nas escolas, porém a sua importância precisa ser compreendida de maneira mais eloquente, para que todos tenham conhecimento sobre a sua base e que valores e princípios podem trazer para a vida do cidadão. A visão da sociedade sobre o papel do Ensino Religioso para os alunos é algo que necessita ser mudado, é preciso seu reconhecimento perante o conjunto de outras áreas de conhecimento de tal igual valor enquanto um saber. Compreender a importância dos conteúdos trabalhados nesta disciplina possibilitará tanto os professores, como alunos e sociedade aprofundarem-se em relação a cada momento abordado neste processo. Saber que a referida disciplina não tem o intuito de catequizar os alunos ou instruí-los a seguir determinada religião, não é seu objetivo doutrinar qualquer pessoa. A pesquisa toma como referência empírica, duas escolas de Boa Vista RR. O estudo aprofundará, no primeiro momento, O Ensino Religioso nos contextos Teórico, Metodológico e Tópicos do Ensino Religioso no Brasil. No segundo momento, será analisado O Estado de Roraima e o Ensino Religioso, para que se possa conhecer como o trabalho com esta disciplina tem sido desenvolvido ao longo do tempo. E no terceiro momento, será abordada e estudada A relação entre professores e alunos com relação à Disciplina de Ensino Religioso. Para a pesquisa, inicialmente foram feitos estudos bibliográficos para que se pudesse conhecer como o Ensino Religioso chegou ao Brasil e quais seus fundamentos e diretrizes no contexto educacional Nacional. Posteriormente pesquisaram quais as primeiras manifestações educacionais religiosas no Estado de Roraima e depois se realizou um estudo de caso em duas escolas pública da capital, sobre qual a opinião de professores e alunos sobre a forma como esta disciplina vem sendo trabalhada, quais suas perspectivas, questionamentos e apontamentos que cada pesquisado expressa.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-07-29T16:24:17Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Janine Mesquita Goncalves.pdf: 4483420 bytes, checksum: b7bd509097f70a385369f3019e4dad00 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-02-27 / The soybean is grown and consumed throughout the world. Brazilian production is concentrated mainly in the Mid-South. However, few studies on the accumulation of nutrients are made for improving the efficiency of production processes. We talk about the best fertilizer and sophisticated defensive, but if the plant does not respond well to all these stimuli do not result in profits for producers and more food for the population. The advent of transgenic cultivars reduced production costs, but the accumulation of nutrients in these plants is unknown. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the accumulation of nutrients in conventional and transgenic cultivars subjected to the same conditions. The experiment was conducted at the Federal Institute Goiano - Urutaí Campus, from 12 November 2010 to 15 April 2011. We collected whole soybean plants at 20, 40, 60, 80 and 100 days after planting. The plants were taken to the laboratory washed in tap water and divided into stems, leaves, flowers and pods, passed in distilled water, dried in a forced air at 70 ° C and ground in Willey type mill. We analyzed the N, P, K, Ca, Mg, S, Cu, Fe, Mn and Zn. The results were subjected to analysis of variance, means and regression testing. It was concluded that the greatest accumulation of biomass and thus nutrient does not guarantee high yields in soybean. / A cultura da soja é plantada e consumida em todo o mundo. A produção brasileira concentra-se principalmente na região Centro-Sul. Porém, poucos estudos sobre o acúmulo de nutrientes são realizados para melhoria da eficiência dos processos produtivos. Fala-se em melhores adubos e sofisticados defensivos, mas se a planta não responder bem a todos estes estímulos, não resultará em lucros para os produtores e mais alimentos para a população. O advento das cultivares transgênicas reduziram os custos de produção, porém o acúmulo de nutrientes nestas plantas é desconhecido. Para tanto, este estudo teve por objetivo avaliar o acúmulo de nutrientes em cultivares convencionais e transgênicas submetidas às mesmas condições. O experimento foi conduzido no Instituto Federal Goiano Campus Urutaí, no período de 12 de novembro de 2010 a 15 de abril de 2011. Foram coletadas plantas inteiras de soja aos 20, 40, 60, 80 e 100 dias após o plantio. As plantas foram levadas para o laboratório lavadas em água corrente e divididas em caules, folhas, inflorescências e vagens, passadas em água destilada, secas em estufa de circulação forçada de ar a 70 ºC e trituradas em moinho tipo Willey. Foram analisados os nutrientes N, P, K, Ca, Mg, S, Cu, Fe, Mn e Zn. Os resultados foram submetidos à análise de variância, testes de médias e regressão. Concluiu-se que o maior acúmulo de fitomassa e consequentemente de nutrientes não garante altas produtividades na cultura da soja.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / A Violência Urbana em cidades médias, atinge patamares alarmantes e é merecedora de estudos e entendimento de sua dinâmica. Com uma população de 320.714 habitantes (IBGE, 2015) Boa Vista, capital de Roraima com números considerados expressivos e crescentes, insere-se neste contexto. Esta pesquisa teve como objetivo geral realizar um estudo sobre a violência urbana e a sua dinâmica socioespacial, entre os anos 2004 a 2014, nos bairros, Santa Tereza, Silvio Leite e Alvorada, situados na Zona Oeste de Boa Vista-RR. Adotou-se como procedimentos metodológicos as etapas: Pesquisa Bibliográfica; Coleta de dados estatísticos e espaciais, através de órgãos de controle como as secretarias de Planejamento e de Segurança Pública e profissionais da área. A pesquisa apontou que a violência urbana causa, grande sensação de insegurança e medo, diagnosticados através das percepções dos moradores dos bairros mais violentos, e destes sentimentos derivam outros que somados, levam a perda significativa de qualidade de vida. Foram ainda detectados e elencadas ações, (anseios) as quais, segundo a população, seriam eficazes para o combate e amenização do fenômeno da violência urbana em Boa Vista-RR. / La violência urbana en las ciudades de tamaño medio, llega a niveles alarmantes y es digno de estudio y la comprensión de su dinámica. Con una población de 320,714 habitantes (IBGE, 2015) Boa Vista, capital de Roraima con números importantes y crecientes considerados, se inscribe en este contexto. Esta investigación tuvo como objetivo realizar un estudio sobre la violencia urbana y su dinámica socio-espaciales, entre 2004 al 2014, en los barrios, Santa Tereza Silvio Leite y Alvorada, ubicados en la zona occidental de Boa Vista-RR. Fue adoptado como procedimientos metodológicos pasos: búsqueda bibliográfica; La recopilación de datos estadísticos y espaciales a través de los órganos de control, como los departamientos de Planificación y Seguridad Pública y profesionales. La encuesta mostró que la violencia urbana causa gran sensación de inseguridad y miedo, diagnosticado aquí a través de las percepciones de los residentes de los barrios más violentos, de estos sentimientos se derivan otros que en conjunto conducen a una pérdida significativa de la calidad de vida, también se han detectado y listado acciones (deseos) que de acuerdo con la población serían efectivas para el combate y la mitigación del fenómeno.

Essa pesquisa buscou comparar as tecnologias transgênica (soja RR e manejo com glifosato) e convencional (soja e manejo convencionais) quanto à maior tolerância à ferrugem asiática (Phakopsora pachyrhizi) e obtenção de genótipos promissores para produtividade de grãos (PG) e tamanho das sementes (representado pelo peso de cem sementes, PCS). Foram avaliadas 200 progênies F2:5 e F2:6 oriundas de dois dialelos parciais 5 x 2, ambos com cinco genitores de alta produtividade de óleo (USP 70.108, USP 70.010, USP 70.113, USP 70.007 e USP 70.042) em cruzamentos com: (1) duas cultivares elites convencionais (BRS 133 e Conquista); (2) suas versões essencialmente derivadas transgênicas (BRS 245 RR e BRS Valiosa RR). Os experimentos envolveram: a) dois manejos com herbicidas, manejo convencional para soja convencional e manejo com glifosato para a soja RR; b) dois manejos de fungicidas, sendo um experimento com aplicações sucessivas de Opera & Nativo (O&N, para controle da ferrugem e das doenças de final de ciclo, DFC) e outro experimento com aplicações de Derosal para controle apenas das DFC. O efeito da ferrugem para cada genótipo foi expresso pela taxa de reação da ferrugem sobre a produtividade (FP) e o tamanho das sementes (FT), calculados pelas diferenças entre médias ajustadas de PG e PCS nos dois experimentos com fungicidas. As comparações foram feitas em análises de variância, testes de médias e de parâmetros de capacidade de combinação. O controle da ferrugem com fungicidas (O&N) resultou em maiores médias de PG e PCS. Houve grande variação entre os efeitos de capacidades geral e específica, com destaque dos genitores USP 70.108, USP 70.010 e BRS 133 para PG e FP. O genitor mais divergente e com dominância positiva para PG foi USP 70.042. As duas tecnologias foram numericamente semelhantes para tolerância à ferrugem (FP e FT). A tecnologia convencional apresentou a vantagem de ser estatisticamente mais produtiva (PG e PCS) do que a tecnologia transgênica. Por outro lado, a tecnologia transgênica tem a vantagem de ter uso mais fácil e menor custo de cultivo aos produtores. / This research aimed to compare the performance of transgenic (RR soybean and management with glyphosate) and conventional (conventional soybean and herbicides) technologies for tolerance to rust (Phakopsora pachyrhizi ) and obtaining promising genotypes for seed yield and size (represented by the weight of one hundred seeds, PCS). A total of 200 progenies were evaluated in F2:5 and F2:6 generations; these progenies were obtained in two partial diallel 5 x 2, both involving five parents with high oil yield (USP 70.108, USP 70.010, USP 70.113, USP 70.007 and USP 70.042) in crosses with: (1) two elites conventional cultivars (BRS 133 and Conquista); (2) their essentially derived transgenic versions (BRS 245 RR and BRS Valiosa RR). The experiments involved: a) two managements with herbicides: conventional management for conventional soybean and management based in glyphosate herbicide to RR soybean; b) two managements with fungicides: an experiment with successive applications of Opera & Native (O&N, fungicides that control rust and late season leaf diseases, DFC), and another experiment with Derosal applications (fungicide that controls only DFC). The effect of rust for each genotype was expressed by the rate of reaction to rust on seed yield (FP) and on seed size (FT) as calculated from the differences in seed yield (PG) and seed size (PCS) between adjusted means in the two experiments with different fungicides. The soybean genotypes were compared by analysis of variance, multiple comparisons and parameter estimation of combining ability. In general, the control of rust with fungicides (O&N) resulted in higher means of PG and PCS. There was great variation among the effects of general and specific combining abilities, with major outstanding of USP 70.108, USP 70.010, and BRS 133 parents for PG and FP. The parent USP 70.042 was the most divergent and showed positive dominance for PG. Both technologies were numerically similar for FP and FT. The conventional technology has the advantage to be statistically more productive (PG and PCS) than transgenic technology. However, the transgenic technology has the advantage to be easier to use and less expensive to soybean producers.

Durant l’ontogénie B, le locus des chaines lourdes d’immunoglobulines (IgH) subit trois processus de réarrangements géniques. Lors des phases précoces du développement B, indépendamment de la rencontre avec un antigène, les réarrangements VDJ permettent l’obtention d’un répertoire d’Ig fonctionnelles. Lors des phases tardives, l’hypermutationsomatique (SHM) permet l’augmentation de l’affinité de l’Ig pour son antigène tandis que larecombinaison isotypique (CSR) modifie ses fonctions effectrices. Ces évènements impliquent l’induction de lésions de l’ADN potentiellement oncogéniques, ce qui impose unerégulation très stricte. Cette régulation est assurée par divers éléments cis-régulateurs répartis tout au long du locus IgH, dont la région régulatrice en 3’ (3’RR). La 3’RR s’étend sur 30 kb et contient quatre activateurs transcriptionnels, les trois premiers formant une structure palindromique. Lors de ma thèse, j’ai utilisé plusieurs modèles murins porteurs de délétions de tout ou partie de la 3’RR pour étudier son rôle, ainsi que celui des différents éléments qui la compose lors des diverses étapes de l’ontogénie B. Nous avons pu déterminer comment la 3’RR régule précisément la CSR en ciblant spécifiquement la région switch acceptrice et caractériser le phénomène encore peu connu de CSR vers IgD. D’autre part, nous avons démontré l’importance de la 3’RR lors de la SHM et dans le développement des différentes sous populations lymphocytaires B. Enfin, la comparaison des résultats obtenus lors de l’analyse des différents modèles nous a permis de déterminer que la structure palindromique de la 3’RR est importante pour une SHM efficace, mais relativement dispensable lors de la CSR. / During B-cell development, the heavy chains locus (IgH) undergoes three genic rearrangement events. During the early stages, before encountering the antigen, VDJ rearrangements allow the generation of a functional Ig repertoire. During the late stages, somatic hypermutation (SHM) increases the affinity of the Ig for its antigen, while class switch recombination (CSR) modifies its effector functions. These events imply thegeneration of potentially oncogenic DNA lesions, and thus require a strict regulation. This regulation is assured by several cis-regulatory elements spread along the IgH locus, including the 3’ regulatory region (3’RR). The 3’RR extends on more than 30kb and contains four transcriptional enhancers, the first three displaying a palindromic conformation. During my PhD, I investigated several mouse models carrying deletion of part or totality of the 3’RR to investigate its role during B cell development. We demonstrated how she precisely regulates CSR by specifically targeting the acceptor switch region, and described the poorly known mechanism of CSR toward IgD. Otherwise, we have demonstrated its importance during SHM and in the correct development of the different B cell subpopulations. Finally, by comparing the results obtained during the analysis of the various mouse models, we have demonstrated that the palindromic structure of the 3’RR is required for optimal SHM, but not for CSR.