Foram conduzidos quatro experimentos com a cultivar 'Carioca' do feijoeiro (Phaseolus vulgaris), objetivando a possibilidade de implementação de um sistema de manejo integrado da ferrugem e mancha angular do feijoeiro após a intervenção com os fungicidas oxycarboxin (Hokko Plantvax 750 - 700 gramas/ha) e trifenil hidróxido de estanho (Mertin â - 660 ml/ha), respectivamente, aplicados em diferentes épocas. Foi realizada a quantificação de danos nesses patossistemas, verificando por meio de regressões lineares e não lineares as possíveis relações existentes entre as variáveis integrais AUDPC (área sob a curva de progresso de doença)¸ HAD (duração da área foliar sadia) e HAA (absorção da área foliar sadia) e suas correspondentes HLAI (índice de área foliar sadio) e HRI (absorção da área foliar por unidade de tempo) com a produção (gramas/planta). Os melhores resultados foram obtidos com as variáveis HAD e HAA, com coeficientes de determinação (R 2 ) variáveis entre 0,19 e 0,56 para HAD e 0,23 e 0,49 para HAA. Quando as variáveis HLAI e HRI foram relacionadas com a produção, os coeficientes de determinação variaram entre 0,24 e 0,57 para HLAI e 0,28 e 0,56 para HRI. A partir das avaliações semanais de HLAI e HRI foram realizadas regressões lineares entre estas variáveis e a produção (gramas/planta). Os coeficientes angulares foram relacionados com os estádios de desenvolvimento observando-se a estabilização das curvas entre os estádios R5-R8 para o patossistema ferrugem - feijão e entre os estádios V4-R8 para o patossistema mancha angular - feijão para HLAI e HRI. Nesses experimentos foram também realizadas avaliações do Índice de Área Foliar (LAI) utilizando-se medições diretas (avaliações manuais) e indiretas com ceptômetro. As medições obtidas com o este equipamento apresentaram sensibilidade suficiente para captar as variações no índice de área foliar sadio e portanto podem ser usadas em sistemas de manejo integrado da ferrugem e da mancha angular do feijoeiro. / Four trials were carried out on dry beans (Phaseolus vulgaris), variety 'Carioca' with goal to verify the possibility of implementation of an integrated management system for rust and angular spot after the application with of oxycarboxin (Hokko Plantvax 750 - 700 g/ha) and trifenil stannic hydroxide (Mertin â - 660 ml/ha) fungicides, applied in different timings. The damage quantification in these pathosystems were done analyzing the possible existing relation among the integral variables AUPDC (Area Under Disease Progress Curve), HAD (Healthy Area Duration) and HAA (Healthy Area Absorption) and its correspondents HLAI (Healthy Leaf Area Index) and HRI (Healthy Radiation Intercept) with yield (grams/plant) through linear and non linear regression. The best results were obtained using the variables HAD and HAA with the determination coefficients (R 2 ) from 0.19 to 0.56 for HAD and 0.23 to 0.49 for HAA. When HLAI and HRI were related with yield, the determination coefficient ranged from 0.24 and 0.57 for HLAI and 0.28 to 0.56 for HRI. From weekly assessments of HLAI and HRI, linear regression analysis were done between those variables and yield (grams/plant). The angular coefficient were related with the different crop stages and the stability of curves was observed between R5-R8 stages for rust - dry bean pathosystem and between V4-V8 stages for angular spot – dry bean pathosystem when HLAI and HRI were analyzed. In these experiments, Leaf Area Indice (LAI) was also assessed with direct (manual) and indirect measures with a ceptometer. The measures obtained using this set provided necessary sensibility to catch HLAI variation and, therefore, may be used in an integrated management system of rust and angular spot in dry beans.

A utilização de modelos matemáticos na agricultura é de fundamental importância para o desenvolvimento do setor agrícola. O fungo Phakopsora pachyrhizi configura-se como um importante patógeno que parasita a cultura da soja, causando prejuízos bilionários ao agronegócio brasileiro. Na última década, observou-se a rápida perda de eficácia dos principais fungicidas utilizados para seu controle, caracterizando um processo de resistência para os fungicidas DMIs e Q0I. Recentemente, novas moléculas foram introduzidas no mercado para a cultura da soja - fungicidas inibidores da Succinato Desidrogenase (SDHI) - com o objetivo de aumentar os níveis de controle sobre o patógeno. Nesse contexto, o trabalho teve como objetivo a elaboração de um modelo determinístico com análise de incerteza que possibilitasse a previsão do tempo de resistência (longevidade) do patógeno para os novos fungicidas, contribuindo, dessa forma, para a elaboração de novas estratégias de manejo a fim de proporcionar maior vida útil a tais moléculas. / The use of mathematical models in agriculture have fundamental importance for the development of the agricultural sector. The fungus Phakopsora pachyrhizi is an important pathogen which parasitizes the soybean crop, causing billions of losses to Brazilian agribusiness. In the last decade, it was observed the rapid loss of effectiveness of the main fungicides used for its control, characterizing a resistance process for the fungicides DMIs and Q0I. Recently, new molecules were introduced to the soybean crop - Succinate Dehydrogenase (SDHI) inhibitor fungicides whose the objective is increase the efficiency over the pathogen. In this context, the objective of this work was the elaboration of a deterministic model with uncertainty analysis that would allow the prediction of the resistance time (longevity) of the pathogen to the new fungicides, thus contributing to the elaboration of new management strategies to provide longer life to such molecules.

A floresta plantada de eucalipto representa a maior porcentagem entre as florestas plantadas no Brasil, principalmente para a producao de papel e celulose. Porem, durante todo o seu desenvolvimento, o eucalipto sofre o ataque de diferentes patogenos, e entre eles esta o fungo Puccinia psidii causador da ferrugem, principal doenca do eucalipto em regioes tropicais. Assim, com o intuito de estudar alguns mecanismos de defesa da planta contra a infeccao do fungo, este trabalho visou analisar a expressao genica de enzimas relacionadas ao estresse oxidativo e a atividade das mesmas; e o proteoma de clones de eucalipto resistentes e suscetiveis, ao longo do processo de infeccao, colonizacao e multiplicacao do fungo nas plantas. Foi possivel observar diferencas na expressao dos genes em todos os horarios estudados, principalmente as 24 horas apos inoculacao com o fungo. Alem disso, com a analise do proteoma pode-se observar algumas proteinas de grande relevancia para este trabalho, como algumas relacionadas a estresse oxidativo e a resposta de defesa da planta. / The eucalyptus planted forest represents the major percentage among all planted forests in Brazil, mainly for the production of paper and cellulose. However, during its development, the eucalyptus can be attacked by a large number of different pathogens, like the fungus Puccinia psidii, the causer of the eucalyptus rust, main disease that affects the eucalyptus in tropical regions. Thus, in order to study some plant defense mechanisms against the infection of the fungus, this study aimed to analyse the gene expression of some enzymes related to oxidative stress and their activities, and the proteome of resistant and susceptible eucalyptus clones, during the process of infection, colonization and multiplication of the fungus in the plant. We could observe differences in the gene expression at all times studied, mostly at 24 hours after inoculation with the fungus. Besides, with the proteome analysis we could find the very relevant proteins for this study, for instance some proteins related to the oxidative stress and to the plant defense response.

Orientador: Jacobus Willibrordus Swart / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Elétrica e de Computação / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-24T14:49:15Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Garcia_AlissonSoares_M.pdf: 5063750 bytes, checksum: 2502df6540499f8d119aa5b993966ec5 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014 / Resumo: Filmes ultrafinos (espessuras inferiores a 20 nm) de nitreto de titânio (TiN) para serem usados como eletrodos de porta para tecnologia CMOS (Complementary Metal Oxide Semicon-duc-tor) foram obtidos. Estes filmes ultrafinos foram obtidos através da evaporação por feixe de elétrons de camadas ultrafinas (de 1 ou 2 nm de espessura) de titânio (Ti) com posterior ni-tretação por plasma ECR (Electron Cyclotron Resonance) de nitrogênio (N2). Após a deposição e nitretação do titânio, a fim de evitar a oxidação dos filmes, no mesmo reator ECR da nitreta-ção, executou-se a deposição CVD (Chemical Vapor Deposition) de filmes de a-Si:H (silício amorfo hidrogenado) usando plasma de SiH4/Ar. Estes filmes de a-Si:H foram implantados com fósforo (P+) e recozidos por processamento térmico rápido para torná-los dopados n+ e policris-talinos. Assim, foram formados eletrodos de porta (Metal Gate) MOS com estruturas Poli-Si n+/TiN e esta dissertação apresenta as seguintes contribuições científicas: ¿ Obtenção de eletrodos de porta Poli-Si n+/TiN que suportam processos RTA em alta tempe-ratura de 1000 ºC. Esta característica foi observada por análises Raman, que identificaram picos relativos ao TiN dos modos TA (~195 cm-1) e LA (~315 cm-1) e ao Si cristalino (~ 521 cm-1); ¿ Obtenção de filmes ultrafinos de TiN, com espessuras menores que 20 nm e contínuos. Qua-tro amostras apresentaram espessuras menores que 10 nm, que é um valor desejado para ob-ter eletrodos de porta MOS que caibam nos dispositivos fabricados para nós tecnológicos com dimensões menores que 22 nm. Esta característica foi identificada por imagens SEM (microscopia eletrônica de varredura); ¿ Obtenção de eletrodos de porta Poli-Si n+/TiN do tipo midgap, pois os valores de VFB estão entre -0,31 V e -0,48 V. Estas características foram extraídas de medidas de Capacitância¿Tensão (C-V); Portanto, eletrodos de Poli-Si n+/TiN do tipo midgap, com espessuras menores que 10 nm, resistentes a processos de alta temperatura e que podem ser usados em dispositivos fabrica-dos para nós tecnológicos com dimensões menores que 22 nm, foram obtidos / Abstract: Ultrathin films (thickness of less than 20 nm) of titanium nitride (TiN) to be used as gate electrodes for CMOS (Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor) technology were obtained. These ultrathin films were obtained by electron beam evaporation of ultrathin layers (1 or 2 nm thick) of titanium (Ti) followed by ECR (Electron Cyclotron Resonance) plasma nitriding of nitrogen (N2). After deposition and nitriding of the titanium, in order to prevent oxidation of the films, in the same nitriding ECR reactor, a-Si:H (hydrogenated amorphous silicon) films were deposited by CVD (Chemical Vapor Deposition) using SiH4/Ar plasma. These films of a-Si:H were implanted with phosphorus (P+) and annealed by rapid thermal annealing to turn them n+ dopped and polycrystalline. Thus, MOS metal gate electrodes were formed with Poly-Si n+/TiN structures and this dissertation presents the following scientific contributions: ¿ Gate electrodes of Poly-Si n+/TiN that support RTA processes in high temperature of 1000 ºC were obtained. This characteristic was observed by Raman analysis, that identified peaks associated to TiN at TA mode (~195 cm-1) and LA mode (~315 cm-1), and related to the crys-talline Si at (~ 521 cm-1); ¿ Ultrathin films of TiN, less than 20 nm thick and continuous, were obtained. Four samples were less than 10 nm thick, which represents a thickness that is desirable to obtain MOS gate electrodes that fit devices manufactured for technological nodes with dimensions smaller than 22 nm. This feature was identified by SEM images (Scanning Electron Micros-copy); ¿ Midgap metal gate electrodes Poly-Si n+/TiN were obtained, as VFB values are between -0.31 V and -0.48 V. These features were extracted from measurements of capacitance-voltage (C-V); Therefore, midgap electrodes of Poly-Si n+/TiN, less than 10 nm thick, resistant to high temperature processes and that can be used in devices manufactured for technological nodes with dimensions smaller than 22 nm were obtained / Mestrado / Eletrônica, Microeletrônica e Optoeletrônica / Mestre em Engenharia Elétrica

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / The effectiveness of defense activation in different soybean cultivars against Phakopsora pachyrhizi promoted by phosphite, as well as its association with fungicides in different timing application in relation to pathogen inoculation, was studied in greenhouse conditions in two trials carried out in completely randomized design, with four replications. The results showed that phosphite was unable to induce defense, because it was not observed any reduction on severity, pustules.cm-2 number, and Area Under Progress Disease Curve (AUPDC) by application of the product. The progress disease was slower in the cultivar Fundacep 55, which had a AUPDC 53% lower than cultivar Fundacep 56, the more susceptible cultivar. The fungicide epoxiconazole + pyraclostrobin reduced in almost 29% the AUPDC value when compared to isolated triazol use, considering the timing application average. The applications nearer to inoculation and the preventive fungicide applications were more effective than those applications done earlier or later in relation to plant infection by the pathogen. The data found suggest that phosphite does not induce resistance in soybean against P. pachyrhizi, but they demonstrate that there is variation on partial resistance of cultivars and on the effectiveness of fungicides between themselves and in relation to timing application of them. The Asian rust has been a great concern, due to its big potential damage and to the limited availability of control measures. This work evaluated the effect of potassium phosphite (PP) isolated and combined with epoxiconazole + pyraclostrobin, in two soybean cultivars and different fertilization levels, under Asian rust control, defoliate, yield components and grain yield. One or two PP applications were done, combined or not to fungicide (R1 and R1 + R3). Higher area under progress disease curve (AUPDC) and defoliate values were observed in the cultivar Coodetec 219 in relation to MSoy 8000. PP promoted average reduction of 9% in AUPDC and did not influence the defoliate. The AUPDC of control plot of cultivar MSoy 8000 without fertilization was 2.4-fold increased compared to 65 kg.ha-1 de P2O5 + 105 kg.ha-1 de K2O supply. The pods number, thousand grain weight and grain yield were not affected by PP. The cultivars presented difference on grain yield according to fertilizer level. The cultivar MSoy was more responsive to P nutrition, whereas on the cultivar Coodetec 219 the higher effect was due to K fertilization. / A ferrugem asiática da soja tem elevado potencial de dano e uma limitada disponibilidade de medidas de controle. A efetividade da ativação de mecanismos de defesa em diferentes cultivares de soja contra Phakopsora pachyrhizi proporcionada pelo fosfito, bem como sua associação com fungicidas aplicados em diferentes épocas em relação à inoculação com o patógeno, foi estudada em condições de casa-de-vegetação (CV) em dois ensaios conduzidos no delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com quatro repetições. A campo foi avaliado o efeito do fosfito de potássio (FP) isolado e associado ao fungicida epoxiconazol + piraclostrobina, em duas cultivares de soja e sob diferentes níveis de adubação de base, sobre o controle da ferrugem asiática, desfolha, componentes de rendimento e rendimento de grãos. Os resultados obtidos em CV mostraram que o fosfito não foi capaz de induzir a expressão dos mecanismos de defesa, uma vez que não foi observada qualquer redução na severidade, número de pústulas.cm-2, e na Área Abaixo da Curva de Progresso de Doença (AACPD) por conta da aplicação do produto. O progresso da ferrugem asiática foi mais lento na cultivar Fundacep 55, que teve uma AACPD 53% menor do que a cultivar Fundacep 56, a mais suscetível. O fungicida epoxiconazol + piraclostrobina proporcionou uma redução na AACPD de quase 29% quando comparado ao emprego do triazol isolado na média das épocas de aplicação, sendo que as aplicações mais próximas da inoculação e preventivas foram mais efetivas do que aquelas realizadas de forma muito precoce ou muito tardia em relação à infecção das plantas pelo patógeno. Os resultados encontrados sugerem que o fosfito de potássio não induz resistência em soja contra P. pachyrhizi, porém demonstram que há variação na resistência parcial à ferrugem asiática por parte das cultivares e na efetividade dos fungicidas entre si e quanto ao momento em que os mesmos são aplicados. Os resultados a campo mostraram maiores valores de AACPD e desfolha na cultivar Coodetec 219 em relação à MSoy 8000. O FP promoveu redução média de 9% na AACPD e não influenciou a desfolha. A AACPD do tratamento testemunha da cultivar MSoy 8000 sem adubação foi 2,4 vezes superior àquele com 65 kg.ha-1 de P2O5 + 105 kg.ha-1 de K2O. O número de legumes por planta, massa de mil grãos e rendimento não foram afetados pelo FP. As cultivares apresentaram diferença no rendimento de grãos conforme a nutrição utilizada, com maior efeito devido ao P na cultivar MSoy 8000 e devido ao K na Coodetec 219.

Albugo tragopogonis is responsible for white rust of sunflower. It was first observed in 1929 in South Africa. Recently however, white rust has resulted in lodging exceeding 80% in some sunflower growing areas. Due to the obligate nature of the pathogen, studies of the biology, epidemiology and control of the disease has until now been limited to field trials and observations. Greenhouse trials are needed to understand the infection process, and to examine any resistance mechanisms used by the plant to defend itself against the pathogen. Presently, there is no practical artificial inoculation technique available and effective storage of the fungus is difficult. The purpose of these studies was to find new storage and inoculation techniques. Once the inoculation technique was optimized, the infection process of A. tragopogonis on susceptible and tolerant sunflower genotypes was examined. Infected leaves were collected from sunflower seedlings at the Grain-Crops Institute in Potchefstroom. Infected leaves were covered with plastic bags and freshly cut stems were placed in a cooler box filled with ice water. Some of the infected leaves were also placed in paper bags and allowed to dry for 24 h. Sporangia were collected using a vacuum device and stored in gelatin capsules at -20°C, -70°C or in liquid nitrogen directly after collection or following desiccation for 24 h. Sunflower seedlings at the four-leaf-stage were inoculated with freshly collected sporangia, or sporangia stored for 3, 5, 9, 12 and 15 mo. A zoospore suspension was prepared by allowing 105 sporangia/ml to germinate in distilled water for 3 h at 10°C. The zoospore suspension was then sprayed onto leaves until they were completely wet with a hand held garden spray bottle. Inoculated seedlings were covered with plastic bags to maintain high humidity and placed at 12°C for 16 h and incubated in a greenhouse until symptom development. Infection levels were assessed 10¬14 d after inoculation, using a scale of 1-5, with 1 indicating resistance and 5 indicating severe infection. Infection with fresh sporangia proved to be very consistent. Sporangia stored in capsules immediately after collection at -70°C after desiccation, produced the highest infection. Low levels of infection resulted from storage in liquid nitrogen or directly at -70°C. It is evident that successful storage may be obtained if the sporangia are dried before storage. These techniques to store and inoculate A. tragopogonis have proven to be reliable. Susceptible and tolerant genotypes were inoculated, using the spray bottle inoculation technique described above, to examine the difference in infection of A. tragopogonis. Leaves used for light microscopy were cut into 20 mm2 and those for scanning electron microscopy were cut into 5x5 mm pieces at 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 24, 36, 48, 72, 96, 120, 144 and 168 h time intervals after inoculation. The epidermis, palisade parenchyma and spongy parenchyma were chronologically stripped using the double-sided tape method. The material for the light microscope was prepared using the whole-leaf clearing and staining technique, the lactophenol-ethanol-analine blue technique and sectioning with freeze microtome. The material for SEM was prepared according to standard procedures and examined with a JEOL 840 SEM at 5 kV. Both the whole-leaf clearing and staining and the lactophenol-ethanol-aniline blue techniques proved to be unsuitable as most of the tissue was damaged by boiling. Sectioning with the freeze microtome was also unsuccessful. The SEM gave the most transparent results. This method gave us the ability to compare results with previous literature and to compare the infection process between of A. tragopogonis in the susceptible (RHA 358) and the tolerant (HYS 33) genotype. / Dissertation (MSc ( Plant Pathology))--University of Pretoria, 2005. / Microbiology and Plant Pathology / unrestricted

Orientador: José Raimundo de Souza Passos / Resumo: O setor de florestas plantadas no Brasil, e particularmente de eucaliptos, tem significativa participação na produção nacional representando 1,3% do PIB. O acirramento da competição entre as empresas de base florestal faz com que estas busquem por alternativas para minimizar o aumento dos custos produtivos aliadas ao aumento da produtividade de suas florestas plantadas. No entanto, um dos aspectos da garantia desta produtividade está relacionada à fitossanidade das florestas plantadas. Neste sentido, o objetivo deste trabalho é quantificar o efeito da ferrugem, causada por Austropuccinia psidii Winter na produtividade de povoamentos do Eucalyptus grandis utilizando uma abordagem de modelagem estatística. Inicialmente, foi proposto um novo Índice de Severidade da Ferrugem (ISF) com o objetivo de quantificar o efeito da doença no tempo, definido como a média ponderada entre as categorias de severidade com o inverso da idade das árvores. Ajustaram-se os modelos lineares generalizados com o objetivo de verificar o efeito dos fatores “fazenda” e “severidade” da doença (doente/sadia) no volume máximo amostral (m3). Foram também ajustados modelos de regressão linear generalizados para verificar o efeito do ISF no volume máximo amostral (m3) das árvores. As curvas de crescimento das árvores por região/fazenda foram ajustadas utilizando-se modelo de regressão não linear Gompertz. Após os ajustes, foram estimados os volumes das árvores aos 51, 60, 66 e 72 meses de idade para cada uma d... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: The planted forest sector in Brazil, and particularly eucalyptus, has a significant participation in national production, representing 1.3% of Gross Domestic Product. The increased competition among forest-based companies makes them search for alternatives to minimize the increase in production costs combined with the increase in the productivity of their planted forests. However, one aspect of ensuring this productivity is related to the health of planted forests. In this sense, the aim of this paper is to measure the effect of rust disease, caused by Austropuccinia psidii Winter on the productivity of Eucalyptus grandis stands by the statistical modeling approach. Initially, a new Rust Severity Index (ISF) was proposed in order to quantify the effect of the disease over time, defined as the weighted average between the severity categories with (or and) the inverse of the age of the trees. The generalized linear models were adjusted in order to verify the effect of the factors "farm" and "severity" of the disease (sick / healthy) on the maximum sample volume (m3). Generalized linear regression models were also adjusted to verify the effect of the ISF on the maximum sample volume (m3) of the trees. The growth curves of the trees by region / farm were adapted using a non-linear Gompertz regression model. After the adjustments, the tree volumes at 51, 60, 66 and 72 months of age were estimated for each of the severity categories (sick / healthy). In this way, the percentage dif... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Doutor

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Foreign Banks and Financial Development - Foreign Bank Lending in CEE Countries Master thesis Anja Köthe Abstract The objective of this paper is to investigate the relation between foreign banks and financial development and to focus on foreign bank lending, in particular. The research focuses on four countries with a high share of foreign banks: Czech Republic, Hungary, Poland and Slovakia. Using a dataset of 122 banks over a 10 year period from 2005 to 2015 a fixed effects panel regression models is used for an empirical analysis. Loan growth as a proxy for lending behaviour and credit stability is used as the dependent variable. The empirical models investigate the determinants of loan growth in foreign and domestic banks as well as the dependence of foreign bank subsidiaries on their parent banks. The regression results indicate that domestic banks are more dependent on local economic conditions and bank performance. Their credit supply depends more on their profitability, loan quality and domestic market share. Foreign bank subsidiaries, in contrast, exhibit greater independence from local economic conditions and also from subsidiary performance indicators such as profitability ratios. Instead their lending behaviour is significantly influenced by the financial characteristics of their parent banks.