This thesis analyzes the research of various historical and literary theorists in relation to identification of Otherness in three Spanish works: Cantar de Roldán, Cartas marruecas, and La reina del sur. Throughout the thesis, I analyze hwo the discourse of identification of Otherness has progressed throughout these three works. Each work was chosen as a cultural artifact of its time. I begin the thesis with Cantar de Roldán and analyze how variation in faith served as primary demarcation of Otherness. I then analyze Cartas marruecas and how race also becomes an identifier of Otherness; I end the thesis analyzing La reina del sur and the role of racial discourse as the primary identifier of Otherness. / Master of Arts / This thesis analyzes the research of various historical and literary theorists in relation to identification of Otherness in three Spanish works: Cantar de Roldán, Cartas marruecas, and La reina del sur. Throughout the thesis, I analyze how the discourse of identification of Otherness has progressed throughout these three works. Each work was chosen as a cultural artifact of its time. I begin the thesis with Cantar de Roldán and analyze how variation in faith served as primary demarcation of Otherness. I then analyze Cartas marruecas and how race also becomes an identifier of Otherness; I end the thesis analyzing La reina del sur and the role of racial discourse as the primary identifier of Otherness.

On April 16, 2012, the much awaited primetime telenovela appropriately titled Cheias de Charme premiered on Rede Globo, the largest Brazilian television network, and viewers across the nation were introduced to as três Marias, the three charming protagonists who, in a rare occurrence on the network, are domestic workers. It is no surprise that domestic workers should be of interest to Brazilian television viewers; paid domestic work is an enormous part of daily life in Brazil and domestic workers make up nearly eight percent of the work force. This project builds on previous explorations of the unique relationships between domestic employers and employees in Brazil, as well as examinations of the traditional ways in which domestic workers have been imagined to draw a clearer image of the changing role of paid domestic work in Brazilian society. Part ethnographic study and part media analysis, this study is mainly preoccupied with exploring various representations of domestic workers. These representations speak to the tensions and contradictions surrounding the social dynamics of the intimate relationships between domestic workers and their employers, as well as the role of domestic work in Brazilian society, haunted by the legacy of nearly four-hundred years of slavery. / text

Communication scholarship on black journalists has mostly focused on their lack of empowerment and the constraints that prevent them from engaging as full partners in the journalism industry, which has been shown to be ambivalent about the role of race in professional work. Racial discourse studies assert that blacks have little say in their representation by the media, where African Americans and other minority groups are treated as the negative “them” rather than the positive mainstream “us.” This dissertation examines journalism and racial discourse from a little-explored perspective in both fields: that of elite black columnists, who have the platform and autonomy to discuss news in general and race in particular from an African-American point of view. This dissertation examined the work of 11 African-American columnists who have won the Pulitzer Prize for commentary or write for one of the country’s highest-circulation publications. After textual analyses of more than 3,000 of their columns and in-depth, elite interviews with five columnists, this study found that elite black columnists wrote extensively and strategically about race at a level previously unrecognized in academia. The study found that the columnists heavily relied on biography and history in constructing a black narrative, which is not usually associated with journalistic work but helped them make sense of the black experience and to explain it to their mostly white readership. The research also identified six related frames the columnists used to provide context to news coverage about black America. Three frames explained the “problem people” image of black America: the devaluation of black life, misrepresentation, and destructive racial discourse. Three were correctives to that image: the raising of critical racial consciousness (while unmasking whiteness), black responsibility and black pride, and reverence for the Constitution and American ideals. The findings showed that elite black columnists were actively engaged in what could be called an antiracist racial project: to not only counter inequality and misrepresentation but also to battle the forces within discourse that feed the “us” vs. “them” ideology. / text

Much research has been conducted on the police-minority relationship, primarily from the view of the civilian. As central actors, the police view is noticeably absent from the research. I employed in-depth interviews and open-ended survey questions of patrol officers and sergeants in the Novad Texas Police Department about their views on the police-minority relationship and racial profiling. Through content analysis of the data, I examined two common themes that emerged from the discourse. The first was how "the past" was used to frame contemporary police-minority relations. The dominant narrative was that the historical police-minority relationship was something minorities should "get over" as those practices no longer applied to the current relationship. Counter views to this narrative acknowledged both past and present practices as influential. The second theme that emerged during the discussion of racial profiling was the primacy of socio-spatial control, encapsulated in one officer's comment about a "white boy in a no white boy zone." For many of the officers, control of predominantly minority and predominantly white neighborhoods meant that individuals who "did not fit" those respective spaces were subject to increased law enforcement attention. The frequency of the "white boy in a no white boy zone" scenario specifically, and not the reverse scenario that currently charges the debate surrounding racial profiling, suggests that the officers were more comfortable discussing the sensitive issue of racial profiling in this manner. Three additional areas were examined. The "out of place" doctrine evident in the officers' discussions of racial profiling creates a dilemma for the police officer because the doctrine may be considered both an effective police practice given current community policing initiatives and one that enforces the racial order in the United States. Secondly, statistical discrimination theory was employed by some of the officers to rationalize the targeting of minorities and minority space. Finally, some of the officers discussed the conflux of race/ethnicity with class, and viewed "profiling" of particular groups as based in socioeconomic status.

Magister Artium - MA / The research study takes into account the apartheid legacy of racial hierarchization and ‘separate development’ (cf Raynard, 2012) which penetrated all aspects of social life. Particularly, it is the sporting domain and the categorization of race and identity which is investigated. In this regard, it is the re-entry of South African athletes of colour at the Olympic Games which are of keen interest. At the 2016 Rio Olympics South African Wayde Van Niekerk (WVN) became a household name when he broke the world record in the 400 meter men’s division. His win however, was represented in different ways online and it is through investigating trending hashtags on Facebook & Twitter that new and well-worn discourses of identity emerge. A critical analysis of the online representations of WVN is undertaken so as to speak to normalized discourses of race within a South African context. A particularly contentious and provocative hashtag i.e. #ColouredExcellence is investigated in its ability to speak to an online debate on race and identity which took hold at the time of his win. This study therefore investigates the online representations which locate WVN within an arguably racially divided post-apartheid setting where vestiges of apartheid are still present. By drawing on Ahmed’s (2004) work on ‘affective economy’ this study investigates how emotions emerge online in the form of memes, Twitter hashtags and Facebook posts, and which indexes larger discourses on race and identity. The main aims of this research is to: a). investigate normalized discourses of race online, and their relation to the on-going issues of race and identity in a post- apartheid South Africa and b) To examine the emotions emergent in varying representations of WVN online. / 2022-08-31

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Thesis (MA (Sociology and Social Anthropology))--University of Stellenbosch, 2010. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This study seeks to present a picture of the racial discourses circulating among white Afrikaans-speaking youth in South Africa, with closer focus to students at the Stellenbosch University (SU). Fifteen years into democracy, Afrikaans-speaking whites find themselves in a position where their ‘Afrikaner’ identity does not enjoy the same government-supported security as under apartheid. The responsibility is thus shifted onto white Afrikaans-speakers themselves to negotiate and secure this identity in the light of new challenges brought on by the post-apartheid context. In this regard, the white Afrikaans-speaking youth, in particular, are faced with the ambivalence of being both exposed to a habitual scheme of normalised racial divisions, as well as to a context where ‘old’ frameworks need to be transcended in the name of survival in multi-racial South Africa. SU, a historically white, predominantly Afrikaans-medium university, is currently faced with the challenges of government-induced transformation and the attended ‘language debate’, the aims of which are to make the university more accessible to non-white sectors of society who, under apartheid, was excluded from this institution. Making use of interviews and participant observation among students on the SU campus, an attempt was made to shed light onto the types of discourses employed by white Afrikaans-speaking Stellenbosch students to negotiate their position in this setting, as well as to determine to what extent such discourses are racially based. With the help of a social anthropological approach to discourse analysis, the discourses encountered during fieldwork were considered within the context of macro-historical processes, and were conceptualised as complex sets of meanings produced within the context of interaction, appropriated and employed by individuals, strategically and artistically, in response to moment to moment situations. It is argued that these discursive processes are immensely complex, as it is influenced and shaped by a plethora of factors. These youth are, firstly, faced with a received framework in which dualistic and racial distinctions are subconsciously reproduced. Secondly, they take part in a rhetoric in which group boundaries manage to reproduce itself and, lastly, they are exposed to a popular discourse, reinforced by the media, that strongly relies on race-based sense-making. However, politically induced transformation ideals do call for a readjustment of priorities within white ‘Afrikaner’ discourse and students have been observed to respond to this in creative ways. Finally, it is argued that the heavy emotional baggage accompanying the race topic, exacerbated by media emphasis and the ‘racist taboo’, can lead to denial and indifference among white Afrikaans-speakers so that no space is created for constructive engagement with the topic. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die doel van hierdie studie is om ‘n voorstelling van ‘ras-diskoers’ daar te stel soos wat dit onder die wit Afrikaanssprekende jeug in Suid-Afrika voorkom, met spesifieke verwysing na studente van die Universiteit van Stellenbosch (US). Tydens die skryf van hierdie tesis is dit reeds vyftien jaar in die ‘nuwe Suid-Afrika’. Waar Afrikaanssprekende blankes se ‘Afrikaner’ identiteit destyds deur die apartheidsregering beskerm en bevorder is, berus die verantwoordelikheid tans op hierdie groep self om hul identieitsbelange te beskerm en te onderhandel in die lig van nuwe uitdagings. In hierdie opsig is die fokus veral op die jeug aangesien die raamwerke wat dikwels tuis aan hul oorgedra is, nou moet plek maak vir ‘n nuwe manier van dink wat aanpas by blootstelling aan veelrassigheid op alle gebiede in Suid-Afrika, in hierdie geval op die universiteitskampus. Die US, ‘n histories wit, hoofsaaklik Afrikaans-medium universiteit, word tans in die gesig gestaar deur kwessies rondom ‘transformasie’ en die ‘taaldebat’, deurdat aan die regering se vereistes voldoen moet word om die instelling meer toeganklik te maak vir ‘n sektor van die samelewing wat onder apartheid toegang tot sulke universiteite geweier is. Met behulp van onderhoude en deelnemende waarneming by die US is gepoog om vas te stel hoe wit Afrikaanssprekende studente in hierdie konteks hul eie posisie verstaan en onderhandel, en tot watter mate die diskoers waarmee hul sin maak van hul omgewing, ras-gebaseerd is. Die studie maak gebruik van ‘n sosiaal-antropologiese benadering tot diskoers analise. In hierdie opsig word diskoers beskou binne die konteks van makro-historiese prosesse, en word dit verstaan as betekenis wat op komplekse wyse gegenereer word tydens interaksie, betekenisse wat op hul beurt strategies en op kreatiewe wyses toegeëien en aangewend word in reaksie op situasies. Daar word aangedui hoedat die diskursiewe praktyke wat hierdie diskoers ondelê, uiters kompleks is deurdat dit beïnvloed en gevorm word deur ‘n verkeidenheid van faktore. Eerstens is daar ‘n oorgeërfde raamwerk waarin dualistiese raamwerke wat ras-onderskeid reproduseer, onbewustelik seëvier. Tweedens is daar ‘n landwye kulturele retoriek wat die idee van grense tusen groepe as onoorbrugbaar voorstel, en laastens word ‘n populêre diskoers, wat sterk staatmaak op ‘n ras-gebaseerde verstaan van die Suid-Afrikaanse samelewing, dikwels deur die media versterk. Ten spyte van bogenoemde, is daar egter ook waargeneem hoedat studente grootliks bewus is van die polities-gemotiveerde transformasiedoelwitte wat vereis dat die prioriteite vervat in wit Afrikaanssprekende diskoers, daarby aanpas. Laastens word egter ook geredeneer dat die swaar emosionele bagasie wat met die ras-onderwerp gepaard gaan, onder andere die groot taboe rondom ‘rassisme’, op die ou end onder wit Afrikaasnsprekende student lei tot apatie en ignorering van die onderwerp, wat konstruktiewe bespreking daaroor kan belemmer.

Adventures of Huckleberry Finn (1884) de Mark Twain (1835-1910) tem estado de modo frequente na berlinda. Em cada época, desde o seu lançamento, a proibição da obra, nas bibliotecas e escolas, foi motivada pelas temáticas tratadas, pelos dialetos criados ou pela reiteração da palavra nigger(s). No Brasil, as traduções da obra fazem parte do nosso Polissistema Literário de Tradução desde 1934 (Monteiro Lobato). Visto que a obra foi lançada há mais de cem anos, muitos têm se dedicado a ela, a fim de discutir suas principais controvérsias. Esta pesquisa visa a apresentar algo diferente na forma de analisar os dados da obra e de quatro de suas traduções. Para tanto, elegeu-se a Linguística de Corpus (LC) como metodologia e principal abordagem, pois a LC oferece a possibilidade de investigar uma grande quantidade de dados por meio eletrônico (WordSmith Tools, Scott, 2006), assegura precisão na apresentação das informações, e também mostra dados não detectados a olho nu pelo analista. Dessa forma, esta pesquisa apresenta um estudo dirigido pelo corpus embasado na lista de palavras-chave que detectou nigger(s) como a palavra mais relevante. A partir desse dado, delineou-se o objetivo geral do estudo que é verificar a importância que o termo nigger(s) assume na caracterização dos negros em Huckleberry Finn por meio do discurso racial, investigando o campo semântico racismo/escravidão. Para tanto, julgou-se necessário buscar na literatura de língua inglesa obras do século XIX (nove narrativas sobre escravos) que também empregaram o termo nigger(s), a fim de comparar as narrativas e a obra de Twain e verificar (des)semelhanças na construção do discurso racial. Por ser nigger um termo culturalmente marcado e os tradutores brasileiros o traduzirem por um vocábulo neutro (negro ou escravo), decidiu-se investigar obras brasileiras do século XIX (em número de seis) sobre a escravidão, a fim de entender a (não) existência de um vocábulo que se aproxime da carga semântica de nigger, com o intuito de confrontar os termos usados pelos autores brasileiros com aqueles usados pelos tradutores. Assim sendo, a tese a ser demonstrada é que Huckleberry Finn, embora use nigger(s) reiteradamente, caracteriza os negros de forma positiva, subvertendo o discurso racial, e emprega nigger(s) com o fim de mostrar como a sociedade estadunidense do século XIX tratava os negros de forma negativa. As obras brasileiras analisadas revelaram um termo para representar os negros, crioulo, cuja prosódia é negativa; porém os tradutores não fazem uso desse termo, possivelmente pelo fato de as normas do nosso Polissistema Literário, ligadas ao grau de aceitabilidade (TOURY, 1995) da tradução, imporem uma reescritura consoante com o discurso politicamente correto de nossos dias. Esta tese ainda tem o papel de mostrar a contribuição inestimável da LC para os estudos literários, uma vez que foi possível, por meio das linhas de concordância, apresentar análises impraticáveis de serem realizadas sem tal metodologia, em função da exiguidade do tempo da pesquisa (quatro anos), do número de obras analisadas (vinte) e do recorte escolhido, o campo semântico, difícil de ser investigado a olho nu. / Adventures of Huckleberry Finn (1884), written by Mark Twain (1835-1910), has been frequently in the spotlight. Since it was published, the prohibition to use the book imposed on libraries and schools has been caused by the issues Twain addressed, the dialects he created and his repeated use of the word nigger(s).The translations of Huckleberry Finn have been part of Brazils Translation Literary Polysystem since 1934, when a Portuguese version was published by Monteiro Lobato. Given that Mark Twains work came out more than one hundred years ago, many people have dedicated themselves to studying it in order to discuss its main controversial topics. The purpose of our research is to propose a different manner of analyzing Huckleberry Finns data and four of its translations into Portuguese. To that end, we have chosen Corpus Linguistics (CL) as our work methodology and main approach, because it offers the possibility of investigating a large amount of data by electronic tools (WordSmith Tools, Scott, 2006) which ensures the accuracy of the information presented by the analyst and shows data not detected with the naked eye. Therefore, this research consists of a corpus-driven study grounded in a list of key words, which revealed that the most relevant word was nigger(s) These data have allowed us to set the overall purpose of the study, namely to find out the importance of the word nigger(s) for Mark Twains depiction of the Black characters of Huckleberry Finn in his racial discourse, through our exploration of the racism/slavery semantic field. For that purpose, we found it necessary to search for works in English Literature written in the 19th century (nine narratives on slaves) that also used the word nigger(s). The purpose was to compare those narratives with Twains novel and check for similarities and differences in their construction of racial discourse. Because nigger is a culturally marked word and Brazilian translators use a neuter word to translate it (negro or escravo) we decided to dig into Brazilian works on slavery written in the 19th century (six of them) in order to understand the (in)existence of a word whose semantic content approximates that of the word nigger and to contrast the words used by Brazilian authors against those used by translators. The Brazilian works that we analyzed have revealed a word used to depict Black people, crioulo, which has a negative prosody; however, translators do not use this word, maybe because the standards of Brazils Literary Polysystem, linked to the translations level of acceptability (TOURY, 1995) impose a rewriting in tune with the current politically correct discourse. This PhD dissertation also aims at showing the remarkable contribution of Corpus Linguistics to literary studies, given that concordance lines have allowed us to carry out analyses that would have been impossible if this methodology had not been applied, considering the little time we had for conducting the research (four years), the number of literary works we examined (twenty) and the semantic field, which cannot be investigated with the naked eye.

Adventures of Huckleberry Finn (1884) de Mark Twain (1835-1910) tem estado de modo frequente na berlinda. Em cada época, desde o seu lançamento, a proibição da obra, nas bibliotecas e escolas, foi motivada pelas temáticas tratadas, pelos dialetos criados ou pela reiteração da palavra nigger(s). No Brasil, as traduções da obra fazem parte do nosso Polissistema Literário de Tradução desde 1934 (Monteiro Lobato). Visto que a obra foi lançada há mais de cem anos, muitos têm se dedicado a ela, a fim de discutir suas principais controvérsias. Esta pesquisa visa a apresentar algo diferente na forma de analisar os dados da obra e de quatro de suas traduções. Para tanto, elegeu-se a Linguística de Corpus (LC) como metodologia e principal abordagem, pois a LC oferece a possibilidade de investigar uma grande quantidade de dados por meio eletrônico (WordSmith Tools, Scott, 2006), assegura precisão na apresentação das informações, e também mostra dados não detectados a olho nu pelo analista. Dessa forma, esta pesquisa apresenta um estudo dirigido pelo corpus embasado na lista de palavras-chave que detectou nigger(s) como a palavra mais relevante. A partir desse dado, delineou-se o objetivo geral do estudo que é verificar a importância que o termo nigger(s) assume na caracterização dos negros em Huckleberry Finn por meio do discurso racial, investigando o campo semântico racismo/escravidão. Para tanto, julgou-se necessário buscar na literatura de língua inglesa obras do século XIX (nove narrativas sobre escravos) que também empregaram o termo nigger(s), a fim de comparar as narrativas e a obra de Twain e verificar (des)semelhanças na construção do discurso racial. Por ser nigger um termo culturalmente marcado e os tradutores brasileiros o traduzirem por um vocábulo neutro (negro ou escravo), decidiu-se investigar obras brasileiras do século XIX (em número de seis) sobre a escravidão, a fim de entender a (não) existência de um vocábulo que se aproxime da carga semântica de nigger, com o intuito de confrontar os termos usados pelos autores brasileiros com aqueles usados pelos tradutores. Assim sendo, a tese a ser demonstrada é que Huckleberry Finn, embora use nigger(s) reiteradamente, caracteriza os negros de forma positiva, subvertendo o discurso racial, e emprega nigger(s) com o fim de mostrar como a sociedade estadunidense do século XIX tratava os negros de forma negativa. As obras brasileiras analisadas revelaram um termo para representar os negros, crioulo, cuja prosódia é negativa; porém os tradutores não fazem uso desse termo, possivelmente pelo fato de as normas do nosso Polissistema Literário, ligadas ao grau de aceitabilidade (TOURY, 1995) da tradução, imporem uma reescritura consoante com o discurso politicamente correto de nossos dias. Esta tese ainda tem o papel de mostrar a contribuição inestimável da LC para os estudos literários, uma vez que foi possível, por meio das linhas de concordância, apresentar análises impraticáveis de serem realizadas sem tal metodologia, em função da exiguidade do tempo da pesquisa (quatro anos), do número de obras analisadas (vinte) e do recorte escolhido, o campo semântico, difícil de ser investigado a olho nu. / Adventures of Huckleberry Finn (1884), written by Mark Twain (1835-1910), has been frequently in the spotlight. Since it was published, the prohibition to use the book imposed on libraries and schools has been caused by the issues Twain addressed, the dialects he created and his repeated use of the word nigger(s).The translations of Huckleberry Finn have been part of Brazils Translation Literary Polysystem since 1934, when a Portuguese version was published by Monteiro Lobato. Given that Mark Twains work came out more than one hundred years ago, many people have dedicated themselves to studying it in order to discuss its main controversial topics. The purpose of our research is to propose a different manner of analyzing Huckleberry Finns data and four of its translations into Portuguese. To that end, we have chosen Corpus Linguistics (CL) as our work methodology and main approach, because it offers the possibility of investigating a large amount of data by electronic tools (WordSmith Tools, Scott, 2006) which ensures the accuracy of the information presented by the analyst and shows data not detected with the naked eye. Therefore, this research consists of a corpus-driven study grounded in a list of key words, which revealed that the most relevant word was nigger(s) These data have allowed us to set the overall purpose of the study, namely to find out the importance of the word nigger(s) for Mark Twains depiction of the Black characters of Huckleberry Finn in his racial discourse, through our exploration of the racism/slavery semantic field. For that purpose, we found it necessary to search for works in English Literature written in the 19th century (nine narratives on slaves) that also used the word nigger(s). The purpose was to compare those narratives with Twains novel and check for similarities and differences in their construction of racial discourse. Because nigger is a culturally marked word and Brazilian translators use a neuter word to translate it (negro or escravo) we decided to dig into Brazilian works on slavery written in the 19th century (six of them) in order to understand the (in)existence of a word whose semantic content approximates that of the word nigger and to contrast the words used by Brazilian authors against those used by translators. The Brazilian works that we analyzed have revealed a word used to depict Black people, crioulo, which has a negative prosody; however, translators do not use this word, maybe because the standards of Brazils Literary Polysystem, linked to the translations level of acceptability (TOURY, 1995) impose a rewriting in tune with the current politically correct discourse. This PhD dissertation also aims at showing the remarkable contribution of Corpus Linguistics to literary studies, given that concordance lines have allowed us to carry out analyses that would have been impossible if this methodology had not been applied, considering the little time we had for conducting the research (four years), the number of literary works we examined (twenty) and the semantic field, which cannot be investigated with the naked eye.