ABSTRACT The purpose of this study was to focus on the effects of Anglo-American and US language on the Navajos. During that time the language was bias and exclusionary. The Civil War 1861-1865, over time caused a change in the language used during the US subjugation of the Navajo 1863-1868. Data was selected from; The American Antiquarian Society and Historical Newspapers [Series I, 1718-1876]. Searched all of Americas Historical Newspapers dated 1863-1868, for Navajo and received 200 results. Other documents such as letters, reports and visually evidence were used. My research revealed a variety of language and how this language was conveyed minimized the Navajos humanity and sovereignty that also provoked and inspired harsh, unsympathetic and racist treatment of the Navajo. Anglo-Americans changed over time through altruism, the military and legislation. This paper has an introduction, three sections and a conclusion. The first section explains why the language during the Civil War was harsh, unsympathetic and racist to the Navajo. The next section explains why after the Civil War, the language begins to change altruistically, legislatively and militarily, but still remained harsh, unsympathetic and racist to the Navajo. The last section, explains why several years after the Civil War the language shifts through the Sherman Treaty, Congressional legislation, and Military Orders. Anglo-American racialization was shown by comparing and contrasting language from the overlap between the Civil war and the US subjugation of the Navajo. Research revealed the dissemination of racist and exclusionary language. But not until humanitarian efforts were made on behalf of the Navajo by whites, would the language begin to change overtime. The Navajo were excluded from the language by biases, racism, and exclusionary practices. The paper shows an array of concern for the Navajos. My research will be expanded on this subject, also this methodological approach will be employed over time on an array of historical topics and time periods. / History

In the United States, many, including those who are native-born and those who settle here, faithfully espouse the American Dream. Commonly, higher education is seen as the main pathway to achieve this and success more broadly. However, not much discussion or consideration is given to the processes by which immigrants and their children must adjust and settle into a new country, community, and schooling system in order to achieve entrance into institutions of higher education. Several factors influence the difficulties that immigrant and their descendants will experience, as well as the pathways of mobility available to them. Perhaps one of the most important factors affecting immigrants’ circumstances is the local context in which they are received. The primary goal of this dissertation is to uncover the factors facilitating Mexican students’ transition into higher education as well as how local context affects this process and their broader treatment in southeastern Pennsylvania and New York City. This dissertation addresses two main research questions: What factors and mechanisms facilitate Mexican students’ transition into higher education, and how does local context influence this process. The first question seeks to identify the resources and difficulties that Mexican students encounter in their educational trajectory in order to analyze how these students and their parents are being received in their communities of settlement and how this affects their mobility. The second question aims to specify the extent to which local circumstances influence not just educational attainment and mobility, but also discrimination and racialization. While much, namely assimilation, research has examined this group’s mobility and integration, it has not adequately theorized the effect of location on mobility and integration. Additionally, assimilation research prioritizes mobility and integration over discrimination and racialization. While research on Mexican’s discrimination and racialization is not as prevalent, it also does not focus on how location affects these dynamics. Taking existing scholarship’s inadequacies into account and since most research on US Mexicans is focused on those living in the southwest, it is crucial to investigate the mobility, integration, discrimination, and racialization that Mexicans experience in locations outside of the southwest. Given that this project is concerned with understanding young Mexican’ experiences with education and settlement, qualitative inquiry is employed because it provides an opportunity to intricately observe social life. Sixty individuals, thirty-five are 1.5- and second-generation Mexicans from southeastern Pennsylvania, and twenty-five are second-generation and undocumented individuals from New York City, were interviewed for this study. All Pennsylvania respondents attended the same university and all New York respondents attended the same college. Criteria to participate in this research included having parents who migrated to the United States from Mexico, attended high school in Pennsylvania or New York, and being enrolled in the selected college in each state. The latter two criteria are efforts to make sure that participants have spent a significant amount of time living or a significant phase of their lives—especially high school and the transition to college—in the states under investigation in order to gauge the coming of age and higher education experiences of young Mexicans in these new destinations Chapters two, three, and four encompass the empirical sections of this dissertation. Chapter two examines participants’ communities and schools in Southeastern Pennsylvania and New York City as well as their families’ characteristics. Such an examination demonstrates how students’ local circumstances have a tremendous impact on their (educational) mobility because this context is where other significant factors such as family, school, community, and social networks exert their influence. Moreover, local contexts as well as populations are shown to affect the types of resources and constraints that respondents encountered along their educational pathways. Time of migration and arrival by participants’ families in their respective communities also plays a vital role in respondents’ educational attainment. Participants’ transitions into young adulthood are also shaped by their local contexts. This chapter provides vital insights given its location-based analytical lens of educational attainment and young adulthood. Chapter three analyzes the ways in which respondents are racialized as Mexicans and immigrants. Here respondents’ experiences in their respective high schools, university, college, and southeastern Pennsylvania and New York City are looked at. As well as local context, local populations also influence the ways in which respondents experience racialization as well as various forms of discrimination and microaggressions. Respondents’ encounters with these race-based forms of denigration illuminate the multiple ways in which Mexican students’ transition from high school to higher education and beyond can be made more difficult, blocked, and ultimately stopped. Although respondents are educationally successful, this has not translated into structural assimilation. This chapter contributes toward the building of a context-based theory of integration and racialization. Chapter four addresses the main question behind this project: what factors and mechanisms facilitate students’ transition from high school to college. Across both locations, students’ entrance into institutions of higher education is aided by the presence of multiple factors working in different combinations for each student; mainly relationships with mentors, friends, and family as well as participation in programs geared specifically to help marginalized students gain entrance into higher education. Local context influences the amount and density of resources that students have at their disposal toward their entrance into college. Such factors are significant because of the ways in which they counteract or buffer some of the constraints, difficulties, and racialization that students encounter in their pursuit of higher education. For Pennsylvania students especially, it appears to be more useful to consider the theory of cumulative causation or self-perpetuation of international migration—where each instance of migration generates more social capital and consequently a higher likelihood of additional migration in sending communities—and not just assimilation perspectives to understand how Mexican higher education attainment occurs. / Sociology

In this study I examine the two major cosmetic categories - products for skin and products for hair - aimed at frican American women and advertised within the black press between 1920 and 1960. Specifically, I examine the Chicago Defender, Afro-American, Plaindealer, and Ebony. My project analyzes the images and conceptions of blackness and beauty sold to women of colour by white-owned and black-owned cosmetics companies.  I explore the larger racial and social hierarchies these advertising images and messages maintained or destabilized. A central theme of this project has been tracing the differences in advertising messages and conceptions of beauty communicated by black-owned and white-owned companies. Many of the images and much of the advertising copy produced by black-owned cosmetic companies challenged hegemonic beauty ideals that venerated white beauty and sold white idealization as a norm. The black cosmetic industry, however, was dominated by white-owned companies. The dominant position of white-owned companies was linked to the advantages associated with whiteness, which allowed these companies to advertise with greater frequency throughout the forty-year period. White-owned and black-owned companies often pursued diverging advertising strategies and messaging about black beauty. An important finding of the project is that white-owned companies were more likely to use degrading language and stereotypes to describe black beauty in their advertisements. However, a company’s racial identity did not always determine advertising strategies or messaging about black beauty. An important concept that permeated the 1920s and 1930s was the strategy of racial uplift, which was promoted by several black-owned companies. This strategy tapered out by the1940s as new technologies like photography regularly depicted black women with dignity and accuracy. The 1940s and 1950s witnessed new advertising strategies including the appeal to glamour. This period also saw the introduction of Ebony magazine, which fundamentally altered advertising messages through their appeal to middle class sensibilities. / Thesis / Master of Arts (MA) / My project analyzes skin bleaching and hair straightening advertisements appearing in four black-owned periodicals between 1920-1960: Chicago Defender, Afro-American, Plaindealer, and Ebony. The main goal has been to document the advertising messages about blackness and beauty communicated to black women through the advertisements of black-owned and white-owned cosmetic companies. I explore the larger racial and social hierarchies these advertising images and messages maintained or destabilized. A major finding of this project has been that advertising messages usually, but not always, diverged along racial lines. White-owned companies were more likely to use denigrating language to describe black hair and skin, and more likely to measure the beauty of black women based on how closely they approximated whiteness. Black-owned companies tended to challenge this ideology. They used messages about racial uplift as part of this challenge.

Syftet med föreliggande studie var att undersöka ensamkommande flyktingungdomars sociala nätverk i Sverige, samt vad de upplever kan försvåra respektive främja upprättande av sociala nätverk. I studien användes kvalitativ metod och semi-strukturerade intervjuer genomfördes med fem ensamkommande flyktingungdomar i åldrarna 17-18. Under intervjuerna använde vi oss av visuell elicitering i form av en nätverkskarta. Det empiriska materialet analyserades med social nätverksteori, socialantropologisk nätverksteori, Robert Putnams distinktion i överbryggande respektive sammanbindande socialt kapital samt rasifieringsteori.   Resultatet pekar på att samtliga ungdomar i föreliggande undersökning har ett socialt nätverk i Sverige som de kan vända sig till för såväl känslomässigt som praktiskt stöd. Deras sociala nätverk består främst av professionella vuxna samt ungdomar av samma etnicitet som dem själva, alternativt annan etnicitet än svensk. Samtliga ungdomar beskrev vad som kan främja respektive försvåra upprättande av sociala nätverk. Intervjupersonerna framhöll bland annat vikten av språk, gemensamma intressen och aktiviteter samt kultur och bakgrund. Svenska ungdomar är enligt intervjupersonerna svårast att lära känna i Sverige. Skälet till detta angavs främst vara svenska ungdomars återhållsamhet gentemot intervjupersonerna. / The aim of this study was to investigate unaccompanied asylum-seeking adolescents’ social networks in Sweden, and what they believe aggravate or facilitate the forging of social networks. In the study a qualitative method was used and semi-structured interviews were conducted with five unaccompanied asylum-seeking adolescents in the ages of 17-18. During the interviews we used visual elicitation in the form of a network map. The empirical material was analysed with social network theory, anthropological network theory, Robert Putnam’s distinction in bonding capital and bridging capital, and racialization theory.   The result suggests that all of the adolescents, in this study, have a social network in Sweden to which they can turn for both emotional and practical support. Their social networks consist primarily of professional adults and adolescents of the same ethnicity as themselves, alternatively other ethnicity than Swedish. All of the interviewees described what might facilitate or aggravate the forging of social networks. The interviewees stressed for instance the significance of language, common interests and activities, culture and background. Swedish adolescents are, according to the interviewees, the most difficult people to get to know in Sweden. The reason for this was primarily stated to be the Swedish adolescents’ restraint against the interviewees.

This thesis describes, conceptualizes and analyzes local reactions to the establishment of a refugee center in a small, remote mining community in Malmliden, rural Sweden, in the early 1990s. The purpose of the study was to explore and describe the local and wider contexts in which the reactions took place and to understand reactions in relation to these contexts. The study combined qualitative interviews, participant observation and the analysis of texts from different sources: daily press, historical and policy documents. Twenty-seven persons were included in the interview study (nineteen respondents and eight key infor-mants). Interviews with the nineteen respondents (nine men and ten women) were based on a semi-structured interview manual and were carried out during the winter of 1993 and the spring of 1994. Theo-retical frames and concepts were chosen in an elaborative way that was suitable for the empirical findings that gradually developed. In short, theoretical considerations that focus on social and political processes of inclusion and exclusion, ethnic relations and categorizations and the interplay between the social and the individual frame the analysis. The analysis is more closely informed by perspectives on how the atti-tudes toward the asylum seeker (as an immigrant but also as a welfare-state client), as a representation of “the other”, are socially produced. This study revealed that the inhabitants had dual reactions to the localized refugee center in Malm-liden. The reactions could neither be characterised as positive nor negative. They were summarized as ambivalent and were expressed spatially and socially. The spatial aspects include a number of inhabitants’ positive experiences of the refugee center as something that brought vitality to the slumbering neighbor-hood, while others thought of the refugee center as something disturbing and displaced. The social aspects involved a number of inhabitant’s embrace of the refugee center and the asylum seekers, whereas others distance themselves from the center and the refugees. While some inhabitants were enriched by the con-tact with asylum seekers, others dissociated themselves from the refugees and other inhabitants who were involved with the refugee centre. Some of the reactions were expressed as resistance. These reactions were mostly expressed latently, toward the authorities or local Policy makers and not directly toward the refugees or the refugee center The inhabitants blamed the establishment of the refugee center and those employed there for the poor state of things because they represented symbols of change and uncertainty. Therefore, initially the resistance could not be understood as rooted in emotional antipathy toward refu-gees as a (ethnic) group or as individuals, but rather as resistance against a perceived intrusion into the neighborhood autonomy. However, the strategies of the inhabitants were avoidance of contact with the refugee center and the stigmatization of the refugees. Therefore, the actions of resistance resulted in a racialization of place and ethnic segregation. The dual reactions of the inhabitants were contextual, and in which local as well as national circumstances played a considerable role in shaping the inhabitants’ experiences. At both national and local levels, the attitudes and practices directed toward asylum seekers and refugees were ambivalent. The reasons for the local acceptance of asylum seekers were ambivalent, and in which both actions of solidarity and economic considerations came into play. An external circum-stance influenced expectations and reactions to the refugee center was an ambivalent refugee policy which aimed to integrate the asylum seeker with a normalized habitat but with an institutional framing, which clearly made the asylum seeker into a client. Another external factor was the welfare state position of the asylum seeker, as he or she was positioned in an ambivalent juridical, social and political position. The overall conclusion is that the positions of the asylum seekers in the neighborhood of Malmliden were further stressed as welfare state clients and not as ordinary neighbors. A concluding image is that the contextual ambivalent positioning of the asylum seekers was reflected in the way the inhabitants regarded the asylum seekers as others in the neighborhood community.

Cette thèse invite à reconceptualiser le récit dominant quant au parcours d’hommes immigrants de sexualités non normatives. Loin d’être une migration de la tradition vers la modernité, de l’oppression vers la libération, leur parcours est davantage un récit complexe de mobilité et de visibilité inscrit dans des rapports sociaux inégaux. Loin d’être un déchirement entre une «communauté ethnique» homophobe et la «communauté gaie» raciste, leur récit en est un de liens affectifs (r)établis au fil d’interactions sociales significatives. À l’intersection de normes multiples et contradictoires, on constate un processus de (re)formation de subjectivités, à la fois contraintes et habilités par ces normes. Deux corpus sont conjugués, soit l’analyse critique des représentations visuelles et textuelles de la différence ethnique et religieuse dans trois principaux magazines gais québécois et l’analyse par théorisation ancrée d’entretiens semi-dirigés. Ces entretiens ont été menés à Montréal auprès de trente hommes immigrants ayant des relations amoureuses et/ou sexuelles avec d’autres hommes. Les images analysées montrent une tendance à réduire le corps d’hommes de couleur à des objets érotiques et exotiques sur les couvertures des magazines. De plus, les textes avancent un récit de libération sexuelle par la migration qui reproduit les dichotomies dominantes. Un récit beaucoup plus complexe émerge toutefois de l’analyse des entretiens. D’une part, l’expérience de la migration est modulée par divers phénomènes sociaux au-delà de la seule libération sexuelle et l’homophobie se révèle insuffisante pour comprendre le statut des sexualités non normatives, tant dans les pays d’origine que dans les «communautés ethniques» : c’est davantage l’hétéronormativité qui a pour effet de rendre inférieures certaines pratiques de genre et de sexualités. D’autre part, l’expérience de cette visibilité contrainte ne s’exprime que très partiellement par l’idée du «placard» : ces hommes expriment plutôt le vaste potentiel d’expérience d’un espace «tacite» permettant, pour plusieurs, de vivre leur sexualité non normative sans la dire explicitement. Au contraire du rejet des accommodements religieux exprimé dans les magazines gais, les entretiens montrent finalement un réel potentiel d’accommodation du religieux et du sexuel qui, en dépit de tensions, préserve la foi religieuse ou spiritualité tout en vivant la sexualité. / This thesis calls for reconceptualising the dominant narrative about the life course of immigrant men with non-normative sexualities. Far from being a migration from tradition to modernity, from oppression to liberation, their life course is a more complex story of mobility and visibility inscribed in unequal social relations. Far from being torn between a homophobic "ethnic community" and a racist "gay community", their story is one of (re)established bonds over significant social interactions. At the intersection of multiple and conflicting norms, there is a process of (re)formation of subjectivities, both constrained and empowered by these norms. Two corpuses are combined: a critical discourse analysis of visual and textual representations of ethnic and religious difference in three major gay magazines in Québec and a grounded theory analysis of semi-structured interviews. These interviews were conducted in Montréal with thirty immigrant men who have love and/or sexual relationships with other men. The images show a tendency to reduce the body of men of color to exotic and erotic objects on magazines’ covers. In addition, the texts bring forward a narrative of sexual liberation by migration which reproduces the dominant dichotomies. A much more complex story emerges, however, from the interviews’ analysis. On the one hand, the experience of migration is modulated by various social phenomena beyond the single sexual liberation and homophobia is insufficient to understand the status of non-normative sexualities both in countries of origin and "ethnic communities": it is rather heteronormativity that renders inferior some sexual and gender practices. On the other hand, the experience of visibility constraints is only very partially signified by the idea of a "closet": these men rather express the vast potential for experiences in a "tacit" space, allowing many to live their non-normative sexuality without telling it explicitly. Finally, contrary to the rejection of religious accommodations expressed in gay magazines, interviews show a real potential for accommodation of religion and sexuality that, despite tensions, maintains religious faith or spirituality while living sexuality.

Submitted by JOSIANE SANTOS DE OLIVEIRA (josianeso) on 2018-10-02T15:44:42Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Vinicius Furquim de Almeida_.pdf: 3122741 bytes, checksum: 5d2846e810d64c097002190b86afd068 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-10-02T15:44:42Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Vinicius Furquim de Almeida_.pdf: 3122741 bytes, checksum: 5d2846e810d64c097002190b86afd068 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-06-08 / CNPQ – Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / Este trabalho tem por objetivo refletir sobre como o acervo de livros de Alcides de Freitas Cruz (1867-1916), professor e advogado negro nascido em Porto Alegre, contribuiu para a sua trajetória intelectual. Para tanto, a reflexão se ampara amplamente nos usos e representações simbólicas de sua biblioteca, bem como em sua produção textual. Dentro desta proposta, a presente pesquisa perscruta os títulos da coleção de livros daquele personagem, a Alcidiana, viabilizados pela descrição sumária dos mesmos em seu inventário post mortem, de modo a cotejar as possíveis inspirações intelectuais que contribuíram para a conformação das visões de mundo de Cruz, e que culminaram em práticas como a crítica literária e a produção historiográfica. Os usos da biblioteca também possibilitam vislumbrar os posicionamentos de Alcides Cruz em relação aos discursos sociais pautados pela racialização - aqui delimitados pelo período concernente a passagem do século XIX e XX - principalmente por conta das ideias presentes em várias das obras constituintes do acervo e pelo seu consequente manuseio por parte do personagem em seus textos. / This work has the goal to reflect on how the book collection owned by Alcides de Freitas Cruz (1867-1916), a black professor and lawyer born in Porto Alegre, contributed to his Intelectual trajectory. In order to do that, this reflection is based on the uses and symbolic representations of his library, as well as his textual production. With this proposal, this research covers the titles of the book collection of that character, the Alcidiana, made available by their summary description in Cruz’s post mortem inventory, comparing the possible Intelectual inspirations that contributed to the formation of Cruz’s world visions, and that culminated in studies as the literary critics and the Historiographical production. The uses of the library also allowed a glimpse to Alcides Cruz’s positioning in relation to the social discourses guided by the racialization – here delimitated by the time period between the nineteenth and the twenteeth century – mainly due to ideas that are present in many of the books in the collection and to their consequently handling made by the character of their texts.

Esta dissertação analisa o processo de formação do estereótipo dos imigrantes haitianos no município de Lajeado, buscando descrever o papel do imigrante como um sujeito estrangeiro nas relações sociais, sendo aquele indivíduo na qual exerce funções importantes em um determinado contexto ao mesmo tempo em que é mal visto pela população local. Para compreender isso, apresenta-se as teorias migratórias para analisar a diáspora haitiana e como a partir de seu processo histórico, os haitianos buscaram na imigração, formas de identificação e ascensão social. Posteriormente demonstra-se como o Brasil tornou-se uma porta de entrada para esses imigrantes, qual foi o contexto para isso ocorrer. Adentrando então, na sua chegada ao Brasil, especificando o caso de Lajeado. Os dilemas que foram apresentados pela população local, como os acordos dos empresários e a contratação dos haitianos para a região sul do país, evento esse que ocasionou no estranhamento da população estabelecida com a chegada de um grupo estrangeiro indesejado que surge repentinamente na cidade. Esta dissertação aborda as condições que ocorrem para que grupos étnicos sejam racializados e dominados por grupos dominantes. Demonstrando como o caso dos imigrantes haitianos em ratifica que nos diversos contextos em que imigraram eles tornaram-se um grupo étnico estigmatizado e racializado. A dissertação visa enfatizar como a formação do estereótipo do imigrante haitiano na cidade ocorre a partir de dois vieses, o primeiro é que os haitianos foram racializados e o segundo foi a sua estigmatização por parte da população local estabelecida de Lajeado em suas relações sociais cotidianas. Em um primeiro momento a população local utilizou-se de categorias raciais já existentes sobre a imagem que elas têm do brasileiro negro para com os haitianos, mas a mesma foi ressignificada posteriormente através de um processo de categorização de um novo estereótipo para com esses imigrantes. Constatando que através de uma rede de fofocas de informações falsas e exageradas sobre os imigrantes haitianos foram transmitidas pela população estabelecida da cidade. Estas características dos haitianos que corroboraram para a formação do seu estereótipo na região. / This thesis analyzes the process of stereotyping of haitian immigrants in the city of Lajeado, seeking to describe the role of the immigrant as a stranger subject in social relations, being an individual in which performs important functions for a certain context at the same time that it’s bad seen by the local population. To understand this, this thesis presents migratory theories to understand the Haitian Diaspora and how from their historical process, the Haitians sought in immigration, forms of identification and social ascension. Later shown how Brazil has become a gateway for these immigrants, what was the context for this to occur. Entering then, upon their arrival in Brazil, specifying Lajeado’s case. The dilemmas presented by the local population, such as the agreements of the businessmen and the contracting of the Haitians immigrants to the southern region of the country, which caused the estrangement of the established population with the arrival of an unwanted stranger group that suddenly appears in the city. This thesis addresses the conditions that occur for ethnic groups were racialized and dominated by dominant groups. Demonstrating how the case of Haitian immigrants in Lajeado ratifies that in various contexts in which they immigrated they have been a stigmatized and racialized ethnic group. The thesis aims to emphasize how the formation of the stereotype of the Haitian immigrant in the city occurs from two biases, the first is that the Haitians were racialized and the second was their stigmatization by the established local population of Lajeado in their everyday social relations. At first, the local population used existing racial categories about the image they have of the Brazilian black people towards the Haitians, but it was late re-signified through a process of categorization of a new stereotype towards these immigrants. Noting that through a network of gossip of false and exaggerated information about Haitian immigrants were transmitted by the established population of the city. These characteristics of Haitians who corroborated to the formation of their stereotype in the region.

Cette thèse a pour objet l’espace des clubs de cadres et de dirigeants racialisés, au sens des regroupements s’appropriant la forme « club » et problématisant l’appartenance à un groupe à la fois doté en ressources socioéconomiques et racialisé, autrement dit dont l’altérité est radicalisée. Au croisement de la sociologie des mobilisations, des élites, de la racialisation et de la migration, la thèse interroge les conditions d’émergence et les principes de structuration de cet espace en se fondant sur une enquête de terrain combinant plusieurs méthodes (entretiens, observation, sociographie, analyse documentaire). La sociogenèse montre que cet espace naît d’un mouvement d’autonomisation de la gauche politique et d’insertion de la cause dans l’espace économique et patronal. La thèse montre ensuite que cet espace est constitué par trois pôles, dont les discours sont plus ou moins critiques ou conformistes envers une idéologie dominante de réussite caractérisée, en France, par la valorisation de la méritocratie et de l’élitisme scolaires, un interdit communautaire, et une injonction d’acculturation et d’invisibilisation des marqueurs de différence. L’analyse des trajectoires des fondateurs, des propriétés des membres, des ressources et des relations des clubs avec la sphère économique et politique et l’espace patronal de représentation montre que les rapports des clubs à l’idéologie sont étroitement liés à leurs propriétés de classe. L’observation révèle enfin les effets internes de la proximité plus ou moins forte des clubs avec l’espace patronal de représentation ainsi que la sphère politique et médiatique, avec des relations sociales oscillant entre concurrence et convivialité. / The object of this thesis is the space of racialized executives and business owners’ clubs, i.e regroupings which appropriate the form of a “club” and problematize the belonging to a group both endowed with socio-economic resources and racialized in the sense that its alterity is radicalised. At the junction of the sociology of collective action, elites, racialization and migration, the thesis questions the conditions of emergence and the principles of structuration of that space by basing itself on a fieldwork combining several methods (interviews, observation, sociography, analysis of documents). We first show that this space stems from a double movement of autonomisation from the political left and of insertion of the cause in the economic sphere and the employers’ space of representation. The thesis goes on to show that that space is constituted by three poles which, on the discursive level, are more or less critical of or conforming to a dominant ideology of success characterised by the valorisation of educational meritocracy and elitism, a community interdict, and an injunction of acculturation and invisibilisation of the markers of difference. The analysis of the founders’trajectories, the members’ properties, the clubs’resources and relations with the economic and political sphere, as well as with the employers’ space of representation shows that the clubs’ stances toward the dominant ideology of success are linked to their class properties. Observation finally reveals internal social relation oscillating oscillating between competition and conviviality, depending on the club’s proximity with the employer’s space of representation and political or economic sphere.

This thesis aims to examine secondary school teachers understanding concerning the terms race and whiteness, and how perceptions of the terms interrelates with the democratic values and duties assigned to the teachers of the Swedish educational system. Semi-structured qualitative research interviews were used to gather data and critical discourse analysis to process it. Results show that the terms race and whiteness respectively are intertwined with historical context, adding dimensions of utility and shortcomings when used. These dimensions are taking into consideration among the interviewed teachers and reflected upon. The thesis concludes that although the terms have given functions to explaining racism and structural injustice, consideration has to be made in respect to the Swedish historical context when used.