Cette thèse est une investigation de la structure syntaxique et de l'interprétation modale des phrases impliquant le modal dénominal de nécessité behar ‘devoir, falloir, avoir besoin’ et un complément infinitif. La thèse analyse le statut syntaxique des compléments non finis du verbe modal denominal behar en examinant leur interaction avec des phénomènes syntaxiques sensibles à des conditions structurelles et de localité diverses, et conclut que les compléments d’infinitif de behar peuvent correspondre à différentes structures sous-jacentes. Le type d'infinitif le plus complexe du point de vue structurel est un infinitif non-restructurant qui projette une architecture de phrase complète (c.-à-d. une CP), et le plus petit est un infinitif réduit de restructuration qui projette une structure de phrase de niveau vP. Il y a des preuves pour l'existence des types intermédiaires projetant jusqu'au domaine flexionnel (IP / TP). D'autre part, la thèse examine les propriétés thématiques et de portée des sujets dans chacun des différents types structurels et l'interprétation modale à laquelle elles donnent cours. Sur la base de cette analyse, la thèse soutient que l'interprétation modale n'est déterminée par aucun facteur en particulier (la présence de la restructuration, le statut référentiel du sujet et sa portée relative vis-à-vis du prédicat modal, parmi d'autres fréquemment mentionnés), mais dépend de l'effet cumulatif de plusieurs facteurs travaillant ensemble. La thèse montre également la nécessité d'adopter une vision plus fine de la modalité radicale (root modality), qui permet une association plus simple entre structures syntaxiques et significations modales. / This dissertation is an investigation of the syntactic structure and modal interpretation of clauses involving the denominal necessity predicate behar ‘need’ and an infinitival complement. On the one hand, it analyses the syntactic status of non-finite complements of denominal behar by examining their interaction with syntactic phenomena sensitive to different structural and locality conditions, and concludes that the infinitival complements of behar can correspond to different underlying structures. The largest type of infinitive is a non-restructuring infinitive that projects a full clausal architecture (i.e. a CP), and the smallest one is a reduced restructuring infinitive that projects up to vP. There is evidence for intermediate types projecting up to the inflectional domain (IP/TP). On the other hand, the dissertation examines the thematic and scope properties of the subjects in each of the different structural types and the modal interpretation that they can give rise to. On the basis of this analysis it is argued that modal interpretation is not constrained by any single factor (the presence of restructuring, the referential status of the subject and its relative scope vis-à-vis the modal predicate, among other frequently mentioned ones), but depends on the cumulative effect of several factors working together. The dissertation also shows the necessity of adopting a more fine-grained view of root modality, one that allows a simpler mapping of syntactic structures into modal meanings.

Les années 1970, en Argentine, sont marquées, jusqu’au coup d’Etat de mars 1976, par une intense montée de la conflictualité sociale en général et de la conflictualité ouvrière en particulier. Cette situation, ouverte par le Cordobazo de mai 1969, taraude les bases du régime militaire de la Révolution argentine. En 1973, le retour du péronisme au pouvoir après dix-huit années de proscription ne permet pas de juguler cette poussée. Après la mort de Juan Domingo Perón, cette dernière se poursuit sous la présidence d’Isabel Perón. Elle débouche ainsi en juillet 1975 sur la première grève générale de l’histoire argentine tournée contre un gouvernement justicialiste : c’est le Rodrigazo. Parallèlement, au sein des secteurs les plus radicalisés du mouvement ouvrier, des structures de coordination et d’auto-organisation, les Coordinadoras, font leur apparition. Ce travail, qui englobe la période constitutionnelle allant de mai 1973 à mars 1976, se centre sur les tendances à la rupture entre la base ouvrière et populaire péroniste et « son » gouvernement. A la jonction de l’histoire sociale et de l’histoire du mouvement ouvrier, puisant dans la presse de l’époque, commerciale autant que militante, ainsi que dans l’histoire orale, cette étude se veut comme une contribution à un « cinquième récit » des années 1970 en Argentine. A la différence des quatre lectures historiographiques ou « récits » qui ont prévalu depuis 1976, (« récit des militaires », « théorie des deux démons », « récit du renouveau », « récit kirchnériste »), ce travail a pour objet d’analyser les conditions d’émergence de cette conflictualité sociale, ses différentes modalités d’expression, sa cristallisation à travers diverses formes d’organisation et d’auto-organisation, mais également la façon dont la gauche radicale des années 1970 intervient en son sein. / Until the coup of March 1976, the 1970s were characterised in Argentina by a dramatic increase of social conflict in general, and of worker conflict in particular. This situation, which was initiated by the Cordobazo of May 1969, goaded the military regime of the Argentinian Revolution. The return to power of the Peronists in 1973, after 18 years of proscription, could not stop the deepening conflict. It continued after Juan Domingo Perón’s death, and throughout Isabel Perón’s period in power. In 1975 it led to the first ever general strike in Argentinian history, which was orchestrated against a justicialist government: the Rodrigazo. Simultaneously, in the most radical sectors of the workers’ movement, coordination and self-organisation structures (the Coodinadoras) began to appear. This work covers the constitutional period from May 1973 to March 1976, and focuses on the widening rift between Perón and the workers and the population at large. It aims to contribute to a “fifth” reading of the 1970s in Argentina by positioning itself at the crossroads between social history and labour history, and basing itself on mainstream and militant press coverage of the time and oral history. Unlike the four historiographical readings which have predominated since 1976 (the “military reading”, the “two demons theory”, the “renewal reading”, and the “kirchnerist reading”) this work aims to analyses the conditions from which the social conflict emerged, the different ways in which it expressed itself, its crystallisation through various forms of organisation and self-organisation, and also the role played by the radical left in the process.

L’attività di ricerca ha previsto il confronto fra due siti inquinati da metalli pesanti e due siti controllo naturali. Contrariamente ai parametri chimico-fisici e ai contenuti in metallo dei suoli, le analisi vegetazionali non hanno evidenziato differenze significative tra i siti. E’ stata necessaria la messa a punto strumentale di tecniche ICP-OES, ED(P)XRF per la calibrazione empirica di un XRF portatile, per le osservazioni puntiformi in situ di suoli e flora ed è stata modificata la metodica ufficiale per le stime della biodisponibilità dei metalli pesanti nei suoli inquinati. 6 specie comuni ai 4 siti sono state valutate per i loro TF e BAF. Viene confermata la specie-specificità del TF e del BAF per il quale è stato elaborato un inedito algoritmo per un corretto confronto tra le specie. Tra le sei specie, Silene Alba ha i migliori TF e BAF. Successivamente, sono state valutate alcune caratteristiche del Pennisetum clandestinum, candidato per la fitodepurazione: tollera le concentrazioni di arseniato tipiche dei suoli inquinati, l’arseniato è un inibitore competitivo del trasporto del fosfato, possiede un’elevata velocità di assorbimento dell’arseniato che accumula nella radice, ma non lo trasloca nella frazione epigea, parte dell’As(V) viene ridotto ad As(III) che viene efflusso dalla radice / The research has provided a comparison between two heavy metals polluted sites and two natural control sites. Unlike physical-chemical parameters and metal content in the soils, vegetation analysis showed no significant differences between sites. The development and optimization of instrumental techniques ICP-OES and ED(P)XRF was necessary to calibrate empirically a portable XRF for soil and flora point observations in situ and the official method for estimation of bioavailability of heavy metals in polluted soil was changed. Six species, common to the four sites, were evaluated for their TF and BAF. Were confirmed the TF and the BAF species-specificity for which it was developed a novel algorithm to obtain a correct comparison among species. Among the six species, Silene Alba has the best TF and BAF. In the second stage, some characteristics of Pennisetum clandestinum, candidate for the phytoremediation, were assessed: it tolerates arsenate concentrations typical of polluted soil, arsenate is a competitive inhibitor of phosphate transport, it has a high uptake rate of arsenic that accumulates in the root, but it doesn’t move in the aboveground fraction and part of As(V) is reduced to As(III), which is efflux from roots.

L'adozione di (agro)ecosistemi sostenibili viene indicata come una efficace strategia in grado sequestrare carbonio (C) nel suolo, mitigando così il cambiamento climatico e migliorando la fertilità. Sebbene il potenziale di sequestro del C della non-lavorazione (NT) sia stato generalmente sovrastimato, esso risulta essere di 0,26 Mg ha-1 anno-1 superiore rispetto al regime arativo. Inoltre, il 76,6% di questo quota è localizzato in frazioni considerabili come relativamente stabili. Il NT aumenta lo sviluppo radicale delle colture erbacee (es. mais, soia, frumento) negli stati superficiali del suolo (0-5 cm). Le correlazioni tra i parametri di densità radicale e le proprietà fisiche del suolo mostrano come lo sviluppo radicale sia un fondamentale indicatore di qualità del suolo in NT. I residui delle cover crops influenzano le emissioni di protossido d’azoto (N2O) in NT: i residui di segale favoriscono l'immobilizzazione dell’azoto (N), aumentandone così l'efficienza d’utilizzo e diminuendo le emissioni, mentre i residui di veccia vellutata aumentano l’N2O come conseguenza della mineralizzazione dell’N. Le emissioni di N2O e la produttività dei prati stabili possono essere positivamente correlate, perché meccanismi diversi rispetto alla regolazione indotta dalla disponibilità di N possono controllare l'N2O: il C potrebbe essere un principale fattore di regolazione per nitrificazione e denitrificazione. / Adoption of sustainable (agro)ecosystems has been widely suggested to increase soil organic carbon (C) sequestration, to mitigate climate change and enhance soil fertility. Although its carbon sequestration potential has been generally overestimated, no-till (NT) results in an extra C sequestration of 0.26 ± 0.18 Mg ha-1 yr-1 as compared to conventional tillage and 76.6% of this extra C is located in C pools which could be considered relatively stable. NT increases root development of field crops (i.e. maize, soybean, winter wheat) in the top soil (0-5 cm), while does not in the deeper soil (5-60 cm). Positive correlations between root density and soil physical parameters shows how roots are main drivers of soil physical properties under NT. Cover crop residues may affect nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions under NT: rye residues enhances soil-nitrogen (N) immobilization, thus increasing N use efficiency and decreasing N2O, while hairy vetch residues as cover crop under NT increases N2O as a consequence of soil-N mineralization. N2O emissions and shoot productivity may be positive correlated in grasslands, because other mechanisms than plant-induced regulation of soil N pool may control N2O: C could be a major factor regulating nitrification and denitrification processes.

This work unfolds Arturo Escobar's radical relational ontology in an imagined discussion with Gilbert Simondon. Questioning Escobar's academic reception in the North, we seek the answer in Escobar's own work, in his proposal of a political ontology and the pluriversal posture it underlies. In trying to grasp what radical difference means, understood as ontological excess, we come to the point of having to outline a pluriversal ethic of otherness in order to "live fearlessly the difference from within". Key words: relational-ontology; indigenous-struggles-for-the-territory ;ontological- conflicts ; otherness ; radical-otherness; anthropology ;philosophy; Arturo-Escobar; Gilbert- Simondon

La coltivazione dei sistemi colturali poliennali su terreni marginali combina la produzione sostenibile di biomassa per diversi utilizzi a benefici di carattere ambientale come il sequestro del C atmosferico nel suolo. La limitata longevità di questi sistemi colturali (10-20 anni), fornisce la possibilità di sfruttarli come una tecnica temporanea per rigenerare la fertilità dei terreni marginali e di studiare il loro effetto nel lungo periodo sul carbonio del suolo. Con questa tesi, avevo l'obiettivo di studiare l'effetto della riconversione a coltura annuali dei sistemi agricoli poliennali sul carbonio del suolo: per raggiungere questo obiettivo, ho combinato ad una meta-analisi di letteratura sull'effetto della riconversione, con un esperimento di campo di lungo periodo, un esperimento di incubazione in laboratorio e l'uso di un modello matematico del carbonio del suolo. L'uso combinato di questi approcci mi ha permesso di mostrare il potenziale che i sistemi colturali poliennali hanno nel sostenere il sequestro del C ne suolo anche dopo la loro riconversione. Quindi i sistemi colturali poliennali sono una pratica sostenibile promettente che può essere integrata in rotazioni agricole di 13 anni sui terreni marginali del nord d'Italia per ripristinare il carbonio del suolo. / The cultivation of perennial cropping systems on marginal lands combines the production of sustainable biomass for multiple uses with environmental benefits such as carbon (C) sequestration in soil. In this thesis, we studied the effect of perennial cropping system on soil C considering the scenario of perennial cropping systems reversion to arable land. The limited longevity (10-20 years) of perennial cropping systems, gives the possibility of using these crops as a temporary- option to restore soil fertility of marginal lands and to study the long-term legacy of these cropping systems on soil C. In this thesis I aimed to study the effect of perennial cropping systems reversion to arable land on soil C: to achieve this objective, I combined a literature meta-analysis on the effect of reversion of perennial cropping systems on soil C, with a long-term field experiment on perennial cropping systems, an incubation experiment and the use of a process-based soil C model. The combined use of these approaches gave me the chance to show the potential of perennial cropping systems to support C sequestration even after their reversion. Therefore, perennial cropping systems are a promising sustainable practice which could be integrated on a 13-year agricultural rotation on marginal lands of northern Italy to restore soil C.

La conscience et les structures mentales collectives d’une société sont ancrées dans des normes et des cadres sociopolitiques, culturels et historiques dont certains l’orienteraient vers des conditions produisant de la violence et de l'inégalité. Il est donc nécessaire d'examiner minutieusement ce qui a conduit à un ensemble de normes qui provoquent l'inégalité sociale et l'injustice dans une société. L'une des hypothèses de ce mémoire est que la pratique du yoga pourrait contribuer à une transformation sociale menant à la justice. En outre, une transformation vers la justice sociale peut se produire en remontant la séquence d'événements causés par ces structures mentales afin de problématiser l'injustice à ses racines. Une telle transformation doit reconditionner les cadres de pensée et permettre une conscience inconditionnelle, où l'inégalité et les structures binaires n'existent plus. Ainsi, la question principale de cette recherche est la suivante: comment la pratique du yoga peut-elle contribuer à identifier et à réformer les structures mentales et les normes sociales de telle sorte qu'elle mène à l'égalité et à la justice sociale? La pratique du yoga qui transforme les individus par l'identification, le déconditionnement et le reconditionnement de leurs structures mentales est un affinement progressif de la conscience individuelle - qui fait aussi partie de la conscience collective - qui rend la conscience collective plus sensible aux structures sociopolitiques qui doivent être refondées en direction de la justice sociale. Ceci sera discuté en relation avec la perspective holistique du yoga qui est à la base de la philosophie yogique. Pour aborder cette question, ce mémoire s'appuie sur les points spirituels et pratiques du Yoga Sutra de Patanjali, les enseignements de B.K.S. Iyengar sur la pratique du yoga, et les perspectives socio-politiques de The Force of Nonviolence de Judith Butler. / In a society the collective consciousness and mental structures are rooted in cultural and historical norms as well as in socio-political frameworks. Some of these norms can shape mental structures in such ways that they produce violence and inequality. It is therefore necessary to scrutinize what has led to a set of norms that cause social inequality and injustice in a society. One of the hypothesis in this thesis, is that the practice of yoga could contribute to a social transformation that leads to justice. In addition, a transformation towards social justice may occur by tracing back the sequence of events caused by these mental structures in order to problematize injustice at its roots. Such transformation has to recondition thought frames and enable an unconditional consciousness, in which inequality and binary structures no longer exist. Thus, the main question of this research is: how can yoga practice contribute to identifying and reforming mental structures and social norms in such ways that it leads to equality and social justice? The yoga practice that transforms individuals through the identification, deconditioning, and reconditioning of their mental structures is a progressive refinement of individual consciousness - as part of the collective consciousness - that makes the collective consciousness more sensitive to socio-political structures that need to be transformed toward social justice. This will be discussed in relation to the holistic perspective of yoga that is the basis of yoga philosophy. To approach its main question, this thesis draws on the spiritual and practical points of Patanjali's Yoga Sutra, B.K.S. Iyengar's teachings on yoga practice, and the socio-political perspectives of Judith Butler's The Force of Nonviolence.

L'essor de la théorie économique de la firme depuis une trentaine d'années a donné lieu à d'intenses débats sur les origines et les fonctions de la hiérarchie et de l'autorité. Ces discussions sont abordées du point de vue de l'histoire de la pensée économique, sur la période 1968 - 1998. Jusqu'au début des années 1970, le courant dominant ne s'intéressait pas à l'organisation intra-firme. La publication, en 1972, par Alchian et Demsetz d'un article visant à expliquer l'existence de la firme à partir des coûts d'information, apparaît comme une première réponse de l'approche standard au "défi radical". À partir de 1968, l'économie politique radicale, qui est la traduction dans le champ académique du vaste mouvement protestataire anti-hiérarchique ayant traversé la société nord américaine à la fin des années 1960, a cherché à donner sa propre réponse à la question "à quoi servent les patrons ?". Les radicaux américains ont tenté de montrer que la hiérarchie ne vise pas à promouvoir l'efficience de l'organisation mais au contraire le pouvoir de l'employeur. Elle serait un moyen de "diviser pour régner" en vue de dégager de plus grands profits. D'autres auteurs du courant dominant, tels que Arrow et Williamson, s'emploieront à répondre aux radicaux et souligneront les avantages, en terme d'efficience, de l'autorité et de la hiérarchie. Les radicaux se tourneront alors, au début des années 1980, vers la micro-économie standard afin d'élaborer une théorie du pouvoir dans le cadre du paradigme dominant. Enfin, à son tour, la théorie des contrats incomplets répondra implicitement à l'approche radicale du pouvoir, au cours des années 1990, en soutenant que les relations de pouvoir sont organisées dans la firme de manière efficiente.

Questa tesi si occupa di analizzare il lavoro di Stanley Hauerwas, uno studioso di grande fama nel mondo accademico americano i cui testi sono molto letti in tutto il mondo. Tramite la lettura critica dell’intero corpus degli scritti di Hauerwas la tesi intende riflettere sul rapporto problematico tra Cristianesimo e liberalismo. A questo scopo, la tesi si concentra inizialmente sui presupposti filosofici che sono alla base delle argomentazioni di Hauerwas. In secondo luogo, riflette sulle idee ed istituzioni tipiche del liberalismo e sul loro rapporto con il Cristianesimo. Infine, descrive la proposta etica di Hauerwas e il modo con cui questa determina il tipo di politica che la chiesa e i cristiani dovrebbero avere. Seguendo l’ampiezza del lavoro di Hauerwas, la tesi si interessa di un gran numero di filosofi, teorici della politica e teologi, spaziando dagli scritti di Aristotele e Tommaso d’Aquino, alla filosofia del linguaggio di McCabe, Murdoch, e Wittgenstein, dalle riflessioni etiche di Kovesi, Anscombe, e MacIntyre, alle teorie politiche di Rawls, Stout e Coles. Grazie alla sottolineatura del ruolo delle virtù e della formazione morale, insieme all’enfasi posta sull’importanza che la tradizione della chiesa, le sue pratiche e il suo linguaggio hanno nel dare forma all’immaginazione e alle vite dei cristiani, Hauerwas descrive in maniera costruttiva e feconda una proposta politica genuinamente cristiana e ci aiuta a navigare le complessità del mondo contemporaneo. / The dissertation provides an in-depth analysis of the scholarship of Stanley Hauerwas, a very prominent figure in the American academy whose body of work is widely read in many countries. By providing a close reading of Hauerwas’ entire corpus, the dissertation aims at discussing the contested relationship between Christianity and liberalism. It does so first, by focusing on the philosophical presuppositions that shape Hauerwas’ overall argument. Second, it reflects on the main liberal commitments and institutions and their relationship with Christianity. Third, it describes Hauerwas’ ethical proposal and its bearings on the political commitments that the church and Christians ought to have. Following the breadth of Hauerwas’ work, the dissertation deals with a great number of philosophers, political theorists, and theologians, spanning from the writings of Aristotle and Aquinas, to the philosophy of language of McCabe, Murdoch, and Wittgenstein, to the ethical reflections of Kovesi, Anscombe and MacIntyre, and to the political theory of Rawls, Stout, and Coles. Through his stress on the role of virtues and moral formation, and by emphasizing the importance that the church’s tradition, language, and practices have in shaping the imagination and lives of Christians, Hauerwas gives a constructive and fruitful description of what a genuine Christian politics looks like and helps us navigate the complex world of today.

Notre thèse d’analyse des idées politiques retrace l’histoire intellectuelle de larevue de pensée critique étasunienne Telos de 1968 à 2001. A travers notre travail denarration critique, nous cherchons à comprendre, au sens wébérien, l’évolution idéologiquesignificative de la publication-organisation, qui est passée en moins de trente ans d’unpositionnement néo-marxiste affilié à la Nouvelle gauche américaine à un populisme prochede la Nouvelle droite européenne. Notre hypothèse de travail est que le rapport que Telosentretient avec la Théorie critique de l’Ecole de Francfort est déterminant pour comprendreson évolution et écrire son histoire. Nous défendons ici la thèse que Telos constitue unorgane dissident de « théorie critique nord-américaine » (Mooney, Calhoun) qui s’exprimesous la forme d’un « traditionalisme critique » qui tient lieu de synthèse entre différentesbranches de théorie critique contemporaine. En tant que synthèse, la théorie telosiennedépasse l'héritage de la vieille Théorie critique francfortoise, dans un double rapportd’intégration et de négation. In fine, Telos produit sa propre critique, une autre théoriecritique. / Our doctoral dissertation traces the intellectual history of the American criticalthought journal Telos from 1968 to 2001. Through our critical narrative, we intend tounderstand, in the weberian sense, the significant ideological evolution of the publicationorganization,which, in less than thirty years, moved from a neo-Marxist position affiliatedwith the American New Left to a populism related to the European New Right. Our workinghypothesis is that the link between Telos and the Critical Theory of the Frankfurt School isdecisive to understand its evolution and write its history. Our thesis is that Telos is adissenting organ of “North-American Critical Theory” (Mooney, Calhoun) expressed as a“critical traditionalism” that acts as a synthesis between various trends of contemporarycritical theory. As a synthesis, the telosian theory overcomes the legacy of the old Criticaltheory in a dual relationship of integration and negation. Ultimately, Telos produces its owncriticism, another critical theory.