O transporte ferroviário de passageiros ganha importância estratégica na melhoria do trânsito e qualidade de vida dos grandes centros urbanos, mas no Brasil enfrenta sérios problemas operacionais, como obsolescência da infra-estrutura e invasão da faixa de domínio, comprometendo sua segurança e operacionalidade. O objetivo central deste trabalho é o mapeamento da cobertura do solo ao longo da faixa de domínio de uma linha de trem metropolitano. A área de estudo concentra-se nas adjacências da Linha F de trem metropolitano de São Paulo, operada pela CPTM Companhia Paulista de Trens Metropolitanos, com 38,8 km de extensão, cruzando as zonas central e leste da capital paulista, estendendo-se até outros municípios da Grande São Paulo. A metodologia adotada compreende o uso de imagem de satélite de alta resolução espacial IKONOS II, e técnica de classificação baseada em regiões. Os classificadores por regiões utilizam, além de informação espectral de cada pixel, a informação espacial que envolve a relação entre os pixels e seus vizinhos. Através da interpretação visual, foram identificadas doze classes de coberturas do solo, cujas feições nortearam os parâmetros da segmentação. A imagem segmentada foi então classificada usando o algoritmo de Bhattacharyya e pós-classificada utilizando regras e critérios definidos para cada classe, de acordo com seus atributos e contextualização. O desempenho da classificação final foi avaliado com base no coeficiente Kappa tendo atingido nível aceitável de correspondência. O mapa de cobertura do solo gerado a partir da classificação, demonstra que o entorno da linha é composto, predominantemente, por materiais impermeáveis como asfalto e concreto mas possui presença significativa de elementos naturais como vegetação e água. Desta forma, comprova-se a aplicabilidade de imagem de satélite de alta resolução e técnicas de processamento de imagem como suportes ao planejamento e gerenciamento do entorno da ferrovia. / The rail transport of passengers has strategic importance in the traffic and quality of life improvement in the downtowns, but in Brazil it faces serious operational problems such as obsolete infrastructure and invasion of the right of way, compromising its safety and operability. The principal aim of this paper is the mapping of land cover area of metropolitan railway right of way. The study focuses on the outskirts of the Line F metropolitan train in Sao Paulo, operated by CPTM - Companhia Paulista de Trens Metropolitanos, with 38,8 km long, crossing the central and eastern areas of São Paulo, extending to other cities in the Metropolitan Region of Sao Paulo. The methodology includes the use of the high spatial resolution satellite image - IKONOS II, and regions-based classification. The regions-based classifiers use, besides spectral information of each pixel, the spatial information that involves the relationship between the pixels and its neighbours. Through visual interpretation, were identified twelve classes of land covers, which features guided the segmentation parameters. The segmented image was classified using Bhattacharyya distance and post-classified using rules and criteria established for each class, according to their attributes and contextualization. The performance of the final classification was evaluated based on Kappa coefficient, resulting acceptable level of correspondence. The mapping of land cover generated from the classification, shows that the outskirts of the metropolitan railway`s right way is predominantly composed by impermeable materials - such as asphalt and concrete - but has significant presence of natural elements - such as vegetation and water. Thus, is evident the applicability of high spatial resolution satellite image added to classification methods for remotely sensed data for planning and management of the railway right of way.

Submitted by Renata Lopes (renatasil82@gmail.com) on 2017-05-25T17:42:04Z No. of bitstreams: 1 joseleonardomarceloafonso.pdf: 6592803 bytes, checksum: 3617e6e66ca362755435b767e4a44913 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Adriana Oliveira (adriana.oliveira@ufjf.edu.br) on 2017-05-26T12:00:32Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 joseleonardomarceloafonso.pdf: 6592803 bytes, checksum: 3617e6e66ca362755435b767e4a44913 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-05-26T12:00:32Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 joseleonardomarceloafonso.pdf: 6592803 bytes, checksum: 3617e6e66ca362755435b767e4a44913 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-02-16 / Segundo o Ministério do Turismo (2013), dentre os diversos tipos de turismo existentes no Brasil, muitos estão ligados diretamente à cultura do transporte ferroviário, utilizando o trem como meio de locomoção entre localidades e, também, como herança cultural. A preservação do transporte ferroviário de passageiros ocasiona ainda em ações para a revitalização de espaços e edificações históricas pois ambas se conectam em prol do resgate da memória passada, nos fazendo observar o presente e ajudando a planejar o futuro. Considerando a hipótese da ativação de uma linha férrea em uma determinada região, devemos prever quais os possíveis impactos que serão causados para garantir um desenvolvimento regional equilibrado, guiados pelas diretrizes básicas da sustentabilidade. A proposta deste trabalho visualiza a possibilidade de se implantar um trem turístico na região da Zona da Mata Mineira, na microrregião de Juiz de Fora, compreendendo as características socioeconômicas dos munícipios envolvidos na ativação de uma possível nova linha férrea. Prevê, ainda, os potenciais impactos socioeconômicos e ambientais na região, criando uma outra hipótese do quão multimodal uma estrutura ferroviária poderá se desenvolver a longo prazo. Através de uma revisão bibliográfica voltada para o setor ferroviário no Brasil, elucida-se o panorama atual das ferrovias no país bem como os atuais trens turísticos operantes. Em um segundo momento da pesquisa, o levantamento de dados socioeconômicos dos municípios envolvidos no recorte espacial da pesquisa e de que forma a cultura ferroviária atualmente se faz presente neles, ajudam a sugerir a rota do novo trem baseada, também, em conceitos urbanísticos aplicados, para que se consiga visualizar os possíveis impactos que podem ser causados na região. / According to the Ministry of Tourism (2013), among the various types of tourism in Brazil, many are directly linked to the culture of rail transportation, using the train as a means of locomotion between localities and also as cultural heritage. The preservation of rail transport also leads to actions for the revitalization of historical spaces and buildings because both connect in favor of the rescue of past memory, making us observe the present and helping to plan the future. Considering the hypothesis of the activation of a railway line in a given region, we must predict what possible impacts will be caused to ensure a balanced regional development, guided by the basic sustainability guidelines. This work intends to visualize the possibility of establishing a tourist train in the region of Zona da Mata Mineira, in the Juiz de Fora microregion, comprising the socioeconomic characteristics of the towns involved in the activation of a possible new railway line. It also foresees the potential socioeconomic and environmental impacts in the region, creating another hypothesis of how multimodal a railway structure could develop in the long term. Through a bibliographical review focused on the railroad sector in Brazil, the current panorama of the railways in the country as well as the current operant tourist trains are elucidated. In a second moment of the research, the socioeconomic data collection of the cities involved in the spatial analysis of the research and how the railway culture is currently present in them, help to suggest the route of the new train based, also, on urbanistic concepts applied, to be able to visualize the possible impacts that can be caused in the region.

Rights of a passenger in railway transport The contract of carriage represents one of the most frequent contracts and its legal basis is based on Art. 2550 of Act No. 89/2012 Coll., Civil Code. The contracting parties of the contract of carriage are a transporter and a passenger. The transporter is contracted to carry the passenger to the final destination and the passenger pays the fare for the service. The passenger is in the position of the consumer and weaker party. Therefore, it is necessary to focus on the rights of passengers that are based not only on the provisions of Civil Code, but also on the rules of carriage and on the general conditions of the transporter. This thesis focuses on the description, classification, evaluation and comparison of these rights in Czech and French legal orders. Integral part of the thesis is also the legislation of the European Union and visions to the future, as well as the proposals de lege ferenda. The thesis is divided into seven chapters with the introduction as the chapter one and the conclusion as the chapter seven. The second chapter points out the definition of terms and notions that are bound to the railway transportation. This chapter also includes the incorporation of the railway transport in the context of the transport in general and the classification...

The goal of my thesis is to analyze the current situation in the market of rail freight transport and to find the potential of the international railway transport of goods in the Czech Republic and Slovakia. It is focused on the comparison of these countries. Main topics of this thesis are i. a. the competitive environment in the Czech and Slovak railway, combined transport, system trains and the expected future progress.

During the transition period, the dynamic changes in the transport sector occured (changes in the variety of means of transport), and gradually began to change people's transport behaviour. The choice of means of transport is a process which is conditioned by many factors and may have different regional characteristics. Hence, the general objective of the thesis is to asses transport behaviour of the population in different regions of the Czech republic with emphasis on the rail transport. The analytical part of the thesis is divided into analyse at the national and regional level. The aim of the thesis at the national level is to determine the significance of different types of vehicles for commuting to work. The purpose of the thesis is to evaluate the competition in the most used means of transport (rail, bus, car) and to determine the catchment area of each regional district in order of usage of any particular means of transport. Scope of this objective will be focused mainly on the usage rate of railway transport. The secondary objective is to evaluate commuting to work at the micro-regional level within the district of Pribram. The analysis will be performed on the basis of each municipality in the district of Pribram and will evaluate in detail the mobility of the population. This analysis should provide recommendations for the use of individual transport modes and their possible optimization.

The diploma thesis was focused especially on train station service supplies and on the potential offered by unutilized or misused spaces of a train station hall. The main goal was to find, define and examine this potential in a chosen station within Trade and Tourism development in a chosen place. The railway station in Ceske Budejovice became the chosen train station. The thesis contains a mapping of the given place, a marketing research carried out among train passengers travelling with the Czech Railway company, as well as on social networks through an on-line survey. The secondary objective was a determination of several possible suggestions to improve the train station, out of which one main suggestion was chosen and subsequently analysed.

It is important to control whether dominant companies in particular market sectors follow laws and rules and do not abuse their dominance at the expense of weaker companies. This behaviour is likely to damage current or avoid the entry of new competitors, shrink the competition and set the environment for price changes the consumer is exposed to. The thesis clarifies the theoretical aspect of this issue and tries to apply it on the real case from the railway transport sector in order to describe the procedure of defining relevant market and market share and investigating the abusive behaviour. A questionnaire survey among railway passeners is an integral part of the thesis. JEL Classification D21, D22, K21, L11, L12, L40 Keywords Predatory prices, relevant market, SSNIP test, railway transport, Czech Railways Author's e-mail Iva-Slamova@seznam.cz Supervisor's e-mail vacek@fsv.cuni.cz

A AgÃncia Nacional de Transportes Terrestres (ANTT) acompanha o desempenho das ferrovias de carga atravÃs de diversos indicadores e verifica se as metas estabelecidas estÃo sendo cumpridas ou nÃo, investigando as causas do descumprimento. Entretanto, quando se busca os relatÃrios de avaliaÃÃo das concessÃes ferroviÃrias, nÃo consta uma investigaÃÃo aprofundada dos nÃveis de eficiÃncia das ferrovias brasileiras â um dos argumentos utilizados a favor da privatizaÃÃo das ferrovias e um dos princÃpios a serem perseguidos pela agÃncia. Avaliar o desempenho de unidades produtivas implica no estudo de diversos processos produtivos e no cÃlculo de uma grande variedade de medidas de produtividade, alÃm da escolha entre uma gama igualmente abrangente de metodologias que buscam identificar as unidades mais eficientes na produÃÃo de determinados bens ou serviÃos. De uma forma geral, essas metodologias envolvem o cÃlculo de taxas (ou Ãndices) de eficiÃncias em termos de produto por unidade de insumo (por exemplo: custo por unidade de produto, lucro por empregado, receita por unidade de capital empregado, etc). Cooper et al. (2000) denominam essas anÃlises como sendo a busca por medidas de produtividade parcial jà que os indicadores resultantes nÃo abrangem a totalidade de insumos e produtos utilizados no processo. Para uma anÃlise completa seria necessÃria, entÃo, uma metodologia que incluÃsse na anÃlise todos os insumos e todos os produtos presentes em um determinado processo produtivo. Com este objetivo, Charnes, Cooper e Rhodes (1978) apresentaram o seu trabalho seminal denominado Measuring the efficiency of decision making units no qual descrevem os fundamentos da AnÃlise EnvoltÃria de Dados ou Data Envelopment Analysis, em inglÃs, ou ainda simplesmente DEA. Ã, na verdade, uma ampliaÃÃo do estudo inicialmente apresentado por Farrel (1957), onde foram analisados os problemas das medidas parciais de eficiÃncia. Este trabalho faz uma aplicaÃÃo do mÃtodo DEA para avaliar a eficiÃncia produtiva das ferrovias de carga brasileiras baseando-se nos dados coletados pela a ANTT no perÃodo de 2006 a 2009. A partir destes dados foram elaborados oito modelos de anÃlise, sendo quatro considerando-se rendimentos constantes de escala e as demais se considerando rendimentos variÃveis de escala. Os modelos propostos foram resolvidos utilizando-se o pacote Benchmarking para R. A hipÃtese principal deste trabalho à que as ferrovias de bitola larga tenderiam a serem mais eficientes do que as ferrovias de bitola mÃtrica. Os resultados aqui obtidos sugerem que esta hipÃtese deve ser refutada. / The AgÃncia Nacional de Transportes Terrestres (ANTT) monitors the performance of rail freight through various indicators, and ensures that goals are being met or not by investigating the causes of noncompliance. However, there is no evidence of a deep investigation of the level of efficiency of the railway freight transport in Brazil. Note that it was one of the arguments used in favor of privatization of the railways and is one of the principles to be pursued by the agency. The appraisal of the performance of productive units involves analysis to several processes and calculation of a wide variety of productivity measures. Either, it requires choices between an equally comprehensive range of methodologies that seek to identify the most efficient units in the production of certain goods or services. In general, these methods involve the calculation of rates of efficiencies in terms of output per unit of input (eg, cost per unit of output, profit per employee, revenue per unit of capital employed, etc.). Cooper et al. (2000) called this analysis as the search for partial productivity measures since the resulting indicators do not cover all the materials and products used in the process. For a given production process, a complete analysis of efficiency requires the inclusion of all inputs and all outputs. To ensure it, Charnes, Cooper and Rhodes (1978) presented their seminal work called Measuring the efficiency of decision-making units in which describe the fundamentals of Data Envelopment Analysis, or simply DEA. It is actually an extension of the study initially presented by Farrell (1957), which analyzed the problems of partial measures of efficiency. This work is an application of DEA to evaluate the productive efficiency of freight rail lines in Brazil based on data collected by ANTT from 2006 to 2009. From these data, eight models were prepared for analysis. Four was prepared considering constant returns to scale and the other considering variable returns to scale. The proposed models were solved using the package Benchmarking for R. The main hypothesis of this paper is that the large gauge railways tend to be more efficient than the metric gauge railways. The results obtained here suggest that this hypothesis should be rejected.

Cette thèse décrit de façon précise les éléments techniques et les fondements économiques qui permettent de caractériser la problématique de la contrainte de capacité ferroviaire dans son ensemble. Jusqu’à présent, la question de la contrainte de capacité ferroviaire a principalement été étudiée d’un point de vue ingénierie, dans un univers monopolistique où la répartition de la capacité et les ajustements en cas de conflit étaient gérés par des processus internes. Néanmoins, compte tenu d’une ouverture progressive à la concurrence du monde ferroviaire, analyser économiquement cette question devient un enjeu clé pour le gestionnaire d’infrastructure, dans un contexte de plus en plus régulé.Ce manuscrit aborde dans un premier temps, la définition de la contrainte de capacité selon la perspective de l’ingénieur, à travers la conception de l’horaire, un élément majeur de la rencontre entre l’offre et la demande pour les transports programmés. Une meilleure connaissance des méthodes de construction horaire a permis de mettre en évidence les arbitrages implicites entre la capacité offerte et la qualité de service en termes de fiabilité. La vision technique de l’ingénieur combinée à la vision économique développée dans les autres modes de transport, nous a permis d’élaborer dans un second temps, un modèle microéconomique du coût généralisé de l’usager, considérant les spécificités ferroviaires de la construction horaire. Cette modélisation a mis en évidence le double effet d’une fréquence ferroviaire supplémentaire, d’une part sur le coût de « deshorage » (effet Mohring) et d’autre part sur l’espérance du coût du retard, lié à un usage intensif du réseau. Une fois la fonction de coût généralisé spécifique au ferroviaire déterminée, nous avons construit un modèle d’équilibre offre-demande, en considérant le comportement des usagers ainsi que les coûts des opérateurs. Ce modèle décrit les interactions entre l’offre et la demande selon les différentes structures de marché. L’analyse développée démontre que sous certaines conditions, le régulateur peut être amené à valider une tarification de la contrainte de capacité, afin d’internaliser les effets externes générés et d’envoyer les bons signaux-prix aux agents économiques. Néanmoins, dans certains cas, une fréquence additionnelle génère une externalité positive (effet Mohring), justifiant ainsi une subvention pour intensifier l’usage de la ligne et non une tarification complémentaire. / This PhD dissertation addresses the foundations of a detailed characterisation of rail capacity constraints from an economic perspective.Traditionally, railway capacity has been studied from the standpoint of engineering in a monopolistic world where capacity choices were considered as an organisational issue and set out in internal procedures. However, there is now a growing interest in analysing this issue from an economic perspective, specially regarding the ongoing deregulation tendency.Firstly, the definition of railway capacity constraints is presented from an engineering perspective via timetable design, a key element in matching supply and demand for planned transport services. A better understanding of timetable construction methods led to highlighting the implicit trade-offs between the capacity supplied and service quality in terms of reliability in the current graphic timetable construction processes in European infrastructure managers. Secondly, this technical vision of the engineer is combined with the economic vision developed for other modes of transport. It allows us to formulate a microeconomic model of the consumer generalized cost function, specific to the railway services. This model highlights the dual effects for the users of a higher frequency of rail traffic. It impacts the expected scheduled delay cost (Mohring effect) on the one hand, and a congestion effect linked to the intensive use of the network on the other. Once the detailed generalised cost function for train users has been determined, we develop an equilibrium model, by considering users’ behavior, operators’ costs and by describing how supply and demand interact under different market conditions. We analyse the interactions between demand and supply and show that, under some conditions, it is optimal from a welfare point of view to charge the cost of capacity constraints in order to internalize the negative external effects generated, and send the right price signals to economic operators. Nevertheless, in certain cases, an additional frequency generates a positive externality (Mohring effect), thereby justifying a subsidy to encourage using the railway line rather than increases access charges.

La promotion du transport ferroviaire de marchandises permet d’améliorer l’impact environnemental du transport de marchandises, à travers la réduction de la part modale de la route, qui est responsable d’environ un quart des émissions européennes de CO2. L’objet de cette thèse est d’analyser les flux de marchandises afin de proposer des solutions opérationnelles qui permettraient d’augmenter la part de marché du transport de fret ferroviaire, notamment grâce à une meilleure utilisation des terminaux intermodaux. La première partie de la thèse fournit une synthèse des principales modèles théoriques concernant l’analyse de la demande et de l’offre de transport de marchandises, afin d’analyser le lien entre activité économique et transport de marchandises. Une analyse détaillée des sources statistiques disponibles au niveau européen, national et régional, est aussi fournie. Dans la deuxième partie, une application au cas des chantiers de transbordement rail-route en France est présentée, et une comparaison avec d’autres pays européens est réalisée. L’objectif de cette analyse est d’estimer la demande potentielle de transport combiné, d’évaluer la productivité des terminaux intermodaux et d’étudier l’impact socio-économique et financier des investissements dans les terminaux intermodaux, en évaluant également la possibilité des nouveaux montages financiers (PPP). Les résultats de l’analyse montrent un large potentiel pour le transport combiné, en particulier en lien avec l’activité des ports maritimes, et une productivité faible dans les terminaux existants. En conséquence, cette analyse suggèrerait de concentrer les investissements sur un nombre limité de sites à haut potentiel, afin d’attirer des investissements privés et optimiser l’utilisation des fonds publics. Les implications politiques de cette analyse sont multiples : elles concernent d’abord le gestionnaire d’infrastructure et les opérateurs ferroviaires, qui doivent mieux planifier les investissements en fonction de la demande commerciale. Elles concernent aussi l’Etat et les collectivités locales, qui doivent optimiser l’utilisation des fonds publics en favorisant les localisations à haut potentiel. / The promotion of railway modal share has large benefits on the environment by reducing the modal share of road transport, which is responsible for about one-fourth of European CO2 emissions. The aim of this dissertation is to analyse freight transport flows in order to provide operational solutions to increase the modal share of railways transport through a better use of intermodal terminals. In the first part of the dissertation a theoretical survey of freight transport models is provided, in order to show the linkage between freight transport and economic activities. A comprehensive analysis of data sources at European, national and regional levels is also provided. In the second part of the dissertation an application to the case of railway intermodal terminals in France is provided, with some comparisons to other European countries. The scope of the analysis is to estimate the potential demand of combined transport, to assess the productivity of intermodal terminals and to evaluate the socio-economic and financial impact of new investments in terminals, also through new project financing schemes (PPPs). The results show a large potential for railway intermodal transport, especially in connection with maritime ports, and low productivity in existing terminals. As a consequence it’s fundamental to concentrate new investments in a few high potential locations, in order to attract private investments and to provide a better use of public funds. The policy implications of this analysis are multiple: it concerns first the railway companies and the infrastructure managers, which should better plan their investments according to commercial needs. It concerns also governments and regional authorities which should better concentrate public funds on optimal terminal locations.