This thesis comprehensively examines the rApp lifecycle within the O-RAN Alliance (O- RAN) Non-Real Time RIC (Non-RT RIC) framework, serving as a practical guide for exper- imental research and development. The focus is on the entire lifecycle of rApp development, from designing and onboarding to deployment and execution, using a spectral efficiency op- timization use case to illustrate the process. The study develops and integrates a Spectrum Optimization (SO)rApp employing Reinforcement Learning (RL) techniques, specifically a Deep Q-Network (DQN) model, within the O-RAN architecture. The research highlights how the SOrApp dynamically allocates spectrum resources to enhance network performance under varying demand conditions. Utilizing the Network Simulator (NS)-3 5G-LENA simulator, the thesis replicates diverse service demand scenarios to evaluate the rApp's effectiveness in optimizing spectral efficiency. The findings demonstrate that integrating Artificial Intelligence (AI)-driven rApps within the O-RAN framework significantly improves spectral efficiency and overall network performance, providing valuable insights and methodologies for future research and practical implementations in 5G networking. / Master of Science / As 5G networks grow more advanced, managing them effectively becomes increasingly chal- lenging. This thesis explores a method to improve network performance using specialized software applications, known as rApp, within the O-RAN Non-RT RIC framework. By focusing on the lifecycle of these rApps—how they are created, onboarded, deployed, and executed. To illustrate this process, used a real-world example of optimizing the efficiency of spectrum use, which is crucial for maintaining high-speed data and reliable communication in 5G networks. Our findings show that integrating intelligent rApps driven by Machine Learning (ML) can significantly enhance the performance and efficiency of 5G networks, offering valuable insights for future innovations in this rapidly evolving field.

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Den här uppsatsen fokuserar på autenticitet inom rapp: hur den skapas och bibehålls. Först introduceras genren ”gangsterrapp” och därefter analyseras en uppsättning av låtar inom genren både text-, ljud- och bildmässigt. Därefter följer en diskussion om mina undersökningsresultat och slutsatsen att svenska gangsterrappare skapar autenticitet genom att vara kriminella. Oavsett var de kommer från eller vilka de känner presenterar gangsterrapparna sig som frontfigurer för stora kriminella nätverk och använder sina texter som en slags ”gangsters dagbok”. Teman såsom polishat, drogförsäljning och kallblodigt mord förekommer ofta och är till och med förväntade. / This paper focuses on authenticity in rap: how it is created and maintained. First, I introduce the subgenre of “gangsta rap” and how it is defined. Then, I continue by analyzing a set of songs both lyrically, audibly and visually, and while direct audible differences are included, they are deemed less important than the social aspect of said songs. Subsequently follows a discussion of my findings and the conclusion that Swedish gangster rappers create authenticity by being criminals. No matter where they come from, or who they know they will always present themselves as the front figure of vast criminal networks and use their lyrics as a form of “gangster diary.” Themes such as hating the police, selling drugs and killing in cold blood are commonplace and are even expected.

This study concentrates on the performance evaluation of a specific modulation scheme under nonlinear operation. This modulation scheme is the phase shift keying (PSK) modulation, exemplified by the special cases of BPSK, QPSK, OQPSK, &amp / #960 / /4-QPSK. The specific nonlinear block is chosen to be the solid state power amplifier (SSPA) structure whose simulation model is the Rapp model. Varying transmitter filter characteristic and one of the power amplifier parameters constitute the main methodology of simulations. Bit error rate (BER), error vector magnitude (EVM), and Space Frequency Coordination Group (SFCG) spectral mask constraint are the evaluation parameters taken into account throughout this study. Simulation results support the initial literature survey, which reveals additional features showing how each modulation scheme is affected by various SSPA nonlinearity characteristics.

The purpose of this survey is to see how girls are portrayed in children’s literature from a gender perspective. The analysis is based on different specific features with the characters such as looks, stereotypical behaviour and interplay with other characters. The starting point of this analysis are the four children’s books Lisbet och Sambakungen by Emma Karinsdotter and Hanna Gustavsson, Nelly Rapp och de små under jorden by Martin Widmark and Christina Alvner, Hedvig och Hardemos prinsessa by Frida Nilsson and Dårfinkar och Dönickar by Ulf Stark. These four children’s books are in different ways norm breaking and are prominent within the school's activities. The study is based on how gender and equality looks in our society today. The analysis will also investigate girls’ and boys’ behaviour based on common stereotypical features. The results demonstrate that the children’s books are in different ways norm breaking and that girls are portrayed in varying ways. The results have also shown that a good working method for working with gender in teaching is reading aloud following with book discussions. / Syftet med undersökningen är att se hur flickor skildras i barnböcker ur ett genusperspektiv. Analyserna baseras på olika specifika drag hos karaktärerna så som utseende, stereotypa beteenden och samspel med andra karaktärer. Utgångspunkt för analysen är de fyra barnböckerna Lisbet och Sambakungen av Emma Karinsdotter och Hanna Gustavsson, Nelly Rapp och de små under jorden av Martin Widmark och Christina Alvner, Hedvig och Hardemos prinsessa av Frida Nilsson och Dårfinkar och Dönickar av Ulf Stark. Dessa fyra böcker är på olika sätt normbrytande och är framträdande inom skolans verksamhet.  Studien grundas på hur genus och jämställdhet ser ut i vårt samhälle idag. Analysen kommer även att undersöka flickor och pojkars beteende med utgångspunkt i vanligt förekommande stereotypa drag. Resultatet påvisar att barnböckerna på olika vis bryter mot normer och stereotyper samt att flickor skildras på varierande sätt. Resultatet har även visat att bra arbetssätt för att arbeta med genus i undervisning är högläsning som följs upp av boksamtal.

"Die Deutsche Fotothek Dresden erschließt mit ihrer Online-Bilddatenbank einen guten Teil der Technikgeschichte in Deutschland. ..."

"Die Deutsche Fotothek Dresden erschließt mit ihrer Online-Bilddatenbank einen guten Teil der Technikgeschichte in Deutschland. ..."