La narcolepsie de type 1 (NT1) est une maladie neurologique rare caractérisée par une hypersomnolence diurne et des cataplexies - pertes de tonus musculaire pendant l'éveil provoqué par une émotion forte. Chez l'homme, la NT1 est due à la mort spécifique et postnatale des neurones à orexine (Orex) promoteurs de l'éveil, et est considérée comme une pathologie de l'éveil. Toutefois, les observations cliniques suggèrent une dérégulation du sommeil paradoxal (SP) dans cette pathologie. Les patients NT1 ont une latence d'apparition du SP très courte et de fréquents endormissements en SP. De plus, la similitude entre l'atonie musculaire de la cataplexie et celle caractéristique du SP nous mène à penser que la narcolepsie serait également une pathologie du SP. Cette hypothèse a été testée à travers deux études menées sur un modèle murin de narcolepsie : la souris Orex-KO. Dans une 1ère étude nous avons objectivé que malgré une régulation homéostasique du SP intacte, la souris Orex-KO a une propension élevée à faire du SP pendant la phase active. Nous avons alors suggéré un nouveau rôle pour le neuropeptide Orex, celui d'inhibition du SP. Puis, nous avons cherché à déterminer si le réseau neuronal de l'atonie musculaire du SP était recruté pendant les cataplexies. Nos données suggèrent que contrairement à l'hypothèse généralement admise, les neurones glutamatergiques du noyau sublatérodorsal (SLD) ne sont pas suffisants à la mise place des cataplexies et ne seraient que partiellement impliqués dans ce symptôme. Ce travail de thèse a permis de mieux comprendre le rôle des Orex dans la NT1, et d'approfondir nos connaissances sur les mécanismes neurobiologiques de la cataplexie / Narcolepsy type 1 (NT1) is a rare neurological disease characterized by an excessive daytime sleepiness and episodes of cataplexy – a sudden loss of muscular tone triggered by strong emotions during wakefulness. In humans, NT1 is due to the specific and postnatal loss of orexin (Orex) neurons involved in wake promotion. It led to describe NT1 as a wake disease. However, clinical observations have suggested a disrupted regulation of paradoxical (or REM) sleep in narcolepsy. Indeed, NT1 patients have shorter latency to enter REM sleep and frequent sleep onset in REM sleep. More, muscular atonia observed in cataplexy is one of the main feature of REM sleep. Together, those data led to the hypothesis that narcolepsy would be also a REM sleep disease. We’ve investigated this hypothesis in two different studies performed on a recognize model of murine narcolepsy: the Orex-KO mouse. In a 1st study, we found that despite an intact REM sleep homeostasic regulation, Orex-KO mice had an increased REM sleep propensity during active phase. We’ve suggested a new role of REM sleep inhibition for the neuropeptide Orex. Then, we aimed to determine whether REM sleep atonia and cataplexy shared the same neuronal network. In contrast to the currently admitted hypothesis, we demonstrate that glutamatergic neurons of the sublaterodorsal nucleus (SLD) are not sufficient to generate cataplexy, and are only partially involved in this symptom. Taken together, data harvested during this thesis help us to better understand the role of Orex in NT1 and to improve our knowledge about the neurobiological mechanisms of cataplexy

En Europe, une maladie est définie comme rare dès lors qu'elle touche moins d'une personne sur 2000, ce qui représente moins de 30 000 personnes en France. Il existerait plus de 7000 maladies rares dans le monde dont les deux tiers ont un impact important sur la santé et la qualité de vie des patients. Des études récentes révèlent des vécus possiblement spécifiques aux personnes atteintes de maladies rares, parmi lesquels un désir d'information accru sur les avancées de la recherche et sur les mécanismes physiologiques de leurs maladies ; ou encore l'instauration de rapports collaboratifs plutôt que hiérarchiques avec le corps médical. Or, si les essais cliniques en maladie rare représentent bien souvent un espoir pour ces patients, ils constituent aussi une confrontation parfois difficile à leur maladie et aux impératifs scientifiques et médicaux introduits par la situation de recherche. Notre objectif était d'étudier le vécu d'un essai clinique par des patients atteint d'une ataxie de Friedreich (AF), maladie rare neurodégénérative à l'origine d'une perte progressive de l'autonomie dans le quotidien, ainsi que par leurs parents. Nous avons mené trois études respectivement au cours, à la fin et à la suite d'un essai clinique randomisé en double aveugle (ACTFRIE) auprès de 38 patients âgés de 7 à 24 ans et, pour certains, de leurs parents. Nous avons cherché à déterminer l'évolution de la qualité de vie dans l'AF au cours de deux ans d'essai clinique (étude Qualifrie), les caractéristiques du vécu d'un essai clinique chez les patients et leurs parents (étude M24), et les attentes des patients et, pour certains, de leurs parents, quant au rendu des résultats de l'essai clinique auquel ils ont participé (étude Friecom). Les résultats de l'étude Qualifrie nous apprennent que la participation à un essai clinique peut avoir un effet positif transitoire sur la qualité de vie psychique pour les patients, sans pour autant que des progrès soient retrouvés sur le plan physique, ou notés dans le ressenti des patients. L'étude M24 apporte d'importantes pistes de réflexion sur le positionnement psychologique des patients et de leurs parents dans ces essais cliniques, notamment en termes de « demande » de soin, plutôt que de « volontariat » ; et suggèrent des points de vigilance à l'intention des investigateurs de futurs essais pour assurer aux patients un accord de consentement pleinement libre et éclairé. Enfin, les résultats de l'étude Friecom mettent en évidence la nécessité du rendu des résultats, tant globaux qu'individuels, aux patients des essais cliniques et/ou à leurs parents ; et l'intérêt marqué de cette population atteinte d'une maladie rare pour l'information scientifique concernant sa maladie. L'ensemble de ces travaux met en exergue la nécessité de prendre en compte les spécificités du vécu des essais cliniques par les personnes atteintes de maladies rares, leurs besoins, leurs attentes. Il suggère en outre des améliorations en termes de précautions préalables aux essais cliniques à prendre par les investigateurs. Il s'agit notamment de trouver une juste adéquation entre les attentes des participants et les buts assignés de l'étude. A ce titre, ces travaux mènent à souligner la nécessité centrale de la présence du psychologue dans les essais cliniques en maladie rare, interlocuteur privilégié et essentiel, assurant le lien entre les équipes de soin et les patients (ou participants potentiels) et/ou les parents accompagnants. Plusieurs perspectives de recherches futures sont abordées, d'autant que le contexte particulier des maladies rares semble encore trop peu exploré dans la littérature scientifique, notamment en psychologie ; alors qu'il bénéficierait de façon manifeste du regard et des recommandations d'une grande partie des champs des sciences humaines. / In Europe, a disease is defined as rare if it affects less than one person in 2000, which represents less than 30,000 people in France. There are estimated to be more than 7000 rare diseases worldwide, two-thirds of which have a significant impact on patients'health and quality of life. Recent studies reveal experiences that may be specific to people with rare diseases, including a desire for more information on the advances in research and the physiological mechanisms of their diseases, ; or the establishment of collaborative rather than hierarchical relationships with the medical profession. Although clinical trials in rare diseases often represent a hope for these patients, they could also constitute a difficult confrontation with their disease and the scientific and medical imperatives introduced by the research situation. Our objective was to study the experience of a clinical trial by patients with Friedreich's ataxia (FA), a rare neurodegenerative disease that causes a progressive loss of autonomy in daily life, and by their parents. We conducted three studies respectively during, at the end of and following a randomized double-blind clinical trial (ACTFRIE) in 38 patients aged from 7 to 24 years and, for some, their parents. We sought to determine the evolution of quality of life in FA during two years of clinical trials (Qualifrie study), the experience's characteristics of a clinical trial in patients and their parents (M24 study), and the expectations of patients and, for some, their parents, regarding the results of the clinical trial in which they participated (Friecom study). The results of the Qualifrie study show us that participation in a clinical trial can have a positive, transient effect on the psychic quality of life for patients, without any improvement in the physical state of the patients, or any improvement in their impressions about it. M24 study provides important reflections on the psychological positioning of patients and their parents in these clinical trials, particularly in terms of "demand" for care, rather than "voluntarism"; and suggests points of vigilance for investigators of future trials to ensure that patients have a fully free and informed consent agreement. Finally, the results of the Friecom study highlight the need for both global and individual results to be delivered to patients and/or their parents in clinical trials; and the strong interest of this rare disease population in providing scientific information about their disease. Overall, this work highlights the need to take into account the specificities of the clinical trial experience of rare disease patients, their needs and expectations. It also suggests improvements in terms of pre-trial precautions to be taken by investigators. This includes finding the right match between the expectations of the participants and the aims of the study. Therefore, this work underlines the necessity of the psychologist's presence in clinical trials in rare diseases, as a privileged and essential professional, ensuring the link between the care teams and patients (or potential participants) and/or accompanying parents. Several perspectives for future research are discussed, especially because of the particular context of rare diseases, which seems to be insufficiently explored in the scientific literature, particularly in psychology; whereas it would clearly benefit from the viewpoint and recommendations of a large part of the fields of the human and social sciences.

This diploma thesis is focused on education specifics of children with a rare disease at a special primary school. In the theoretical part, the author describes three specific rare diseases - mucopolysaccharidosis, Prader-Willi syndrome and Smith-Magenis syndrome. Deals with the manifestations of the disease, treatment options and the arrangement of the education for these children. In the practical part the author inquires how teachers work with a child with a rare disease during the day at special primary school. The thesis also inquires what specifics the educational process brings to teachers and where do the teachers find the sources for their methods of work.

Les maladies rares sont définies en Europe par une prévalence inférieure à 1/2 000 cas et représentent plus de 7000 entités différentes dont 80% sont d’origine génétique. La majorité est de début pédiatrique. J’ai réalisé l’étude de cas familiaux rares avec récurrence dans la fratrie de cardiopathies congénitales avec hétérotaxie (défaut de latéralité gauche/droite) d’une part, et de mort subite cardiaque inexpliquée chez le nourrisson ou en période néonatale d’autre part. La stratégie d’identification de gène par séquençage de l’exome au sein de ces familles dans l’hypothèse d’une transmission autosomique récessive a permis d’identifier trois gènes et d’en étudier deux sur le plan fonctionnel dans différents modèles : 1) Perte de fonction de MMP21 et malformations cardiaques congénitales par anomalie de latéralité embryonnaire. MMP21 code pour une métallopeptidase matricielle dont nous démontrons le rôle très spécifique au niveau du nœud embryonnaire sur un modèle poisson zèbre et souris. Ceci ouvre de nouvelles perspectives dans la compréhension des mécanismes moléculaires qui sous-tendent la mise en place de l’asymétrie gauche/droite chez la plupart des vertébrés. De manière intéressante, alors que tous les mammifères ont le cœur latéralisé à gauche, tous n’ont pas un gène MMP21 codant. Il existe donc plusieurs voies de signalisation de l’asymétrie gauche/droite chez les vertébrés. 2) Mutations hypomorphes de PPA2 et mort subite cardiaque chez le nourrisson. PPA2 code pour une pyrophosphatase mitochondriale et les données chez la levure ont montré que la fonction de cette enzyme était essentielle au fonctionnement mitochondrial. Nous décrivons une nouvelle présentation clinique de maladie mitochondriale responsable de décès par arrêt cardiaque inattendu chez le nourrisson. 3) Perte de fonction de PLCD3 et cardiomyopathie foudroyante par apoptose et nécrose diffuse des cardiomyocytes en période néonatale. Ce résultat nécessite encore d’être confirmé par l’identification d’autres cas mais la fonction de la protéine et des données chez la souris sont des arguments majeurs en faveur de la causalité du gène. Au total, ces travaux sont déterminants à la fois sur le plan clinique dans le cadre du conseil génétique pour les familles concernées et sur le plan fondamental en éclairant les mécanismes biologiques de mise en place de l’axe gauche-droit au cours du développement embryonnaire avec MMP21, sur le rôle essentiel de PPA2 dans la mitochondrie et sur celui de PLCD3 dans la survie des cardiomyocytes en postnatal. / Rare diseases are defined in Europe by a prevalence of less than 1/2,000 individuals and represent more than 7,000 different diseases of which 80% are genetic. Most have a paediatric onset. My project involved the study of rare cardiac disorders in familial cases with recurrence in siblings, focusing on congenital heart disease in the context of heterotaxia (laterality defects) and sudden unexpected death due to cardiac arrest in infancy and the neonatal period. Whole exome sequencing was used as a tool for disease gene discovery in these families with the hypothesis of autosomal recessive inheritance. This strategy led to the identification of 3 novel disease genes. I performed functional validation for two of these genes in different models, confirming their involvement in each disease. 1) Loss of function of MMP21 and cardiac malformations due to left-right patterning defects during embryonic development. MMP21 encodes a metallopeptidase for which I demonstrated a highly specialized role in the generation of left-right asymmetry at the node using zebrafish. This gives new insight into the molecular mechanisms at the origin of left-right asymmetry in vertebrates. Interestingly, all mammals have a left-sided heart, but some species have lost the Mmp21 gene, indicating that there are different pathways leading to left-right determination in vertebrates. 2) Hypomorphic mutations in PPA2 cause sudden cardiac arrest in infants. PPA2 is a nuclear gene encoding the mitochondrial pyrophosphatase and using a yeast model we showed that this enzyme is essential for the mitochondrial energy transducing system and biogenesis. I described a novel clinical spectrum for a mitochondrial disease responsible for unexpected cardiac arrest in infancy. 3) PLCD3 loss of function and fatal cardiomyopathy by cardiomyocyte apoptosis and necrosis in neonates. Exome sequencing in one familial case with 2 siblings presenting fatal cardiomyopathy led to the identification of compound heterozygous mutations in PLCD3, a gene previously implicated in a similar pathology in a mouse model. Identification of further cases with mutations in this gene will be needed in order to confirm the role of PLCD3 in the disease. In total, these studies are crucial from a clinical point of view for the genetic counseling of the affected families and they contribute to the elucidation of biological mechanisms of embryonic development and left-right determination (MMP21), mitochondrial function (PPA2) and post-natal cardiomyocyte survival (PLCD3).

La dystrophie myotonique de type 1 (DM1), est une maladie génétique héréditaire affectant environ 1/8000 personnes. Les patients souffrant de DM1 développent essentiellement des troubles musculaires tels qu’une faiblesse et une atrophie musculaire. La cause de la DM1 est expliquée par la mutation du gène "DMPK". Lors de ma thèse, j’ai pu démontrer que l’épissage de l’ARNm BIN1 était altéré dans le muscle DM1. En effet, l’exon 7 de BIN1, qui est absent du muscle normal, est exprimé de façon aberrante chez les patients DM1. En utilisant un modèle murin, j’ai prouvé que l’expression forcée de l’exon 7 de BIN1 altérait simultanément la structure et la fonction du muscle. Nous avons notamment observés une diminution de la taille des fibres musculaires et une augmentation de la faiblesse musculaire, comparé à des souris normales. Par conséquent, ce travail aidera à la compréhension du mécanisme de la maladie et pourrait expliquer les causes de la faiblesse musculaire et de l’atrophie. / Myotonic dystrophy of type 1 (DM1), is an inherited genetic disease affecting around 1 in 8000 person. Patients suffering from DM1 develop essentially muscle disorders such as muscle weakness, muscle loss and atrophy. The cause of DM1 is explained by the mutation of a gene called “DMPK“.During my thesis, I discovered that the alternative splicing of BIN1 mRNA was altered in the muscle of DM1 patients. Indeed, the BIN1 exon 7, which is normally absent in healthy muscle, is aberrantly expressed in DM1 muscle. By using a mouse model, I found that the forced expression of BIN1 exon 7 was responsible of the alteration of both muscle structure and function. Notably, we found a decrease in muscle fibers area (atrophy) and an increase of muscle weakness, compared to wild-type mice. Therefore, this work will help in the understanding of the disease mechanism and could explain the causes of muscle weakness and atrophy, which have never been elucidated to this date.

The aim of this work is to enable a person to perceive and understand the specific features of behaviour of girls having Rett syndrome and to offer effective options for activities and effort in the process of education. The substance of the collection of suggestions and proposals for actions and activities as well as tools and equipment sorted according to equipment and objects used at a special needs education primary school. Practical advice, recommendations and suggestions are based on theoretical grounds and basis, particular examples or photo documentation. The work is founded on study cases of two girls with Rett syndrome where there are not only the girls' results and evaluations in the educational process described but also the personal stories of their families and different way of dealing with the tough life situations. The work results enable to discover a suitable attitude not only towards the girls but as well to their parents, siblings or classmates. KEYWORDS rare disease, Rett syndrome, mental disorder, communication, upbringing, education, general regularities, practical activities and actions, case study

Made available in DSpace on 2014-08-26T17:31:46Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license.txt: 1748 bytes, checksum: 8a4605be74aa9ea9d79846c1fba20a33 (MD5) 69585.pdf: 1181357 bytes, checksum: 50462d1ba789c7b199ee8460ca90f3b8 (MD5) / Fundação Oswaldo Cruz. Instituto Fernandes Figueira. Departamento de Ensino. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Saúde da Criança e da Mulher. Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil / A Doença de Gaucher (DG) é uma Doença de Depósito Lisossômico (DDL) e seu tratamento baseia - se na terapia de reposição enzimática. Tal terapia foi um marco na vida de pacientes e especialistas, pois mudou a história da evolução da doença, caracterizando um a nova era na Genética Médica. Este trabalho tem como objeto de pesquisa as perspectivas trazidas por profissionais, com experiência em trata r a Doença de Gaucher no Sistema Único de Saúde no estado do Rio de Janeiro. Uma vez que a DG é a única condição d o grupo das DDL a ser contemplada por uma Política Ministerial, promovendo acesso a drogas de alto custo através de um Protocolo Clínico e Diretrizes Terapêuticas (PCDT). O o bjetivo geral foi a nalisar a prática da aplicação do protocolo oficial de tratame nto da DG e o seu entendimento a partir da ótica dos médicos tratadores, profissionais de saúde e gestores do Centro de Referência , o Instituto Estadual de Hematologia Arthur de Siqueira Cavalcanti (HEMORIO). Os objetivos específicos foram primeiramente id entificar a formaçã o profissional dos envolvidos no programa, analisar a ótica desses profissionais sob re as recomendações do PCDT e como estes situam o Centro de Referência (CR) e m seu atual funcionamento , e d iscutir de maneira crítica a visão dos profiss i onais a respeito dos benefícios e de possíveis falhas do programa. Foram realizadas entrevistas temáticas semiestruturadas e a elas aplicou - se a análise de conteúdo. No que tange ao entendimento sobre o PCDT - DG e o seu viii funcionamento, os resultados apontam a importância da existência de um balizador, um programa robusto governamental, revisado por especialistas bem capacitados no tema. O PCDT - DG foi um avanço na saúde, oficializando e garantindo o acesso à medicação de maneira embasada, controlada por câmar as técnicas estaduais, permitindo a efetuação de pregões públicos, uma maneira transparente de aquisiçã o de drogas de alto custo comparada a medidas judiciais . Os sujeitos da pesquisa são favoráveis ao programa, no entanto possuem uma abordagem crítica ao sistema de saúde no que diz respeit o a entraves na rede de assistência cirúrgica e de reabilitação. Um grande gargalo atualmente no SUS não é exclusivo ao programa da DG: certos questionamentos éticos na fomentação do diagnóstico laboratorial por parte da indústria farmacêutica, apesar de haver relações amigáveis entre esses dois atores no CR. Concluímos que muitos avanços foram conquistados a partir da implementação do protocolo e que talvez este possa servir como modelo para garantir acesso ao tratamento de outras DDL. Algumas incongruências do siste ma são questionáveis e discutida s entre gestores, médicos e usuários, entretanto ainda são muito poucos os estudos publicados no Brasil sobre o tema . / Gaucher disease (GD) is a Lysosomal Storage Disease (LSD) and its treatment is based on enzyme replacement therapy. Such therapy was a milestone in patients `s lives and experts in the field, changing the disease natural history . This work aims at present ing the treatment of GD in the Unified Health System i n the state of Rio de Janeiro, as it is the only LSD to be covered by a Ministerial policy , which promotes access to high cost drugs through a Clinical Gui deline (CG) . The overall objective was to analyze the practical application of the CG protocol in the treatment of GD, and how this guideline was interpreted and used by the medical c haracters , health professionals and ma nagers of the Reference Center and the State Institute of Hematology Arthur de Siquei ra Cavalcanti (HEMORIO ). The specific objectives were to identify the training of those involved in the program, to analyze how professionals viewed the recommendations included in the CP, what they thought about the Reference Center for GD and to critical ly discuss the benefits and possi ble shortcomings of the program . Thematic semi - structured interviews were conducted, and the content analysis was applied. Regarding the understanding of the CP - GD and its op eration, the results point the importance of t he existence of a robust government program, reviewed by well - trained experts in the subject. The CP - GD was a health`s breakthrough , ensuring access to medication, controlled by state technical chambers, a llowing the practice of public auctions, a transpar ent way of purchasing high - cost drugs when compared to individual litigation. The steakeholder`s research were x favo rable to the program, although they criticized the health network constraints for specialized care, such as surgical services and rehabilitat ion. Another major bottleneck in the health system, not exclusive for G D is ethical issues regarding laboratory diagnosis by the pharmaceutical industry. We conclude d that many advances have been achieved from the implementation of the CP, and that hopeful ly this can serve as a model to ensure access t o treatment for other LSD. Managers, physicians and users point out some inconsistencies in the system although there is still limited published data on this subject in Brazil.

In my work, I want to focus on the perceived advantages and disadvantages of membership in the umbrella organization. This topic, I will discuss from the perspectives of the member organizations. This is a specific segment associations - the patient organizations focused to patients with rare diseases. It is clear that cooperation in the umbrella organization brings advantages, but it is probable that it can also bring some disadvantages. For my work I choose the Czech Association for rare diseases. In the Czech Republic is the only organization in the civil sector, focusing exclusively on rare diseases. The goal of the master thesis is to find out the perceived advantages and disadvantages, and how it is related to the level of activity of members of the umbrella organization. Further, I want to compare the data with the theoretical literature in order that differs. Theme of umbrella in the Czech Republic is almost unexplored. There are only a few expert papers in this area. That's why I decided to focus on cooperation in civil sector (organization focus on rare diseases), which is relatively unknown. Keys words: advantages of cooperation, disadvantages of cooperation, rare disease, advocacy function, information function, umbrella organizations, patient organizations, Czech Association for Rare...