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Sveriges befolkning fortsätter att öka och en majoritet av Sveriges kommuner anger att deupplever en bostadsbrist. För att bemöta behovet av fler bostäder finns därför ett behov avfortsatt exploatering av kommunal mark där kommunernas process för tilldelning av mark tillbyggherrar benämns markanvisning. Fram tills 2015 har detta dock varit oreglerat vilket ocksåhar lett till stora variationer i anvisningsprocessen mellan kommunerna och få studier hargenomförts inom området.Syftet med denna studie är att beskriva markanvisningsprocessen i olika kommuner med fokuspå transparensen i utvärderingen av anbud samt vilken logik som styr detta. Målet är attdiskutera olika tillvägagångssätt inklusive dess förutsägbarhet och transparens med avstamp itidigare studier samt teorier för den rationella beslutsprocessen. Det empiriska materialetsamlades primärt in via intervjuer med respondenter från utvalda kommuner i kombinationmed information från offentliga styrdokument.Studiens resultat bekräftar de variationer mellan kommunerna som tidigare identifierats menger en ny inblick i hur utvärderingsprocesserna genomförs i praktiken. I studien föreslås enalternativ kategorisering av anvisningsmetoder samtidigt som resultaten visar på en generellotydlighet och brist på standardiserade utvärderingsprocesser. Avsaknaden av generellariktlinjer försämrar transparensen mot aktörer på marknaden och en trend att övergå till meriterativa beslutsprocesser minskar även förutsägbarheten. För att förbättra dessa aspekterinom markanvisningsprocessen krävs ytterligare forskning som studerar de kommunalaförutsättningarna, ökad kunskapsspridning och erfarenhetsutbyte tillsammans med endiskussion kring lämpliga metoder för att uppnå den största samhällsekonomiska nyttan. / The population in Sweden continues to increase and a majority of the municipalities state thatthey are experiencing a housing shortage. To meet the need for more housing, there isconsequently a need for continued exploitation of municipal land, where the municipalities'process for allocating land to builders is called land allocation. However, until 2015 this hasbeen unregulated, which has also led to large variations in the allocation process between themunicipalities and few studies have been carried out in the field.The purpose of this study is to describe the land allocation process in different municipalitieswith a focus on transparency in the tender evaluation and the logic that governs this. The aimis to discuss different approaches including its predictability and transparency with regard toprevious studies and theories for the rational decision-making process. The empirical materialwas collected primarily through interviews with respondents from selected municipalities incombination with information from public control documents.The results of the study confirm the variations between the municipalities, which werepreviously identified, but give a new insight into how the evaluation processes are implementedin practice. The study proposes an alternative categorization of allocation methods, while theresults show a general lack of clarity and standardized evaluation processes. The lack of generalguidelines reduces transparency towards market actors and a trend towards more iterativedecision-making processes also reduces predictability. In order to improve these aspects withinthe land allocation process, further research is needed which studies the municipal conditions,increased knowledge dissemination and exchange of experience together with a discussionabout suitable methods for achieving the highest socio-economic benefit.

Since 1948 when Israel was created there have been many conflicts in the Middle East, specifically between Israel and Palestine, both claiming rights over territory. To reach peace and security, the EU has supported the two state solution. There have been many published studies on the EU's position before the commencement of the Israeli-Hamas conflict on October 7th, 2023. This study investigates how, if at all, the EU's position has changed between October 7th and January 1st, 2024, as well as how divided the EU is over the conflict's position. This was accomplished through the use of a qualitative desk study and approaches such as process tracing and text analysis. The thesis uses rational choice as a theoretical framework to follow the process of decision making, political alliances and moral dilemmas. The study argues that there has been a change in position. The EU shows more support for Israel and continues to treat Palestine as a threat to Western security. However, this is not only a consequence of the conflict, but could also be explained by the political changes in Europe. In the end, the support for the two-state solution remains as this continues to benefit EUs own security. This continues to position the EU as a rational actor, as well as it prioritizes its strategic relationship with Israel.

Many students struggle to make sense of algebraic expressions in math. This lack of understanding results in students making symbolic manipulation errors, hindering their procedural fluency. Researchers believe these errors are linked to students' lack of structural reasoning. While research has shown that students rarely engage in expert structural reasoning, little is known about how students actually reason structurally. In this study, I interviewed six high school calculus students to study the way they identified, matched, and evaluated structures as they solved problems involving rational expressions and equations. I analyzed the participant interviews and outlined the matching process they used and the types of evaluations they made during this matching process. Consequently, I was able to confirm that students were using structural reasoning throughout the tasks and that effective student structural reasoning was characterized by identifying structures using operational hierarchical reasoning and matching them to correct rules. These findings have the potential to help teachers better instruct students on using and identifying structure, leading to less frustration by students and teachers in algebra.

Let X be an Atkin-Lehner quotient of the modular curve X_0(N) whose Jacobian J_f is a simple quotient of J_0(N)^{new} over Q. We give analytic methods for determining the rational points of X using quadratic Chabauty by explicitly computing two p-adic Gross--Zagier formulas for the newform f of level N and weight 2 associated with J_f when f has analytic rank 1. Combining results of Gross-Zagier and Waldspurger, one knows that for certain imaginary quadratic fields K, there exists a Heegner divisor in J_0(N)(K) whose image is finite index in J_f(Q) under the action of Hecke. We give an algorithm to compute the special value of the anticyclotomic p-adic L-function of f constructed by Bertolini, Darmon, and Prasanna, assuming some hypotheses on the prime p and on K. This value is proportional to the logarithm of the Heegner divisor on J_f with respect to the differential form f dq/q. We also compute the p-adic height of the Heegner divisor on J_f using a p-adic Gross-Zagier formula of Perrin-Riou. Additionally, we give algorithms for the geometric quadratic Chabauty method of Edixhoven and Lido. Our algorithms describe how to translate their algebro-geometric method into calculations involving Coleman-Gross heights, logarithms, and divisor arithmetic. We achieve this by leveraging a map from the Poincaré biextension to the trivial biextension.

By examining Gandhi as a political organiser it may be possible to bridge the gap between two interpretations of his importance -- one which focuses on his propagation of nonviolence "as a way of life", the other- which treats him as a pioneer in the use of nonviolence "as a conflict technique. " Gandhi named his philosophy and his method of action, "satyagraha". Between 1915 and 1922 he emerged as the organiser of local satyagraha campaigns in Bihar and Gujarat. He moved quickly, however, to leadership of further struggles at a national level, in particular the hoxlatt Satyagraha in 1919 and Noncooperation eighteen months later. The thesis explores, through a series of case studies, how Gandhi developed his methods as he moved over a period of about five years from local to national scale. At the national level, Gandhi failed to take India by storm as he had hoped through organisations founded by himself to propagate his principles like the Satyagraha Sabha and the Swadeshi Sabha. He therefore forged alliances with political figures from other perspectives within the Khilafat movement and the Indian Rational Congress who nonetheless were prepared to follow his direction. A principal means which Gandhi developed for generating solidarity between the nation's educated "classes" and the "masses" and for mobilising people short of civil disobedience, was the promotion of campaigns of constructive work. This is particularly clear in his planning and leadership of the Noncooperation movement. Presentation of nonviolent action in the West, by overstressing the "conflict" aspect of satyagraha and neglecting the "constructive", has been one-sided. The importance in Gandhi's method as an organiser of a concept of constructive programme and its application in practice suggests that advocates of nonviolent action as a technique should look more closely at the balance between the two aspects in his approach. The thesis concludes with a review'of the rules and stages in Gandhi's satyagraha campaigns which have been proposed in the work of Joan Bondurant. / Long Dene Fund

Given a birational map among projective varieties, it is known that there exists a variety Z with a one-dimensional torus action such that the birational map is induced from two geometric quotients of Z. We proceed in the opposite direction: given a smooth projective variety X with a one-dimensional torus action, one can define a birational map associated to the action and study the properties of the map via the geometry of X. Rational homogeneous varieties admit natural torus actions, so they are a good class of example to test the general theory. In the thesis, we obtain and discuss some results about the birational maps associated to some one-dimensional torus actions on rational homogeneous varieties.

Catechol 1,2-Dioxygenase from Rhodococcus opacus is a type of intradiol dioxygenase enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of catechol to cis, cis muconic acid. This enzymatic conversion has the potential to be useful in a number of different applications such as treating wastewater contaminated with aromatic compounds to creating a greener method to produce cis, cis muconic acid which can be used to make a number of industrially important base chemicals. However, for enzymes to be used in industrial conditions, they must be highly stable. The experimental chapters in this thesis explore whether this enzyme can be stabilized to meet industrial requirements while minimizing any loss in catalytic activity. Through the studies described in Chapter 2, a mutant enzyme was generated through disulfide bond engineering with significantly improved thermostability. However overall catalytic activity was reduced. Toward addressing this loss of catalytic activity, in Chapter 3, attempts were made to implement state-of-the-art genetic code expansion strategies to increase catalytic activity of the enzymes. However, these attempts were unsuccessful. Finally, Chapter 4 describes how future stability engineering could be optimized using design pipelines similar to the one developed in this study. Additionally, it describes possible additional optimizations toward making the application of these enzymes cost effective in the near future.

In this study the teaching of mathematics has been developed in relation to rational numbers and towards a learning activity. At the same time topic-specific mediated tools have been studied. The iterative model for learning study has been used as research approach. The purpose of the study was to explore what in an algebraic learning activity enables knowledge of rational numbers to develop. The specific questions answered by the study are how an algebraic learning activity can be formed in an otherwise arithmetic teaching tradition, what knowledge is mediated in relation to different mediated tools and what in these tools that enable this knowledge. The result of the study shows how an algebraic learning activity can be developed to support the students to understand rational numbers even in an arithmetic teaching tradition. The important details that developed the algebraic learning activity were to identify the problem to create learning tasks and the opportunity for the students to reflect that are characteristic of a learning activity. The result also shows that the mediating tools, the algebraic symbols and the general model for fractional numbers, have had significant importance for the students' possibilities to explore rational numbers. The conditions for the algebraic symbols seem to be the possibilities for these symbols to include clues to the meaning of the symbol and that the same symbol can be used in relation to several of other mediated tools. The conditions in the general model consisted of that the integer numbers and the rational numbers in the model could be distinguished and that the students could reflect on the meaning of the different parts. The general model consists of the algebraic symbols, developed in the learning activity. The algebraic symbols make the structure of the numbers visible and the general model mediates the structure of additive and multiplicative conditions that are contained in a rational number. The result of the study contributes in part to the field of mathematics education research by examining Elkonin's and Davydov's Mathematical Curriculum in a western teaching practice and in part to a development of the model of Learning study as a didactical research approach by using an activity-theoretical perspective on design and analysis.

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