This work tries to present the importance of the theory of justice of John Rawls from the point of view of Christian ethics, pointing out selected aspect of this theory. The basis for this reflection gives the fact, that the theory of justice of John Rawls is repeatedly cited in the presentations of the principles of Catholic social teaching. In some points they show similarities, in others are in opposition. Furthermore, John Rawls formulates his formal theory in a way to make it acceptable for every rational human being. In this group are also included persons with religious and moral ideas, or how John Rawls call them himself: people with comprehensive doctrines. The rationale to examine the theory of justice is justified also by the fact that Rawls ascribes not ignorable function in the aforementioned theory to religious ideas. Thirdly, in the case of John Rawls is possible to see one of the advocates and fore-representative of the liberal tradition. Liberalism is, because of its ambiguous definition but simultanously real presence in the society and thinking of people, not ignorable challenge for the Church and religious ideas, with which she already tries for two hundred years to tackle. In this work therefore will be presented the life and works of John Rawls, together with the basic theses of...

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In my paper I make a case for why more countries ought to adopt reciprocal free movement of people policies. Looking at the EU as an example of successful implementation of reciprocal free movement of people policies, I establish a model for such an agreement between countries. I consider the American countries as an example of a region that could benefit from adopting a reciprocal free movement of people policy. For the ethical basis of the argument I look at the eight principles for free and democratic peoples – focusing on the first, sixth, and eighth principles – John Rawls sets out in his book The Law of Peoples (1999). I use his principles as the groundwork for establishing the rights of citizens of a country, the obligations a government has to those people, and how nations ought to interact with one another. Rawls uses an Egalitarian framework for establishing the eight principles of justice. Further using Joseph Carens' analysis in "Aliens and Citizens: The Case for Open Borders" (1987) in which he applies Rawls' theory of the Original Position to a global scale to argue for open borders. Carens argues for completely open borders and states there is rarely a justifiable reason to restrict movement. While Carens' argument is more radical than what I'm arguing, it serves as a good base for the ethical case to remove restrictions to movement. My argument recognizes reasons why nations might want to maintain a degree of control over who enters their country and recognizes the practical obstacles to a country embracing open borders. A regionally based freedom of movement policy allows countries to recognize its citizens' right and the rights of citizens of member states to move freely while maintaining a level of national sovereignty by being selective about the countries they enter into an agreement with. I used American countries as a case study – granted a case could be made for many other countries to have such an agreement – because they resemble Europe around the time of adopting Article 45 in the level of market integration, shared identity and history, and on-going political tensions surrounding issues of immigration. The conversation of immigration shifts to one of free movement under a free movement of people policy. Immigration grants a person the full status of citizens, whereas, free movement grants a person a range of rights as a legal resident while still maintaining citizenship in their country of origin.

Thèse numérisée par la Direction des bibliothèques de l'Université de Montréal.

A social problem that has created many debates is the issue of the gender distribution in a workplace where the main aim has been to create an equal workplace between the sexes without discrimination or favouring other genders. This has meant that it is necessary to break down male-dominated occupations to a more equal distribution between men and women, more specifically male-dominated occupations that are often leading roles within companies and organizations. According to the new directive by the European Parliament, all EU countries must take measures when it comes to increasing the number of women in management. The directive discussed during Session’s info November 21-24, 2022, plenary session in Strasbourg requires companies with more than 250 employees to carry out transparent recruitment within the company to ensure that at least 40 percent of nonexecutive board members or 33 percent of all board members are represented by women no later than July 2026 (EU. 2022). One country that has received harsh criticism is Sweden, which chose to vote no to the proposal, which has led to Sweden ending up in the same party as Hungary and Poland, which are often associated with Europe's worst countries when it comes to equality issues. This essay will analyse whether the quota system is the right way to achieve equality and how it in turn is a fair method to use. By implementing the different theories of John Rawls, Robert Nozick and liberal feminism we can for a better perception and understanding of what is "justice".

In this paper I will argue for the need for a change of norms in the global governance system in regards to development aid. I argue that liberal norms of justice and distribution of wealth have a negative effect on development aid practices. This study is a normative political theory and the material researched is relevant literature sources. The suggested new norms are, first; anarchic theory which views the state as an instrument to inforce inequality and second; the communist theory of redistributive justice “From each according to their ability, to each according to their needs”. The global governance system’s institutions will be argued to solely include civil society organisations. The argument for a new structure additionally lies in the need to make development aid less prone to creating and re-institutionalising neo-colonial relations. Development aid, or as it largely has been practised, loans, has historically forced underdeveloped nations into submission by global power states. Power states that through the use of the loan and specifically the lender's debt can further drive their interests. Instead the wellbeing of the receivers shall stand in focus, and it is the communities who receive development aid who shall dictate the terms, not their governments nor other governments. The aid shall hence be proportionate. This will enable development aid to be given in a contextual and more constructive way, by and for the people who have requested to receive funding.

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Dans ce mémoire, l'approche métaéthique de John Rawls est défendue comme constituant une tentative novatrice et crédible unifiant le constructivisme, le contextualisme et le cohérentisme. Ainsi, on y retrouve une armature constructiviste définissant les principes moraux comme découlant du point de vue pratique des agents, mais qui se distingue de la tentative kantienne en définissant le contenu de ce point de vue de manière contextuelle, en introduisant des notions comme celle de la culture publique commune en remplacement de la raison transcendantale. De plus, par l'équilibre réfléchi, Rawls propose une méthode cohérentiste permettant de mener les débats normatifs complexes auxquelles nous sommes confrontés dans le cadre démocratique, moderne et pluriel qui est le nôtre. Ce faisant, Rawls ouvre la voie à une utilisation plus sereine de la philosophie normative.