• Refine Query
  • Source
  • Publication year
  • to
  • Language
  • 64
  • 20
  • 10
  • 8
  • 6
  • 4
  • 3
  • 2
  • 1
  • Tagged with
  • 131
  • 131
  • 29
  • 21
  • 19
  • 18
  • 17
  • 16
  • 15
  • 15
  • 15
  • 15
  • 14
  • 13
  • 13
  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
61

Ionizing Electron Incidents as an Efficient Way to Reduce Viscosity of Heavy Petroleum Fluids

Alfi, Masoud 2012 August 1900 (has links)
The dependence on oil and the fact that petroleum conventional reservoirs are becoming depleted direct attentions toward unconventional-and harder to access-reservoirs. Among those, heavy and extremely heavy oil reservoirs and tar sands form a considerable portion of all petroleum resources. Conventional thermal and thermocatalytic refining methods are not affordable choices in some cases, as they demand a considerable energy investment. On the other hand, electron irradiation, as a novel technology, provides more promising results in heavy oil upgrading. Electron irradiation, as a method of delivering energy to a target molecule, ensures that most of the energy is absorbed by the molecule electronic structure. This leads to a very efficient generation of reactive species, which are capable of initiating chemical reactions. In contrast, when using thermal energy, only a small portion of the energy goes into the electronic structure of the molecule; therefore, bond rupture will result only at high energy levels. The effect of electron irradiation on different heavy petroleum fluids is investigated in this study. Radiation-induced physical and chemical changes of the fluids have been evaluated using different analytical instruments. The results show that high energy electron particles intensify the cracking of heavy hydrocarbons into lighter species. Moreover, irradiation is seen to limit any post-treatment reactions, providing products of higher stability. Depending on the characteristics of the radiolyzed fluid, irradiation may change the distribution pattern of the products, or the radiolysis process may follow the same mechanism that thermal cracking does. In addition to that, we have studied the effectiveness of different influencing variables such as reaction temperature, absorbed dose values, and additives on radiolytic reactions. More specifically, the following subjects are addressed in this study: *Radiation?induced chain reactions of heavy petroleum fluids *Complex hydrocarbon cracking mechanism *High and low temperature radiolysis *Synergetic effects of different chemical additives in radiolysis reactions *Time stability of radiation products
62

Estudo numérico de chamas laminares difusivas de CH4 diluído com CO2 empregando mecanismos cinéticos globais e a técnica flamelet-generated manifold

Hoerlle, Cristian Alex January 2015 (has links)
Simulações de chamas empregando mecanismos cinéticos detalhados são problemas computacionalmente demandantes. Por esse motivo, mecanismos reduzidos e técnicas de redução de cinética química vêm sendo desenvolvidos buscando uma melhor eficiência computacional. Mecanismos globais de poucos passos são particularmente populares pela simplicidade de programação nos códigos disponíveis. Assim, o objetivo da presente dissertação é avaliar modelagens simplificadas de cinética química na simulação numérica de chamas laminares 1D e 2D de metano diluído com dióxido de carbono. Mecanismos globais de 1, 2 e 4-passos são avaliados em comparação com o mecanismo detalhado GRI-Mech 3.0 na simulação unidimensional de chamas difusivas contra-corrente. O mecanismo global de melhor desempenho é então usado nas simulações bidimensionais de chamas difusivas tipo jato em comparação com a técnica de redução Flamelet-Generated Manifold. Observou-se que o mecanismo de 4-passos estudado apresenta bons resultados para o campo de temperaturas e para as principais espécies químicas, tanto nas simulações unidimensionais quanto nas bidimensionais. No entanto, espécies minoritárias como o CO e H2 não são bem reproduzidas. Fenômenos como posição de estabilização e penetração de oxidante na base de chamas tipo jato também não são capturadas quando o mecanismo global é usado. Por outro lado, a técnica FGM se mostrou capaz de prever tais fenômenos e resultou, adicionalmente, em um ganho computacional expressivo. / Numerical simulations of flames employing detailed kinetic mechanisms are computationally demanding problems. For this reason, reduced mechanisms and techniques of chemical kinetic reduction have been developed aiming better computational efficiency. Global mechanisms formed by few steps are particularly popular due to the simplicity of programing them in available codes. Thus, the objective of the present dissertation is to evaluate simplified chemical kinetics models in 1D and 2D numerical simulations of methane diluted with carbon dioxide laminar flames. Global mechanisms formed by 1, 2 and 4-steps are evaluated in comparison with the detailed mechanism GRI-Mech 3.0 in one-dimensional simulations of counterflow diffusive flames. The global mechanism with best performance is then used in two-dimensional simulations of diffusive jet flames for a comparison with the chemical reduction technique FGM. It was observed that a 4-step mechanism presented good results for temperature and major chemical species for both one and two-dimensional simulations. However, minor species like CO and H2 are not well reproduced. Phenomena such as stabilization position and oxygen penetration in the jet flame base are also not captured when the global mechanism is used. On the other hand, the technique Flamelet- Generated Manifold demonstrated to predict those phenomena and resulted, additionally, in an expressive computational gain.
63

Estudo teórico de complexos de hidrogênio heterocíclicos com enfoque na determinação dos mecanismos de reação

Silva, Jefferson José Soares da 23 October 2006 (has links)
Made available in DSpace on 2015-05-14T13:21:50Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 2213786 bytes, checksum: 0cc6e2b3683929f526b695daf59e4b4a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006-10-23 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / In the present work the molecular properties of heterocyclic hydrogen complexes: oxirane (C2H4O), methyloxirane (H3C-C2H3O) and hydroxi-oxirane (HO-C2H3O), as well as the respective ring open reaction by fluoridric acid has been investigated by using quantum chemistry methods. In this way, molecular properties of hydrogen complexes, such as oxirane---HF (C2H4O---HF), methyloxirane---HF (H3C-C2H3O---HF) e hydroxi-oxirana---HF (HO-C2H3O---HF), has been investigated as well. The quantum chemistry methods used were: ab initio (HF) and DFT (B3LYP and PBE1PBE) with the base set 6-311++G(d,p). The optimized structures for the hydrogen complexes and the reaction products were used in order to obtain the structure of the transition state and reaction path. The results yield that the mechanism for ring open involving the reagent HO-C2H3O-HF was kinetically and thermodynamically more favorable. The nucleofilic attack to the more substituted carbon is the preferential one. The reactivity order of the ring opened mechanism was: HO-C2H3O-HF > H3C-C2H3O-HF > C2H4O-HF. / Este trabalho trata da investigação teórica de propriedades moleculares dos seguintes compostos heterocíclicos: oxirana (C2H4O), metil-oxirana (H3C-C2H3O) e hidroxi-oxirana (HO-C2H3O), e dos respectivos mecanismos de reações referente à abertura destes anéis, frente à adição do ácido fluorídrico (HF). Neste contexto, foram determinadas as propriedades moleculares dos complexos de hidrogênio, oxirana---HF (C2H4O---HF), metiloxirana--- HF (H3C-C2H3O---HF) e hidroxi-oxirana---HF (HO-C2H3O---HF), formados em uma das etapas do mecanismo. Os métodos de estrutura eletrônica empregados foram ab initio (HF) e DFT (B3LYP e PBE1PBE) com o conjunto de base 6-311++G(d,p). A partir das estruturas otimizadas para os complexos de hidrogênio e produtos das reações foram determinadas às estruturas dos estados de transição e os caminhos de reação para as reações propostas. Os resultados mostram que a reação de abertura do anel da oxirana substituída com hidroxila, HO-C2H3O-HF, é favorecida cinética e termodinamicamente. O ataque nucleofílico ao carbono mais substituído é o preferencial. A reatividade referente à abertura do anel dos complexos heterocíclicos obedece a seguinte ordem: HO-C2H3O-HF > H3C-C2H3O-HF > C2H4O-HF.
64

Estudo numérico de chamas laminares difusivas de CH4 diluído com CO2 empregando mecanismos cinéticos globais e a técnica flamelet-generated manifold

Hoerlle, Cristian Alex January 2015 (has links)
Simulações de chamas empregando mecanismos cinéticos detalhados são problemas computacionalmente demandantes. Por esse motivo, mecanismos reduzidos e técnicas de redução de cinética química vêm sendo desenvolvidos buscando uma melhor eficiência computacional. Mecanismos globais de poucos passos são particularmente populares pela simplicidade de programação nos códigos disponíveis. Assim, o objetivo da presente dissertação é avaliar modelagens simplificadas de cinética química na simulação numérica de chamas laminares 1D e 2D de metano diluído com dióxido de carbono. Mecanismos globais de 1, 2 e 4-passos são avaliados em comparação com o mecanismo detalhado GRI-Mech 3.0 na simulação unidimensional de chamas difusivas contra-corrente. O mecanismo global de melhor desempenho é então usado nas simulações bidimensionais de chamas difusivas tipo jato em comparação com a técnica de redução Flamelet-Generated Manifold. Observou-se que o mecanismo de 4-passos estudado apresenta bons resultados para o campo de temperaturas e para as principais espécies químicas, tanto nas simulações unidimensionais quanto nas bidimensionais. No entanto, espécies minoritárias como o CO e H2 não são bem reproduzidas. Fenômenos como posição de estabilização e penetração de oxidante na base de chamas tipo jato também não são capturadas quando o mecanismo global é usado. Por outro lado, a técnica FGM se mostrou capaz de prever tais fenômenos e resultou, adicionalmente, em um ganho computacional expressivo. / Numerical simulations of flames employing detailed kinetic mechanisms are computationally demanding problems. For this reason, reduced mechanisms and techniques of chemical kinetic reduction have been developed aiming better computational efficiency. Global mechanisms formed by few steps are particularly popular due to the simplicity of programing them in available codes. Thus, the objective of the present dissertation is to evaluate simplified chemical kinetics models in 1D and 2D numerical simulations of methane diluted with carbon dioxide laminar flames. Global mechanisms formed by 1, 2 and 4-steps are evaluated in comparison with the detailed mechanism GRI-Mech 3.0 in one-dimensional simulations of counterflow diffusive flames. The global mechanism with best performance is then used in two-dimensional simulations of diffusive jet flames for a comparison with the chemical reduction technique FGM. It was observed that a 4-step mechanism presented good results for temperature and major chemical species for both one and two-dimensional simulations. However, minor species like CO and H2 are not well reproduced. Phenomena such as stabilization position and oxygen penetration in the jet flame base are also not captured when the global mechanism is used. On the other hand, the technique Flamelet- Generated Manifold demonstrated to predict those phenomena and resulted, additionally, in an expressive computational gain.
65

Estudo numérico de chamas laminares difusivas de CH4 diluído com CO2 empregando mecanismos cinéticos globais e a técnica flamelet-generated manifold

Hoerlle, Cristian Alex January 2015 (has links)
Simulações de chamas empregando mecanismos cinéticos detalhados são problemas computacionalmente demandantes. Por esse motivo, mecanismos reduzidos e técnicas de redução de cinética química vêm sendo desenvolvidos buscando uma melhor eficiência computacional. Mecanismos globais de poucos passos são particularmente populares pela simplicidade de programação nos códigos disponíveis. Assim, o objetivo da presente dissertação é avaliar modelagens simplificadas de cinética química na simulação numérica de chamas laminares 1D e 2D de metano diluído com dióxido de carbono. Mecanismos globais de 1, 2 e 4-passos são avaliados em comparação com o mecanismo detalhado GRI-Mech 3.0 na simulação unidimensional de chamas difusivas contra-corrente. O mecanismo global de melhor desempenho é então usado nas simulações bidimensionais de chamas difusivas tipo jato em comparação com a técnica de redução Flamelet-Generated Manifold. Observou-se que o mecanismo de 4-passos estudado apresenta bons resultados para o campo de temperaturas e para as principais espécies químicas, tanto nas simulações unidimensionais quanto nas bidimensionais. No entanto, espécies minoritárias como o CO e H2 não são bem reproduzidas. Fenômenos como posição de estabilização e penetração de oxidante na base de chamas tipo jato também não são capturadas quando o mecanismo global é usado. Por outro lado, a técnica FGM se mostrou capaz de prever tais fenômenos e resultou, adicionalmente, em um ganho computacional expressivo. / Numerical simulations of flames employing detailed kinetic mechanisms are computationally demanding problems. For this reason, reduced mechanisms and techniques of chemical kinetic reduction have been developed aiming better computational efficiency. Global mechanisms formed by few steps are particularly popular due to the simplicity of programing them in available codes. Thus, the objective of the present dissertation is to evaluate simplified chemical kinetics models in 1D and 2D numerical simulations of methane diluted with carbon dioxide laminar flames. Global mechanisms formed by 1, 2 and 4-steps are evaluated in comparison with the detailed mechanism GRI-Mech 3.0 in one-dimensional simulations of counterflow diffusive flames. The global mechanism with best performance is then used in two-dimensional simulations of diffusive jet flames for a comparison with the chemical reduction technique FGM. It was observed that a 4-step mechanism presented good results for temperature and major chemical species for both one and two-dimensional simulations. However, minor species like CO and H2 are not well reproduced. Phenomena such as stabilization position and oxygen penetration in the jet flame base are also not captured when the global mechanism is used. On the other hand, the technique Flamelet- Generated Manifold demonstrated to predict those phenomena and resulted, additionally, in an expressive computational gain.
66

Reações de acoplamento-cruzado de heck catalisadas por metais de transição: um estudo mecanístico baseado na teoria do funcional de densidade / Transition metal-catalyzed cross-coupling Heck reactions: A mechanistic study based on Density Functional Theory

Vitor Hugo Menezes da Silva 25 August 2017 (has links)
Neste trabalho, várias reações de Heck foram investigadas utilizando principalmente métodos baseados na Teoria do Funcional de Densidade (DFT). Na primeira parte foi proposto um novo ciclo catalítico de Heck, com etapas aniônicas e neutras combinadas desencadeado por um complexo de paládio (Pd) suportado por um ligante carbeno N-heterocíclico (NHC) inédito. Posteriormente, a influência estérica do ligante NHC foi investigada na seletividade da reação de Heck inicialmente estudada. Para o NHC pouco volumoso, a componente eletrônica era majoritária comparada às contribuições de caráter não-covalente. Entretanto, quando o NHC com maior impedimento estérico foi analisado, somente alguns funcionais de densidade (TPSS-D3, ωB97x-D, BP86-D3, e M06-L), juntamente com o método de função de onda DLPNO-MP2, foram capazes de predizer a tendência de seletividade experimental. Por fim, a natureza do metal foi analisada por meio de uma comparação entre catalisadores NHC de níquel (Ni) e Pd nas reações de Heck. Os resultados teóricos forneceram indícios mecanísticos para o entendimento da menor atividade catalítica usualmente encontrada nos processos envolvendo complexos NHC de Ni e da necessidade experimental da formação de complexos de Ni catiônicos para atingir uma maior eficiência catalítica nessas reações. Na segunda parte deste estudo, dois exemplos marcantes da literatura sobre as reações de Heck-Matsuda enantiosseletivas foram teoricamente investigadas. Os cálculos DFT mostraram a influência crucial do substrato (olefina) na seletividade destas reações. Em um dos casos a seletividade da reação foi aprimorada através dos dados mecanísticos fornecidos pelos cálculos DFT. / In this work, several examples of Heck reactions were investigated using mostly Density Functional Theory (DFT) methods. At the first part, a new Heck catalytic cycle was proposed with combined anionic and neutral steps initiated by a newly N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC) based palladium (Pd) complex. Posteriorly, the influence of steric demanding of NHC ligand was investigated on selectivity of Heck reaction initially studied. In the case of small NHC ligand, the electronic component is more important than the noncovalent contributions. However, when the crowded NHC ligands were studied only selected density functionals (TPSS-D3, ωB97x-D, BP86-D3, e M06-L), and the wavefunction based method DLPNO-MP2, were capable to predict the experimental selectivity trends reported. Finally, the metal nature was analyzed by a comparison of the nickel (Ni) and Pd catalyzed Heck reactions. The theoretical results provided mechanistic insights that help to understand the low catalytic activity usually reported when Ni catalysts were used and the experimental requirement of cationic intermediates to achieve some efficiency for NHC-Ni-catalyzed Heck coupling. At second part, two representative examples from literature about the enantioselective Heck-Matsuda reactions were theoretically investigated. DFT calculations shown the crucial influence of substrate (olefin) on the selectivity of these reactions. One of cases studied, the selectivity of reaction was improved by the DFT results
67

Estudo de mecanismos de reações envolvendo compostos de telúrio e aplicações sintéticas de compostos calcogenados / Mecanistic Studies of Reactions involving Tellurium Compounds and Synthetic Application of Chalcogenide Compounds

Artur Franz Keppler 15 May 2009 (has links)
Nesse trabalho foi apresentada a primeira evidência experimental da formação de radicais orgânicos centrados em telúrio (Rte• , onde R= grupos fenila ou butila) durante as reações de hidroteluração de alcenos e alcinos. Os radicais foram detectados por ressonância paramagnética eletrônica (EPR), usando como captador de spin o DBNBS (3,5-dibromo-4-nitrosobenzeno-sulfonato). Os adutos radicalares (DBNBS/•TeBu and DBNBS/•TePh) apresentaram um espectro de EPR caracterizado por um triplo tripleto, referente à um átomo de nitrogênio e dois de hidrogênio equivalentes ( e um valor de g de 2,0060. A presença do átomo de telúrio foi confirmada pela substituição isotópica (125Te) e por experimentos de espectrometria de massa. Os compostos detectados apresentaram padrões de distribuição isotópica esperados para compostos contendo átomos de Te e Br. Esses resultados forneceram evidências suficientes para provar que radicais orgânicos centrados em telúrio são formados e sugerir que as reações de hidroteluração ocorrem por uma mecanismo radicalar. O mecanismo das reações de adição de TeCI4 à alcinos foi indiretamente determinado pela detecção de radicais •TeCl3, usando as técnicas de EPR spin trapping em conjunto com a caracterização dessas espécies por ESI-MS and ESI-MS/MS. Radicais centrados em carbono foram detectados durante a reação sequencial Michael/Aldol induzida por butilcalcogenolatos de lítio. As reações de butilcalcogenolatos de lítio com alcenos ativados e aldeídos levaram aos correspondentes produtos aldólicos. Os selenetos sintetizados serviram como precursores de adutos de Baylis-Hillman após a reação de eliminação de selenóxido. Toda a sequencia reacional foi feita em metodologia one-pot. / The first experimental evidence for the formation of an organic tellurium-centered radical (RTe center dot, R = Ph or nBu groups) during the hydrotelluration of alkenes and alkynes is provided. The radicals were detected by electronic paramagnetic ressonance (EPR), using DBNBS (3,5-dibromo-4-nitrosobenzene-sulfonate) as the spin trap. The radical adducts (DBNBS/TeBu and DBNBS/TePh) presented an EPR spectrum characterized by a triplet of triplets due to one nitrogen and two equivalent hydrogen atoms (aN = 21.6 G and aH = 0.7 G) and a g value of 2.0060. The presence of tellurium radical adducts was confirmed by isotopic substitution (125Te) and by electrospray and chemical ionization mass spectrometry and MS/MS analysis. The products showed isotopic patterns expected for compounds containing Br and Te. These results provide evidence for organic tellurium-centered radical formation and suggest that the hydrotelluration reactions occur by a free radical mechanism. The mechanism of the addition reaction of TeCl4 to alkynes was indirectly established by the detection of TeCl3 using EPR spin trapping, ESI-MS and ESI-MS/MS characterization. Carbon centered radicals were detected during the lithium butylchalcogenolate induced Michael-aldol tandem sequence. Reaction of the lithium alkylchalcogenolates with activated alkenes and aldehydes gives the corresponding aldol adducts. The selenium-containing products give MoritaBaylisHillman adducts after the oxidation/elimination of the selenoxide. The whole sequence can be performed in a one-pot procedure.
68

Eletrocatalisadores de ligas de platina dispersos em substratos de óxidos para a reação de oxidação de hidrogênio puro e na presença de CO / Electrocatalysts of platinum alloys dispersed in oxide substrates for pure hydrogen oxidation reaction and in the presence of CO

Kênia da Silva Freitas 29 April 2009 (has links)
Neste trabalho são apresentados resultados dos estudos da reação de oxidação de hidrogênio puro realizados em eletrodos rotatório em camada ultrafina porosa e na presença de CO em células a combustível utilizando catalisadores formados por Pt dispersas em substratos de óxidos, tais como, Pt/RuO 2 -C, Pt/RhO 2 -C, Pt/WO 3 -C e em Pt/WC-C. As reações foram também estudadas em suporte puro, como, RhO 2 /C e WC/C em diferentes proporções atômicas. Este estudo teve como finalidade estudar as propriedades catalíticas destes materiais visando elucidar os mecanismos da reação de oxidação de hidrogênio (ROH) sobre estes catalisadores dispersos, possibilitando a obtenção de parâmetros cinéticos das reações. Em conjunto com as medidas eletroquímicas, foram realizados estudos sobre as propriedades eletrônicas e estruturais destes catalisadores, o que possibilita relacionar suas propriedades eletrônicas e estruturais com a cinética da HOR. Observou-se que a presença dos óxidos de Ru, Rh e WO 3 favorecem a diminuição do grau de recobrimento da Pt por CO, deixando mais sítios disponíveis a ROH, em consequência do esvaziamento da banda 5d da Pt, o que diminui a retro-doação de elétrons da Pt ao CO, diminuindo a força da ligação Pt-CO. Como observado, essas modificação eletrônicas observadas nos espectros de XANES não induziram a nenhuma mudança perceptível na cinética ou no mecanismo reacional. Para quase todos os catalisadores, a tolerância ao CO pode ser explicada tanto em termos do mecanismo eletrônico como do bifuncional evidenciado pela formação de CO 2 nas medidas de EMS. / This work shows results of studies of the hydrogen oxidation reaction (HOR) pure in rotation in ultra porous layer and in the presence of CO in the fuel cell to the electrocatalysts of Pt alloy dispersed on oxide substrates such Pt/RuO 2 -C, Pt/RhO 2 -C, Pt/WO 3 -C, Pt/WC-C and pure materials, as RhO 2 /C and WC. The study of the catalytic properties of these materials to elucidate the mechanisms of hydrogen oxidation reaction on these dispersed catalysts, allowing the collection of kinetic parameters of reactions. Together with the electrochemical measurements were carried out studies on the structural and electronic properties of these catalysts, which allow relating their structural and electronic properties with the kinetics of the HOR. It was observed that the presence of oxides of Ru, Rh and WO 3 encourage the reduction of the degree of coating of Pt by CO, leaving more sites available to ROH, as a consequence of emptying of the Pt 5d band, which reduces the backdonation of electrons from Pt to CO by reducing the strength of Pt-CO binding. As noted, these changes observed in electronic spectra of XANES not led to any perceptible change in the kinetics or the reaction mechanism. For almost all catalysts, the CO tolerance can be explained in terms of the electronic effect and the bifunctional mechanism evidenced by the formation of CO 2 in the EMS.
69

Etude de l'hydrolyse de l'hydrure de lithium / Study of the hydrolysis of lithium hydride

Guichard, Jordan 19 November 2015 (has links)
L'hydrolyse de LiH à température ambiante et sous faible pression de vapeur d'eau (PH2O < 10 hPa) est d’abord étudiée par thermogravimétrie McBain et spectroscopie infrarouge in situ sur de faibles masses d’échantillon. Puis, afin de se rapprocher des conditions industrielles, l’hydrolyse de LiH est étudiée sur des masses plus importantes, par manométrie en système fermé (PH2O variable) et ouvert (PH2O constante) avec de l'eau lourde. Les produits de la réaction sont caractérisés par diffraction des rayons X et spectroscopie IRTF. Les premières séries d'expériences montrent que le mécanisme se déroule dans un premier temps par la croissance de la couche d’oxyde de lithium Li2O. Puis, quand la couche d’oxyde est suffisamment épaisse, la réaction d’hydrolyse se poursuit par la formation de l’hydroxyde de lithium LiOH pour finir avec la formation de l’hydroxyde de lithium monohydraté LiOH,H2O. La couche externe de Li2O/LiOH formerait une barrière protectrice à la surface de LiH. De plus, grâce à la seconde série d'expériences, il est montré pour la première fois que la réaction d'hydrolyse se déroule en deux étapes : d'abord l'eau est adsorbée à la surface de LiH puis la réaction d'hydrolyse commence. La vitesse de réaction est toutefois extrêmement faible et seule une très petite quantité de LiH est transformée. La cinétique est bien prédite par le modèle du coeur rétrécissant limitée par la diffusion à travers la couche de Li2O et/ou LiOD entourant les particules de LiH. Pour une application pratique, il est conclu que si la poudre de LiH est stockée plusieurs années sous atmosphère contrôlée ou dans un récipient étanche où la pression de vapeur d'eau est inférieure à 0,04 hPa, il n'y a pas de risque majeur de produire LiOH. / The hydrolysis of LiH at room temperature and under low water vapor pressure (PH2O < 10 hPa) is investigated by thermogravimetry and FTIR spectroscopy with low sample mass. Then, to be closer to industrial conditions, hydrolysis of LiH is studied by manometry either in closed (adjustable PH2O) or open (constant PH2O) system using larger amounts of sample and heavy water. Products of the reaction are characterized by X-ray diffraction and FTIR spectroscopy. The first set of experiments show that the mechanism of hydrolysis starts with the formation of lithium oxide Li2O. Then, when the oxide layer is sufficiently thick, the hydrolysis reaction is followed by the formation of lithium hydroxide LiOH and afterwards with the formation of lithium hydroxide monohydrate LiOH, H2O. Besides, the Li2O/LiOH outer layer forms a protective barrier on the surface of LiH. The second set of experiments clearly highlights for the first time that the hydrolysis reaction occurs in two steps: first water is adsorbed on the LiH surface and then the hydrolysis reaction starts. The reaction rate is however extremely low and only a very small fraction of LiH is hydrolysed. The kinetic can be well predicted by the shrinking-core model limited by the diffusion through the external ash layer (Li2O and/or LiOH). For practical application, it is concluded that if the LiH powder is stored for several years under a controlled atmosphere or in a sealed container where the vapor water pressure is less than 0.04 hPa, there is no major risk of LiOH formation.
70

Insights into dynamic covalent chemistry for bioconjugation applications

Wang, Shujiang January 2017 (has links)
Dynamic covalent chemistry (DCC) is currently exploited in several areas of biomedical applications such as in drug discovery, sensing, molecular separation, catalysis etc. Hydrazone and oxime chemistry have several advantages, such as mild reaction conditions, selectivity, efficiency, and biocompatibility and therefore, have the potential to be for bioconjugation applications. However, these reactions suffer from major drawbacks of slow reaction rate and poor bond stability under physiological conditions. In this regard, the work presented in this thesis focuses on designing novel bioconjugation reactions amenable under physiological conditions with tunable reaction kinetics and conjugation stability. The first part of the thesis presents different strategies of dynamic covalent reactions utilized for biomedical applications. In the next part, a detailed study related to the mechanism and catalysis of oxime chemistry was investigated in the presence of various catalysts. Aniline, carboxylate and saline were selective as target catalysts and their reaction kinetics were compared under physiological conditions (Paper I and II). Then we attempted to explore the potential of those chemistries in fabricating 3D hydrogel scaffolds for regenerative medicine application. A novel mild and regioselective method was devised to introduce an aldehyde moiety onto glycosaminoglycans structure. This involved the introduction of amino glycerol to glycosaminoglycans, followed by regioselective oxidation of tailed flexible diol without affecting the C2-C3 diol groups on the disaccharide repeating unit. The oxidation rate of the tailed flexible diol was 4-times faster than that of C2-C3 diol groups of native glycosaminoglycan. This strategy preserves the structural integrity of the glycosaminoglycans and provides a functional aldehyde moiety (Paper III). Further, different types of hydrazones were designed and their hydrolytic stability under acidic condition was carefully evaluated. The hydrazone linkage with the highest hydrolytic stability was utilized in the preparation of extracellular matrix hydrogel for delivery of bone morphogenetic proteins 2 in bone regeneration (Paper IV) and studied for controlled release of the growth factor (Paper III). In summary, this thesis presents a selection of strategies for designing bioconjugation chemistries that possess tunable stability and reaction kinetics under physiological conditions. These chemistries are powerful tools for conjugation of biomolecules for the biomedical applications.

Page generated in 0.1226 seconds