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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
1

Ultrafast charge transfer processes in solution

Adamczyk, Katrin 05 August 2010 (has links)
Die Reaktionspfade und Reaktionsdynamik photoinduzierter bimolekularer Ladungstransferreaktionen werden mit Hilfe der ultraschnellen polarisationsabhängigen UV-Pump/IR-Probe-Spektroskopie charakterisiert. Allgemein akzeptierte Modelle zur Beschreibung von bimolekularen Elektrontranserreaktionen nehmen an, dass Ladungstrennung in polaren Lösungsmitteln zu zwei Arten von Ionenpaaren führt, den lockeren (LIPs) und den engen Ionenpaaren (TIPs). TIPs und LIPs können durch die Beobachtung von Schwingungsmoden spektroskopisch unterschieden werden. Allerdings deuten die multiplen Zeitskalen sowohl für die Bildung von TIPs als auch LIPs darauf hin, dass eine Unterscheidung in zwei Arten von Ionenpaaren mit definierter Geometrie eine erhebliche Vereinfachung ist. TIPs und LIPs sind vielmehr als Grenzfälle zu betrachten, zwischen derer eine kontinuierliche Verteilung verschiedener Ionenpaare existiert. Die Natur der Ionenpaare wird durch die Verteilung der neutralen Reaktionspaare vor Initiation der Reaktion bestimmt. Außerdem wird gezeigt, dass TIPs höchst anisotrop sind. Die Wichtigkeit der beidseitigen Orientierung der Reaktanten wird dabei offengelegt. Weiterhin wird erstmalig ein femtosekundenspektroskopischer Beweis für die Existenz von Kohlensäure in wäßriger Lösung präsentiert. Eine Photosäure wurde verwendet, um die ultraschnelle Protonierung von Bikarbonat optisch auszulösen. Kohlensäure wurde bisher als Feststoff in Eismatrizen und in der Gasphase detektiert. Da Kohlensäure als Intermediat zwischen Kohlenstoffdioxid und Bikarbonat postuliert wird, ist ihre Charakterisierung von immenser Bedeutung für das Verständnis grundlegender Säure-Base Chemie von Karbonaten in wäßriger Lösung. Die Analyse der zeitabhängigen Signale unter Verwendung eines theoretischen Modells erlaubt die Bestimmung der bimolekularen Reaktionsdynamik. Dies ermöglicht einen Einblick in die Säure-Base Chemie von Kohlensäure. / The reaction pathways and dynamics of photoinduced bimolecular charge transfer reactions are characterised with ultrafast polarisation-sensitive UV-pump/IR-probe-spectroscopy. Generally accepted models for bimolecular electron transfer reactions suppose that charge separation in polar solvents leads to two geminate ion pairs, namely loose (LIPs) and tight ion pairs (TIPs). By monitoring vibrational marker modes TIPs and LIPs can be distinguished spectroscopically. However, multiple time scales for the formation of TIPs and LIPs indicate that a distinction between two kinds of ion pairs with well-defined geometries is a considerable simplification. TIPs and LIPs should rather be regarded as limiting cases, as there is a continuous distribution of different ion pairs between these two limits. The crucial parameter governing the nature of the ion pairs is the distribution of neutral reaction pairs subsequent to initiation of the reaction. Furthermore, TIPs are found to be highly anisotropic, revealing the importance of mutual orientation of the reactants. This thesis also presents for the first time femtosecond infrared spectroscopic results proving the existence of carbonic acid in aqueous solution. A photoacid is used to optically trigger the ultrafast protonation of bicarbonate. Carbonic acid has only been detected as solid existing in ice matrices and in the gas phase, so far. Because carbonic acid is often postulated as intermediate between carbon dioxide and bicarbonate its characterisation is of substantial support in understanding fundamental acid-base chemistry of carbonates in aqueous solution as well as in biophysical situations. Analysing the time-dependent signals using a theoretical model to describe bimolecular reaction dynamics an on-contact proton transfer reaction rate is derived. This gives an insight into the acid-base chemistry of carbonic acid.
2

Oxovanadiumcalixaren-Komplexe als Molekülmodelle für katalytisch aktive Oberflächenspezies und als homogene Oxidationskatalysatoren

Hoppe, Elke 20 August 2007 (has links)
Abstract Zur Modellierung einer Oxidoberfläche wurden p-tert-Butylcalix[4]aren (H4CA[4]), Dimethyl-p-tert-butylcalix[4]aren (H2Me2CA[4]), p-tert-Butylcalix[8]aren (H8CA[8]) und p-tert-Butylthiacalix[4]aren (H4TC) eingesetzt. Es gelang die Synthese von unterschiedlichen mono- und dinuklearen, geladenen und ungeladenen Oxovanadium(V)-verbindungen. Die Verbindungen [CA[4]V=O]- (4), [AcOCA[4]V=O] (5), [HCA[8](V=O)2]- (6), [Me2CA[4](µ-O)(V(O)OMe)2] (7), [CA[8](µ3-O)2V4O4] (8a/8c), [(H2TC)VOCl2]- (9) und [{(H2TC)V(O)(µ2-O)}2]2- (10) wurden als Katalysatoren für die Oxidation von Alkoholen in Gegenwart von Sauerstoff getestet. Die dinuklearen Komplexe 6 und 7 katalysieren die Oxidation von 1-Phenyl-1-propargylalkohol und Fluorenol effizient. Des Weiteren stellten die beiden Thiacalixarenkomplexe 9 und 10 in den meisten untersuchten Fällen bessere Katalysatoren dar als die Oxovanadiumkomplexe, die die „klassischen“ Calixarene als Liganden enthalten. Der dinukleare Komplex 10 zeigte eine höhere Aktivität als der mononukleare Thiacalixarenkomplex 9. Es konnte gezeigt werden, dass 9 als Präkatalysator wirkt und in die aktive Spezies [TCV=O]- (11) umgewandelt wird. Auf Basis der Isolierung von [(TC)2V]- (12) und kinetischen Untersuchungen konnte ein möglicher Reaktionsmechanismus formuliert werden. Um die Reaktionsmechanismen für ausgewählte Systeme aufzuklären, wurde die Isolierung von Reaktionsintermediaten angestrebt. Aus der Umsetzung von Fluorenol mit 10 in Abwesenheit von Sauerstoff konnte das Intermediat [{(H2TC)V(O)}2(µ2-OH)(µ2-OC13H9)]2- (13), isoliert und vollständig charakterisiert werden. Unter Einbeziehung der Ergebnisse von Untersuchungen zur Reaktivität von 13 konnte ein plausibler Mechanismus für einen Katalysezyklus vorgeschlagen werden, nach welchem der Oxidationsprozess an den verbrückenden Oxoliganden stattfindet und die beiden Vanadiumzentren der Verbindung während der Reaktion kooperieren. Oxovanadium Komplexe, Calix aren Komplexe, Oxidationskatalysator, Alkoholoxidation, Reaktionsmechanismen / Abstract For Modelling an oxosurface p-tert-butylcalix[4]arene (H4CA[4]), dimethyl p-tert-butylcalix[4]arene (H2Me2CA[4]), p-tert-butylcalix[8]arene (H8CA[8]) and p-tert-butylthiacalix[4]arene (H4TC) have been used. Different mono- and dinuclear, charged and uncharged oxovanadium(V) compounds have been synthesized. The compounds [CA[4]V=O]- (4), [AcOCA[4]V=O] (5), [HCA[8](V=O)2]- (6), [Me2CA[4](µ-O)(V(O)OMe)2] (7), [CA[8](µ3-O)2V4O4] (8a/8c), [(H2TC)VOCl2]- (9) and [{(H2TC)V(O)(µ2-O)}2]2- (10) were tested as catalysts for the oxidation of alcohols in the presence of dioxygene. The dinuclear complexes 6 and 7 efficiently catalyse the oxidation of 1-Phenyl-1-propargylic alcohol and fluorenol. Furthermore, the two thiacalixarene complexes in most cases demonstrated to be better catalysts than the oxovanadium(V) complexes with classic calixarenes as ligands. With regard to the thiacalixarene complexes 9 and 10, the dinuclear complex 10 showed a higher activity compared to the mononuclear complex 9. Further investigations showed, that 9 is a precatalyst for the active species [TCV=O]- (11). On the basis of the isolation of [(TC)2V]- (12) and kinetic investigations a possible reaction mechanism for the oxidation of alcohols could be suggested. In order to clarify the reaction mechanisms for selected systems the isolation of reaction intermediates was pursued. The reaction of fluorenol and 10 in the absence of O2 led to the isolation of the reaction intermediate [{(H2TC)V(O)}2(µ2-OH)(µ2-OC13H9)]2- (13), which was completely characterised. Including the results of investigations concerning the reactivity of 13 a mechanism for a plausible catalysis cycle was proposed. Accordingly the oxidation reaction is centered at the bridging oxoligands, while the two vanadium atoms cooperate during the reaction.
3

Spektroskopische Untersuchungen zur Kinetik und Produktbildung bei Reaktionen von zyklischen und offenkettigen Kohlenwasserstoff-Radikalen / Spectroscopic studies of kinetic and product formation for reactions of cyclic and open-chain hydrocarbon radicals

Nothdurft, Jörg 04 May 2006 (has links)
No description available.
4

Strategies for Computational Investigation of Reaction Mechanisms in Organic and Polymer Chemistry Using Static Quantum Mechanics

Tchernook, Ivan 03 March 2016 (has links) (PDF)
This thesis presents computational studies of problems in the organic and polymer chemistry. The state-of-the art quantum chemical methods are used to gain further insight into the origin and the nature of the reactions in three different organic and polymer systems. The research questions are conceptually approached by identifying the key aspects. Then an appropriate strategy for the quantum chemical modeling is developed. In the scope of the polymer chemistry, the novel synthesis technique of nanostructured materials, the so-called twin polymerization, is investigated. Using three model systems of increasing complexity the influence of the anion (trifluoroacetate) in the reaction system is investigated. The effect of the solvent polarity as well as the effect of the entropic contributions are also considered. The rearrangement reaction of the volatile cyanotritylcarbenes is another topic. These carbenes readily rearrange to ethene main products, however also small amount of the unexpected heptafulvenes is formed. This unprecedented heptafulvene formation is modeled in detail and the energetics is systematically evaluated to identify most reasonable rearrangement pathways of the probable multiple alternative routes. Computational investigation of other tritylcarbenes with varying spectator substituents results in sophisticated data base for experimental investigations. At last, some controversial observations in experimental studies concerning the kinetics of the electrophilic alkylation of the barbiturate anion are studied. To interpret the kinetic measurements, different alkylation pathways are analyzed with respect to their energetics. Further, the influence of microsolvation is demonstrated.
5

Synthesis with Perfect Atom Economy: Generation of Furan Derivatives by 1,3-Dipolar Cycloaddition of Acetylenedicarboxylates at Cyclooctynes

Banert, Klaus, Bochmann, Sandra, Ihle, Andreas, Plefka, Oliver, Taubert, Florian, Walther, Tina, Korb, Marcus, Rüffer, Tobias, Lang, Heinrich 25 September 2014 (has links) (PDF)
Cyclooctyne and cycloocten-5-yne undergo, at room temperature, a 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition with dialkyl acetylenedicarboxylates 1a,b to generate furan-derived short-lived intermediates 2, which can be trapped by two additional equivalents of 1a,b or alternatively by methanol, phenol, water or aldehydes to yield polycyclic products 3b–d, orthoesters 4a–c, ketones 5 or epoxides 6a,b, respectively. Treatment of bis(trimethylsilyl) acetylenedicarboxylate (1c) with cyclooctyne leads to the ketone 7 via retro-Brook rearrangement of the dipolar intermediate 2c. In all cases, the products are formed with perfect atom economy.
6

Synthesis with Perfect Atom Economy: Generation of Furan Derivatives by 1,3-Dipolar Cycloaddition of Acetylenedicarboxylates at Cyclooctynes

Banert, Klaus, Bochmann, Sandra, Ihle, Andreas, Plefka, Oliver, Taubert, Florian, Walther, Tina, Korb, Marcus, Rüffer, Tobias, Lang, Heinrich 25 September 2014 (has links)
Cyclooctyne and cycloocten-5-yne undergo, at room temperature, a 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition with dialkyl acetylenedicarboxylates 1a,b to generate furan-derived short-lived intermediates 2, which can be trapped by two additional equivalents of 1a,b or alternatively by methanol, phenol, water or aldehydes to yield polycyclic products 3b–d, orthoesters 4a–c, ketones 5 or epoxides 6a,b, respectively. Treatment of bis(trimethylsilyl) acetylenedicarboxylate (1c) with cyclooctyne leads to the ketone 7 via retro-Brook rearrangement of the dipolar intermediate 2c. In all cases, the products are formed with perfect atom economy.
7

Strategies for Computational Investigation of Reaction Mechanisms in Organic and Polymer Chemistry Using Static Quantum Mechanics

Tchernook, Ivan 12 February 2016 (has links)
This thesis presents computational studies of problems in the organic and polymer chemistry. The state-of-the art quantum chemical methods are used to gain further insight into the origin and the nature of the reactions in three different organic and polymer systems. The research questions are conceptually approached by identifying the key aspects. Then an appropriate strategy for the quantum chemical modeling is developed. In the scope of the polymer chemistry, the novel synthesis technique of nanostructured materials, the so-called twin polymerization, is investigated. Using three model systems of increasing complexity the influence of the anion (trifluoroacetate) in the reaction system is investigated. The effect of the solvent polarity as well as the effect of the entropic contributions are also considered. The rearrangement reaction of the volatile cyanotritylcarbenes is another topic. These carbenes readily rearrange to ethene main products, however also small amount of the unexpected heptafulvenes is formed. This unprecedented heptafulvene formation is modeled in detail and the energetics is systematically evaluated to identify most reasonable rearrangement pathways of the probable multiple alternative routes. Computational investigation of other tritylcarbenes with varying spectator substituents results in sophisticated data base for experimental investigations. At last, some controversial observations in experimental studies concerning the kinetics of the electrophilic alkylation of the barbiturate anion are studied. To interpret the kinetic measurements, different alkylation pathways are analyzed with respect to their energetics. Further, the influence of microsolvation is demonstrated.
8

Die Aktivierung von reaktionsträgen kleinen Molekülen an koordinativ ungesättigten Beta-Diketiminato-Nickelkomplexen

Holze, Patrick 06 September 2016 (has links)
Kleine Moleküle wie Treibhausgase, aber auch Distickstoff und Disauerstoff stehen im Fokus der chemischen Forschung. Solche Moleküle sind durch ihr Vorkommen in der Atmosphäre ubiquitär vorhanden, preiswert und könnten als Synthesebausteine für die Darstellung von komplexeren Molekülen verwendet werden. In dieser Arbeit wurde die Reaktion koordinativ ungesättigter Diketiminato-Nickelkomplexe ([LNi] Komplexe) mit kleinen Molekülen untersucht. Zunächst wurden die Mechanismen der N2-Aktivierung durch reduzierte [LtBuNiI]- und [LMe6NiI] Komplexe miteinander verglichen. Dabei konnte das distickstoffaktivierende Schlüsselintermediat identifiziert und strukturell charakterisiert werden. Weiter wurden die N2-Komplexe [(LtBuNiI)( 1 1 N2)] bzw. K2[(LtBuNiI)( 1 1 N2)], die Vorläufer für [LNiI]- und [LNi0]– Komplexfragmente darstellen, hinsichtlich ihrer Potentials zur Aktivierung der reaktionsträgen Treibhausgase SF6 und NF3 untersucht. Über Reaktionen von Übergangsmetallkomplexen mit NF3 war bis dahin noch nicht berichtet worden; zur Umsetzung von SF6 existierten wenige Publikationen, in denen aber sehr viele mechanistische Fragen offengeblieben sind. Die Mechanismen der SF6- und NF3-Aktivierung wurden durch Kombination einer Vielzahl von ex- und in situ Analysen beleuchtet. Im Falle der SF6 Aktivierung gelang es zudem, ein Nickel(I)-Intermediat zu isolieren. Ein Produkt beider Systeme war der Fluorido-Nickel(II)-Komplex [LtBuNiIIF], dessen Reaktionsverhalten ebenfalls studiert wurde. Doch nicht nur Komplexe mit Nickelatomen in niedrigen Oxidationsstufen erwiesen sich für die Aktivierung kleiner Moleküle geeignet, sondern auch kationische [LtBuNiII(D)]+-Komplexe. Diese Nickel(II)-Komplexe reagierten mit fluorierten Molekülen, N2O sowie O2, was bemerkenswert ist, da Nickel(II)-Komplexe üblicherweise inert gegenüber O2 sind. Im Zuge der O2-Studien wurde ein metastabiler Oranoperoxidkomplex isoliert und strukturell charakterisiert, was beispiellos in der Literatur ist. / Current research focuses on the activation of small molecules like greenhouse gases, thermodynamically stable molecules like N2 and kinetically stabilized molecules like O2, which are all abundant in the atmosphere. Thus, it appears to be alluring to use them as cheap and readily available building blocks for the synthesis of value-added compounds. This dissertation deals with the reaction of low-coordinate diketiminate nickel complexes [LNi] and such small molecules. Initially, the mechanisms of the dinitrogen activation by reduced [LtBuNiI] and [LMe6NiI] complexes were studied. As a result, the key intermediate [(LtBuNiI)x(3 Br)xKx] (x > 1) was identified and structurally characterized. Subsequently, the nickel complexes [(LtBuNiI)( 1 1 N2)] and K2[(LtBuNiI)( 1 1 N2)], which represent sources for [LtBuNiI] and [LtBuNi0]– moieties, were applied to the activation of the inert, but very efficient greenhouse gases SF6 and NF3. Prior to these investigations, no transition metal complex had been reported to react with NF3. Publications dealing with the conversion of SF6 had been scarce, too, while at same time, the mechanisms involving its activation had been speculative. The mechanisms of the NF3 and SF6 activation reactions were deduced combining numerous ex-situ and in situ analytical methods. In case of the SF6 activation, even an intermediate could be isolated. In both systems, the nickel fluoride complex [LtBuNiIIF] was formed and its reaction behaviour was also studied. Furthermore, not only [LtBuNiI]- and [LtBuNi0]– moieties proved to be reactive towards small molecules, but also cationic [LtBuNiII(D)]+ complexes, which were specifically developed for this purpose. The reactions of [LtBuNiII(D)]+ complexes with fluorinated molecules (e. g. PhF, NF3), O2 and N2O were studied. In course of the O2 activation, a metastable organoperoxide complex was isolated and structurally characterized, which is unparalleled in the literature.

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