No amplo contexto social, político e religioso da França quinhentista, as \"Guerras de Religião\", sobretudo a Saint-Barthélemy, motivarão a produção de textos revolucionários pelos huguenotes. Surgem ali os grandes escritos monarcômacos franceses. Dentre todos estes, três se destacam justamente porque conseguirão transcender as questões político-religiosas e realizar uma abordagem sistematizada de temas mais universais da manifestação política do poder. Dessa forma, conseguirão superar em muito o âmbito da controvérsia então desenvolvida e lançar uma renovada visão em aspectos estruturais do regime de governo, sendo até chamados de \'triunvirato monarcômaco\' por um dos especialistas no assunto. São eles a Franco-Gallia, da autoria de François Hotman, Du Droit des Magistrats, de Théodore de Bèze, e as Vindiciae contra Tyrannos, de Philippe Du Plessis-Mornay. Eles abordarão de maneira significativa os temas da limitação dos poderes reais, o direito de resistência à tirania e a teoria contratual nas relações entre governantes e súditos. As numerosas edições e publicações destes trabalhos e os comentários de influentes pesquisadores transmitem o valor destas obras. Dessa forma, torna-se um imprescindível desafio ampliar os estudos desses livros e realizar uma análise do seu conteúdo para se ter uma clara noção do desenvolvimento do pensamento político monarcômaco. / In the broad context social, political and religious of the renaissancist century (XVI) in France, the \"Wars of Religion,\" especially the Saint-Barthélemy, motivated the production of texts by the revolutionary Huguenots. There arose the great writings French \"monarcomachs\". Among all these, three stand out precisely because they will achieve the issues transcend political and religious and conduct a systematic approach to more universal themes of the demonstration of political power. Thus, succeed in overcoming the very scope of the controversy developed and then launch a renewed vision in structural aspects of the system of government, and even called \"monarcomach triumvirs\" by one of the experts on the subject. They are the Franco-Gallia, by Francois Hotman, Du Droit des Magistrats, by Théodore de Bèze, and the Vindiciae contra Tyrannos, by Philippe Du Plessis-Mornay. They address in a meaningful way the issues limitation of real powers, the right of resistance against tyranny and the theory of contract in relations between rulers and subjects. The numerous editions and publications of these works and the comments of influential researchers transmit the value of these books. Thus, it becomes a crucial challenge expand the studies of these books and do an analysis of their content to have a clear concept of the development of political monarchomach thought.

Vid ett oplanerat generationsskifte när arvingen är omyndig är risken stor att den reella beslutande makten tillfaller en oönskad person. Anledningen till detta är den betydande förmyndarförvaltning en efterlevande förmyndare kan utöva över tillgångar den omyndige fått via legalt arv/testamente eller gåva. De möjligheter som ett borttestamenterande av förvaltningsrätten ger, kan tyvärr ge en falsk känsla av trygghet för testator. I flertalet av fallen finns möjlighet för den efterlevande förmyndaren att utnyttja laglottsmöjligheten föra att tillskansa sig beslutande makt över företaget och på så sätt motverka testators vilja. Trots att lagstiftaren på olika sätt försökt att trygga den omyndiges situation genom regler för hur förmyndare och överförmyndare skall handla anser jag dessa regler vara otillräckliga. Den utvidgning av förmyndaransvaret som omarbetningen av föräldrabalken i mitten på 90-talet innebar, gav tyvärr oärliga förmyndare större möjligheter att sko sig på den omyndige. Resterande skyddsregler rörande omyndigs aktieägande väger ej upp de brister som den frisläppta föräldraförvaltningen innebär. / Vid ett oplanerat generationsskifte när arvingen är omyndig är risken stor att den reella beslutande makten tillfaller en oönskad person. Anledningen till detta är den betydande förmyndarförvaltning en efterlevande förmyndare kan utöva över tillgångar den omyndige fått via legalt arv/testamente eller gåva. De möjligheter som ett borttestamenterande av förvaltningsrätten ger, kan tyvärr ge en falsk känsla av trygghet för testator. I flertalet av fallen finns möjlighet för den efterlevande förmyndaren att utnyttja laglottsmöjligheten föra att tillskansa sig beslutande makt över företaget och på så sätt motverka testators vilja. Trots att lagstiftaren på olika sätt försökt att trygga den omyndiges situation genom regler för hur förmyndare och överförmyndare skall handla anser jag dessa regler vara otillräckliga. Den utvidgning av förmyndaransvaret som omarbetningen av föräldrabalken i mitten på 90-talet innebar, gav tyvärr oärliga förmyndare större möjligheter att sko sig på den omyndige. Resterande skyddsregler rörande omyndigs aktieägande väger ej upp de brister som den frisläppta föräldraförvaltningen innebär.

Submitted by (lucia.rodrigues@ufrpe.br) on 2016-06-16T14:10:42Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Noelly Gomes da Silva.pdf: 1161518 bytes, checksum: 2622c6eb1bde1e3e46c342fead426560 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-16T14:10:42Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Noelly Gomes da Silva.pdf: 1161518 bytes, checksum: 2622c6eb1bde1e3e46c342fead426560 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-02-28 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / The present study titled " Viva El Rey ": Acclamation and celebration for D. Joseph I in Pernambuco (1742-1777) has the intention to analyze the festivities that were performed for the monarch in the captaincy of Pernambuco, specifically in the village of Recife and Olinda city, by occasion of his acclamation and celebration of his life and health due the events of the earthquake and outrage. From the practice of celebrating the king without his actual presence, we see these statements as a way to bring the sovereign to the location with the aid of representatives formed by members of the local elite, who organized and took part in these celebrations. We analyze these parties as an efficient feature exaltation of the king and statement of royal power, as well as a way of demonstrating loyalty and allegiance to the monarch by their distant vassals. Our writing focuses on the final years of the reign of King John V, father of D. Joseph I, and then we pass by all his reign, which lasted twenty years ending with his death in 1777. / O presente trabalho intitulado “Viva El Rey”: Aclamação e celebração para D. José I em Pernambuco (1742-1777) tem como pretensão analisar os festejos que foram realizados para o monarca na capitania de Pernambuco, mais precisamente na vila do Recife e cidade de Olinda, pelas ocasiões da sua aclamação e celebração por sua vida e saúde devido aos acontecimentos do terremoto e atentado. A partir da prática de celebrar o rei sem sua efetiva presença, vemos essas demonstrações como uma forma de trazer o soberano para a localidade com o auxílio de seus representantes formados pelos membros das elites locais, os quais organizavam e participavam destas celebrações. Analisamos essas festas como um recurso eficiente de exaltação do rei e afirmação do poder real, bem como uma forma de demonstração de lealdade e fidelidade ao monarca por parte dos seus vassalos distantes. Nossa escrita se centra nos anos finais do reinado de D. João V, pai de D. José I. Em seguida, perpassamos todo seu reinado, que teve duração de vinte anos, finalizando com seu falecimento no ano de 1777.

No amplo contexto social, político e religioso da França quinhentista, as \"Guerras de Religião\", sobretudo a Saint-Barthélemy, motivarão a produção de textos revolucionários pelos huguenotes. Surgem ali os grandes escritos monarcômacos franceses. Dentre todos estes, três se destacam justamente porque conseguirão transcender as questões político-religiosas e realizar uma abordagem sistematizada de temas mais universais da manifestação política do poder. Dessa forma, conseguirão superar em muito o âmbito da controvérsia então desenvolvida e lançar uma renovada visão em aspectos estruturais do regime de governo, sendo até chamados de \'triunvirato monarcômaco\' por um dos especialistas no assunto. São eles a Franco-Gallia, da autoria de François Hotman, Du Droit des Magistrats, de Théodore de Bèze, e as Vindiciae contra Tyrannos, de Philippe Du Plessis-Mornay. Eles abordarão de maneira significativa os temas da limitação dos poderes reais, o direito de resistência à tirania e a teoria contratual nas relações entre governantes e súditos. As numerosas edições e publicações destes trabalhos e os comentários de influentes pesquisadores transmitem o valor destas obras. Dessa forma, torna-se um imprescindível desafio ampliar os estudos desses livros e realizar uma análise do seu conteúdo para se ter uma clara noção do desenvolvimento do pensamento político monarcômaco. / In the broad context social, political and religious of the renaissancist century (XVI) in France, the \"Wars of Religion,\" especially the Saint-Barthélemy, motivated the production of texts by the revolutionary Huguenots. There arose the great writings French \"monarcomachs\". Among all these, three stand out precisely because they will achieve the issues transcend political and religious and conduct a systematic approach to more universal themes of the demonstration of political power. Thus, succeed in overcoming the very scope of the controversy developed and then launch a renewed vision in structural aspects of the system of government, and even called \"monarcomach triumvirs\" by one of the experts on the subject. They are the Franco-Gallia, by Francois Hotman, Du Droit des Magistrats, by Théodore de Bèze, and the Vindiciae contra Tyrannos, by Philippe Du Plessis-Mornay. They address in a meaningful way the issues limitation of real powers, the right of resistance against tyranny and the theory of contract in relations between rulers and subjects. The numerous editions and publications of these works and the comments of influential researchers transmit the value of these books. Thus, it becomes a crucial challenge expand the studies of these books and do an analysis of their content to have a clear concept of the development of political monarchomach thought.

In this work, the potential of intelligent algorithms for optimizing the real power loss and enhancing the grid connection power factor in a real hydrocarbon facility electrical system is assessed. Namely, genetic algorithm (GA), improve strength Pareto evolutionary algorithm (SPEA2) and differential evolutionary algorithm (DEA) are developed and implemented. The economic impact associated with these objectives optimization is highlighted. The optimization of the subject objectives is addressed as single and multi-objective constrained nonlinear problems. Different generation modes and system injected reactive power cases are evaluated. The studied electrical system constraints and parameters are all real values. The uniqueness of this thesis is that none of the previous literature studies addressed the technical and economic impacts of optimizing the aforementioned objectives for real hydrocarbon facility electrical system. All the economic analyses in this thesis are performed based on real subsidized cost of energy for the kingdom of Saudi Arabia. The obtained results demonstrate the high potential of optimizing the studied system objectives and enhancing the economics of the utilized generation fuel via the application of intelligent algorithms.

Modern day power systems present an open access environment, inspiring participation from small scale and large power suppliers. With multiple players in the system driven by the market, proper monitoring and control of system becomes a major concern. This transformation is accompanied by dynamic consumption patterns and rising power demands. The expanding network encompassing EHV/AC network, HVDC and FACTS devices, along with increased penetration of renewable sources, viz. solar and wind energy at medium and low voltage levels, adds to the problem. Independent System Operators (ISO) are entrusted with ensuring smooth operation, and employing proper preventive measures to eliminate a possible cascade tripping leading to a partial or large-scale blackout. To aid the operator in the process of ensuring secure operation of the grid, there are many tools that provide required information and guidance. Power flow tracing is one such tool that aids the operator in congestion management, transmission pricing, transaction evaluation, loss allocation and reactive power optimization. In this thesis, a novel active power flow tracing approach is proposed that takes into account, the real-time operating conditions and network topology. It provides the decomposition of active power flow in a line into respective components injected by various generators in the system. It also provides the contribution of the generators to various loads in the system. The approach is simple and computationally fast, making it an ideal tool to aid preventive control decisions. Based on the proposed active power flow tracing, a congestion management approach is developed. The approach indicates the least number of generators that need to be coordinated for generation rescheduling, so as to alleviate overloading in affected transmission lines and transformers. The approach also takes into consideration the operating constraints on the system, while computing the optimal rescheduling amongst selected generators using LP technique. The thesis also presents a real power loss allocation approach based on the proposed power flow tracing. Loss allocation is an important part of tariff design as the cost associated with losses amounts to a sizable fraction of total revenue collected from the loads. The approach provides information as to how losses are distributed among loads and how much each generator is providing for the loss share of each load. The approaches developed in the thesis are illustrated on a sample 10-bus equivalent system, IEEE 30-bus, and IEEE 39-bus systems. Results for typical case studies are presented for practical systems of 72-bus equivalent and 203-bus equivalent of Indian Southern grid.

The transition of the power sector from vertically integrated utility (VIU) to deregulated system has resulted in reshaping of generation, transmission and distribution components. Some of the objectives of restructuring are to ensure a secure and reliable supply of electricity, encourage competition in all segments, sustain future economic and technological growth, etc. There are many challenges that arise in fulfilling these objectives. The thesis addresses some of them related to planning and operational aspects of real and reactive power, covering the following areas: Real power tracing, loss allocation and pricing Reactive power tracing, loss allocation and pricing Power system generation expansion planning Power transfer capability in interregional grids Voltage stability enhancement by improving reactive power margins In deregulated power systems, it has become important to identify the generation and transmission entities responsible in meeting loads. This is done by tracing the power flows through the transmission network. Power tracing is required to assess the extent of network usage by the participants, so as to allocate the transmission losses and charges. Many loss allocation methods are presented in the literature. The loss allocation method implemented in this thesis is a circuit based method. For obtaining the generators contribution towards meeting system loads and transmission losses, an approach of relative electrical distance (RED) between the generation and the load buses, is presented. The method is used to trace both real and reactive power flows. In the case of real power, the generators are the only sources and loads are the only sinks. However, reactive sources and sinks are distributed all along the transmission system. The reactive power sources considered are generators, switchable VAR sources (shunt capacitor banks) and line charging susceptances; and the reactive sinks are shunt reactors and reactive inductive loads. While tracing their flows the actual sources or sinks are to be identified which is obtained after adding reactive injections and absorptions at each bus. If the net value is absorbing, the bus is a reactive sink and if the net value is injecting, the bus is a reactive source. The transmission line charge susceptances contribution to the system’s reactive flows; and its aid extended in reducing the reactive generation at the generator buses is also discussed. A reactive power optimization technique is applied to optimally adjust the reactive controller settings of transformer taps, generator excitations and switched capacitors, so that the available reactive resources can be fully utilized. In the thesis, a methodology for evaluation of real and reactive power load and loss sharing proportions; and cost allocation towards transmission utilization is presented. Due to the ever growing increase in demands; on one hand the existing transmission networks are getting overloaded at some locations and on the other hand, the available generation is becoming insufficient to cater to the additional demand. To handle this problem, generation and transmission expansions become inevitable. Hence, additional public sector units or independent power producers and transmission providers are to be brought in. However in a restructured system, generally there is no central planning for new generation capacity or transmission additions. The reason being, these investments need huge capital and long period of commitment. While making a generation investment decision, expectations concerning future electricity demand, spot market prices, variations of regulatory policies, etc., are the major considerations. The locations, capacities and timing of new power plants are basically at the generation companies’ own discretion. Also, generation companies do not have any obligation to ensure sufficient supply of electricity to meet present and future requirements. Hence, it is a matter of concern as to how adequate generation capacity can be secured in the long run. Optimal siting and sizing of these new generation locations is also an issue of concern. In this thesis a new index called as ‘Tindex’ is proposed, which identifies prospective new generation expansion locations. The index is formulated based on the transmission network information, and it helps in identifying the most suitable new generation expansion locations. To implement this methodology each of the load bus is treated as a generation bus, one at a time, and the maximum generation capacity that can be installed at the location is computed from the approach. This method ensures minimum transmission expansion. Interconnected power systems help in exchanging power from one area to other areas at times of power deficiency in their own area. To enable this, their tieline capability to transfer power has to be sufficient, which is determined using total transfer capability (TTC) computation. TTC is an important index in power markets with large volume of interarea power exchanges and wheeling transactions taking place on an hourly basis. In the thesis, the total transfer capability (TTC) of interconnected tielines, under normal and contingency conditions is evaluated. The contingency cases evaluated are single line contingency, tieline contingency and generator outage. The most critical lines in each zone are identified using Fuzzy set theory. Unified power flow controller (UPFC), a flexible AC transmission system (FACTS) device is incorporated to improve the power transfers under contingency conditions. The best locations for UPFC placement are identified by analysing the power flow results obtained after considering the contingencies. For each of the normal and contingency cases, a base case and a limiting case are formed and the TTC is evaluated. Limiting case is formed by increasing the load in small steps till a point after which bus voltages or line loadings start to violate their stability constraints. To improve the system conditions in the limiting case, reactive power optimization and UPFC installation is carried out. The results reflect the improvement in system conditions and total transfer capability margins. Availability of sufficient generator reactive margins is very essential to ensure system’s voltage stability, without which even minor disturbances may lead to catastrophe. The amount of reactive power margin available in a system determines its proximity to voltage instability under normal and emergency conditions. One way of improving the reactive margin of a synchronous generator, is to reduce the real power generation within its MVA ratings. However this real power reduction will affect the real power contract agreements formed while power trading. The real power contracts are not disturbed and the reactive power margins are improved by optimally adjusting the other available reactive controllers, namely, generator exciter, transformer taps and shunt compensators. To have further control on the reactive flows, UPFC device is incorporated at appropriate locations. The thesis discusses how reactive margins are computed and subsequently improved using a reactive power optimization technique and UPFC. Case studies are carried out on typical sample 6bus, 8bus, 10bus, 16bus, 20bus, IEEE 30bus, IEEE 39bus systems, and reallife equivalents of Indian southern grid 24bus, 72bus, 87bus and 205bus systems to illustrate the proposed approaches.

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