<p>Development of software for embedded real-time systems poses severalchallenges. Hard and soft constraints on timing, and usually considerableresource limitations, put important constraints on the development. Thetraditional way of coping with these issues is to produce a fully static design,i.e. one that is fully fixed already during design time.Current trends in the area of embedded systems, including the emergingopenness in these types of systems, are providing new challenges for theirdesigners – e.g. integration of new software during runtime, software upgradeor run-time adaptation of application behavior to facilitate better performancecombined with more ecient resource usage. One way to reach these goals is tobuild self-configurable systems, i.e. systems that can resolve such issues withouthuman intervention. Such mechanisms may be used to promote increasedsystem openness.This thesis covers some of the challenges involved in that development.An overview of the current situation is given, with a extensive review ofdi erent concepts that are applicable to the problem, including adaptivitymechanisms (incluing QoS and load balancing), middleware and relevantdesign approaches (component-based, model-based and architectural design).A middleware is a software layer that can be used in distributed systems,with the purpose of abstracting away distribution, and possibly other aspects,for the application developers. The DySCAS project had as a major goaldevelopment of middleware for self-configurable systems in the automotivesector. Such development is complicated by the special requirements thatapply to these platforms.Work on the implementation of an adaptive middleware, DyLite, providingself-configurability to small-scale microcontrollers, is described andcovered in detail. DyLite is a partial implementation of the concepts developedin DySCAS.Another area given significant focus is formal modeling of QoS andresource management. Currently, applications in these types of systems arenot given a fully formal definition, at least not one also covering real-timeaspects. Using formal modeling would extend the possibilities for verificationof not only system functionality, but also of resource usage, timing and otherextra-functional requirements. This thesis includes a proposal of a formalismto be used for these purposes.Several challenges in providing methodology and tools that are usablein a production development still remain. Several key issues in this areaare described, e.g. version/configuration management, access control, andintegration between di erent tools, together with proposals for future workin the other areas covered by the thesis.</p> / <p>Utveckling av mjukvara för inbyggda realtidssystem innebär flera utmaningar.Hårda och mjuka tidskrav, och vanligtvis betydande resursbegränsningar,innebär viktiga inskränkningar på utvecklingen. Det traditionellasättet att hantera dessa utmaningar är att skapa en helt statisk design, d.v.s.en som är helt fix efter utvecklingsskedet.Dagens trender i området inbyggda system, inräknat trenden mot systemöppenhet,skapar nya utmaningar för systemens konstruktörer – exempelvisintegration av ny mjukvara under körskedet, uppgradering av mjukvaraeller anpassning av applikationsbeteende under körskedet för att nå bättreprestanda kombinerat med e ektivare resursutnyttjande. Ett sätt att nå dessamål är att bygga självkonfigurerande system, d.v.s. system som kan lösa sådanautmaningar utan mänsklig inblandning. Sådana mekanismer kan användas föratt öka systemens öppenhet.Denna avhandling täcker några av utmaningarna i denna utveckling. Enöversikt av den nuvarande situationen ges, med en omfattande genomgångav olika koncept som är relevanta för problemet, inklusive anpassningsmekanismer(inklusive QoS och lastbalansering), mellanprogramvara och relevantadesignansatser (komponentbaserad, modellbaserad och arkitekturell design).En mellanprogramvara är ett mjukvarulager som kan användas i distribueradesystem, med syfte att abstrahera bort fördelning av en applikation överett nätverk, och möjligtvis även andra aspekter, för applikationsutvecklarna.DySCAS-projektet hade utveckling av mellanprogramvara för självkonfigurerbarasystem i bilbranschen som ett huvudmål. Sådan utveckling försvåras avde särskilda krav som ställs på dessa plattformarArbete på implementeringen av en adaptiv mellanprogramvara, DyLite,som tillhandahåller självkonfigurerbarhet till småskaliga mikrokontroller,beskrivs och täcks i detalj. DyLite är en delvis implementering av konceptensom utvecklats i DySCAS.Ett annat område som får särskild fokus är formell modellering av QoSoch resurshantering. Idag beskrivs applikationer i dessa områden inte heltformellt, i varje fall inte i den mån att realtidsaspekter täcks in. Att användaformell modellering skulle utöka möjligheterna för verifiering av inte barasystemfunktionalitet, men även resursutnyttjande, tidsaspekter och andraicke-funktionella krav. Denna avhandling innehåller ett förslag på en formalismsom kan användas för dessa syften.Det återstår många utmaningar innan metodik och verktyg som är användbarai en produktionsmiljö kan erbjudas. Många nyckelproblem i områdetbeskrivs, t.ex. versions- och konfigurationshantering, åtkomststyrning ochintegration av olika verktyg, tillsammans med förslag på framtida arbete iövriga områden som täcks av avhandlingen.</p> / DySCAS

Les systèmes temps réel peuvent être grands, distribués et avoir un environnement dynamique. Cela exige la mise en place de différents modes de fonctionnement et techniques de fiabilité. Par ailleurs, ces différents changements dynamiques d'architecture et de comportement ont un impact sur les caractéristiques temporelles des systèmes qui nécessitent une étude particulière de la capacité des comportements d'adaptation à garantir les contraintes fixées aux systèmes. Le travail présenté dans cette thèse est focalisé sur la spécification de l'adaptabilité d'un système temps réel et l'étude sur de jeux de configurations prédéfinis de l'impact temporel des actions d'adaptation dynamique. Pour cela, nous présentons une méthodologie outillée basée sur la notion de Mode du profil MARTE. Chaque mode représente un comportement possible du système pour un environnement bien déterminé associé à une configuration logicielle. L'approche développée propose de modéliser le comportement adaptatif à travers la définition du contexte, de la variabilité, des opérations de reconfigurations et de la configuration de base. L'analyse d'ordonnançabilité est ensuite effectuée au niveau du modèle en intégrant l'impact des comportements d'adaptation. Deux paradigmes de modélisation peuvent alors être exploités pour effectuer cette analyse : les requêtes et les flots de données. Cela permet de vérifier que les contraintes temporelles de notre système resteront satisfaites en intégrant les opérations de reconfiguration issues du comportement adaptatif. Enfin, l'approche permet de générer des implantations des comportements adaptatifs à partir des modèles afin d'automatiser l'intégration des mécanismes d'adaptation dans les systèmes temps réel. / Real-time systems can be large, distributed and have a dynamic environment. This requires the introduction of various operating modes and reliability techniques. Different operating modes are associated with a different architecture and behavior. Dynamic changes between these modes have an impact on the temporal characteristics of systems which requires an analysis whether the constraints of the system are also fulfilled during adaptations. The work presented in this thesis is focused on specifying the adaptability and the study of the temporal impact of dynamic adaptation actions on a predefined set of configurations. For this purpose, we present a tooled methodology based on the concept of Mode of the MARTE profile. Each mode represents a possible behavior of the system for a well determined environment associated with a software configuration. The influence of these operations on the temporal behavior of the system is done via schedulability analysis. This methodology proposes to model the adaptive behavior through the definition of the context, the variability, the reconfiguration operations and of the base configuration. The schedulability analysis is performed at the model level by incorporating the impact of the behavior of adaptation. Two paradigms of modeling can be exploited to perform this analysis: request/reply and data flow. This allows to verify that the temporal constraints of our system will remain satisfied even with the inclusion of reconfiguration operations executing the adaptive behavior. Finally, the approach allows generating the implementation of adaptive behavior from the model to automate the integration of adaptation mechanisms in real-time systems.

[pt] Sistemas supervisores envolvendo software embarcados são encontrados com freqüência e são responsáveis pela supervisão de equipamentos que vão desde máquinas industriais e eletrodomésticos, a celulares e PDAs. Muitos possuem severos requisitos de confiabilidade e tolerância a falhas, bem como características de sistemas de tempo real. Esta pesquisa investiga o uso de tecnologias de ponta como Design by Contract, Agentes de Software, Mock Objects e Componentes de Software no auxílio ao desenvolvimento de sistemas de monitoramento e aquisição em tempo real. Explora-se, ainda, o conceito de sistemas orientados à recuperação. Para realizar tal análise é utilizado como estudo de caso um sistema de inspeção de dutos, que foi implementado utilizando tais tecnologias. De maneira resumida, pode-se dizer que neste estudo de caso percebeu-se que o uso dessas tecnologias fez com que o sistema fosse desenvolvido em um curto espaço de tempo, sendo que questões relevantes não foram prejudicadas, como por exemplo o fato do sistema ser robusto e tolerante a falhas. É importante ressaltar que o sistema apresentado se encontra em uso em inspeções de dutos reais. / [en] Supervisory systems allied to embedded software, a common subject in the literature, are responsible by the supervision of equipments like industrial machines, household-electric devices, cellular phones and PDAs. Many of them have severe requisites of fault tolerance and reliability as well as real time systems features. This research investigates the use of state-of-the-art technologies such as Design By Contract, Mock Objects, software agents and components in the development of real-time monitoring and data-acquisition systems. Recovery oriented systems concepts are also explored. The case study carried out to the research is a pipeline inspection software system, which uses such technologies. In a nutshell, it can be said that this case study showed strong evidence that the use of these technologies allowed the development in a very short time, without any loss of robustness, fault tolerance and reliability. The developed system is currently being used in real pipeline inspections.

Aplicações de sistemas computacionais emergentes atribuindo requisitos de resposta na forma de tempo de resposta requerem uma abordagem de sistemas de tempo real. Nesses sistemas, a qualidade de serviço é expressa como garantia das restrições temporais. Um amplo leque de técnicas para provisão de QoS encontram-se na literatura. Estas técnicas são baseadas tanto na diferenciação de serviço (QoS relativa), quanto na especificação de garantia de desempenho (QoS absoluta). Porém, a integração de QoS relativa e absoluta em nível de aplicação não tem sido tão explorada. Este trabalho realiza o estudo, a análise e a proposta de um método de escalonamento de tempo real em um ambiente simulado, baseado em contratos virtuais adaptativos e modelo re-alimentado. O objetivo é relaxar as restrições temporais dos usuários menos exigentes e priorizar usuários mais exigentes, sem degradar a qualidade do sistema como um todo. Para tanto, estratégias são exploradas em nível de escalonamento para o cumprimento dos contratos especificados por requisitos de tempo médio de resposta. Os resultados alcançados com o emprego do método proposto sinalizam uma melhoria em termos de qualidade de serviço relativa e absoluta e uma melhor satisfação dos usuários. Este trabalho também propõe uma extensão para os modelos convencionalmente estudados nesse contexto, ampliando a formulação original de duas classes para n classes de serviços / Emerging computer system application posing responsiveness requirement in the form of response time demand a real-time system approach. In these systems, the quality of service is expressed as guarantees on time constraints. A wide range of techniques for QoS provision is found in the literature. These techniques are based both on either service differentiation (relative QoS) or specification of performance guaranteeS (absolute QoS). However, integrated provision of both relative and absolute QoS at application level is not as well explored. This work conducts the study, analysis and proposal of a real time scheduling method in a simulated environment. This method is based on adaptive virtual contracts and feedback model. The goal is to relax the time constraints of less demanding users and prioritize the time constraints of most demanding users, without degrading the quality of the system as a whole. Strategies toward this goal are exploited in the system scheduling level and are aimed at the problem of fulfulling service-level agreements specifying average response times requirements. The results achieved with the proposed method indicate an improvement in relative and absolute QoS and a better user satisfaction. This work also proposes an extension to the conventional models studied in this context, extending the original formulation of two classes for n classes of services

Les lanceurs spatiaux actuels, et en particulier Ariane 5, utilisent le réseau déterministe MIL-STD-1553B. Compte tenu des nouveaux objectifs de réduction des coûts et de la masse du système global ainsi que du support de trafic de télémesure multimédia, cette technologie n'est plus forcément optimale. Parmi les différents candidats de remplacement, cette thèse met en évidence les capacités du standard Ethernet à répondre à ces nouveaux objectifs tout en s'appuyant sur une utilisation de composants matériels et d'outils de développement existants à moindre coût (COTS). La première contribution porte sur l'évaluation de performances temporelles des architectures commutées. Les travaux mettent ainsi en évidence les gains et limites liés au choix d'une part du mode de communication (de maître/esclaves à producteurs/consommateur) et d'autre part à une future distribution de l'avionique. Pour cela, cette étude s'appuie sur une évaluation déterministe des délais de bout en bout par calcul réseau, simulations et expérimentations. Ces résultats ont été validés pour deux architectures commutées pour un scénario représentatif des vols actuels. La seconde contribution concerne l'amélioration de la disponibilité du système de communication. Il est proposé une stratégie de reconfiguration "temps réel" des chemins par supervision active du réseau. Dans le cadre d'exigences critiques, il est également proposé l'utilisation d'arbres couvrants multiples permettant d'anticiper la défaillance d'éléments d'interconnexion. Enfin, le choix d'architectures commutées et segmentées ne permet plus d'observer en tout point le réseau comme sur un bus. Pour cela, cette thèse met en avant les conditions et performances dans lesquelles un protocole de synchronisation d'horloges pourra contribuer à générer à partir de plusieurs points de captures une trace unique des échanges sur le réseau. Ce travail permettra d'identifier les tests pour une future validation du standard Ethernet pour les lanceurs spatiaux / Current space launchers, and particularly Ariane 5, use the deterministic network MIL-STD-1553B. According to the new objectives of cost and system mass reduction and of multimedia traffic support, this technology is not optimal anymore. Among the potential candidates, this thesis highlights the fact that such objectives can be achieved through the use of Ethernet standard based on components-on-the-shelf. The first contribution focuses on time performance evaluation of switched architectures. The gain and limits related to the communication mode (from master/slaves to producers/consummers) and future avionic distribution are studied. This study relies on a deterministic evaluation of the end-to-end delay by using network calculus, simulations and experiments. These results are validated with two switched architectures by using a scenario considered as representative of current flights. The second contribution is the network availability improvement. A real-time path reconfiguration strategy is proposed through active network supervision. Based on critical requirements, it is also suggested to use multiple spanning-trees for anticipating network element failures. The last contribution deals with the issue that in switched and segmented architectures it is not possible to collect all the traffic as in a bus. In order to do so, this thesis introduces the configurations under which a clock synchronization protocol could contribute to generate a single network trace from many collecting points. This work will enable to identify the tests for a future Ethernet standard validation in the framework of space launchers

Este trabalho apresenta um estudo sobre sistemas operacionais de tempo real (RTOS) utilizados na implementação da infraestrutura de controle digital para sistemas mecatrônicos, mas serve também como referência para outros sistemas que possuam restrições de tempo. Além de ter um caráter experimental, onde foram medidos e analisados dados como o pior tempo de resposta dos sistemas e a latência para tratamento de interrupções, este trabalho de pesquisa ainda contempla a implementação e uso de RTOS em situações práticas, bem como contempla a construção de uma plataforma geral de pesquisa que servirá de base para futuros trabalhos no laboratório de mecatrônica. Os sistemas analisados neste trabalho foram o VxWorks, QNX, Linux, RTAI, Windows XP, Windows CE e \'mü\'C/OS-II. Outro produto gerado durante este trabalho foi um Live CD para auxiliar na implementação e ensino de conceitos e sistemas de tempo real. / This work presents a study about real time operating systems (RTOS) that are utilized as infrastructure to create digital control systems for mechatronics systems, and also for systems that have critical time constraints. Parameters like worst case response time and interrupt latency were measured for each operating system. This research project also covers the implementation and use of RTOS in practical situations. A general research platform for robotics and real time research was also developed and will be used for future works in the Mechatronics Laboratory. The tested systems were VxWorks, QNX, Linux, RTAI, Windows XP, Windows CE and \'mü\'C/OS-II. Another product released during this work was a Live CD to aid the implementation and teaching of real time systems and concepts.

Este trabalho trata do estudo de concepções de arquitetura do controle aplicadas aos robôs móveis autônomos e da proposição de um delas à instrumentação e controle em tempo real de um modelo de embarcação naval de alto desempenho. Tal veículo remotamente operado foi desenvolvido como parte das atividades do projeto temático "Comportamento em Ondas de Embarcações de Alto Desempenho" (proc.Fapesp 1997/13090-3). Realizou-se uma investigação dos diversos paradigmas de inteligência artificial que orientaram a evolução dos robôs móveis autônomos até o presente momento e, em particular, as concepções baseadas em modelos sócio-antropológicos e computacionais (teoria de agentes e orientação a objetos) através de sua aplicação à implementação de um sistema de aquisição e controle orientado a objetos, modelado através da UML (Unified Modeling Language), para o veículo mencionado. Testes de validação da arquitetura do controle foram realizados, sendo obtidos resultados experimentais que permitiram análises a respeito da dinâmica, manobrabilidade e navegação do veículo, as quais sugerem vários aperfeiçoamentos para o sistema de hardware e software em trabalhos futuros. / This work deals with the study of control architecture approaches applied to autonomous mobile robots, and proposes one of them for the control system of a self-propelled high speed ship model. Such unmanned vehicle was developed for the research project “Comportamento em Ondas de Embarcações de Alto Desempenho” (proc. FAPESP 1997/13090-3). A number of artificial intelligence paradigms, related to the autonomous robot evolution up to now, were investigated. Models based on the socio-anthropological paradigm and the corresponding computer science approaches, i.e. agent theory and object-oriented modeling, were emphasized. Object-oriented control software based on the UML (Unified Modeling Language) was designed for the real-time embedded system of the ship model. Validation tests of the control architecture were carried out. Experimental results, related to vehicle dynamics, maneuverability and navigation were acquired by the embedded system and analyzed in this work. These results suggest a number of improvements for future works on the software and hardware systems.

Este trabalho trata do estudo de concepções de arquitetura do controle aplicadas aos robôs móveis autônomos e da proposição de um delas à instrumentação e controle em tempo real de um modelo de embarcação naval de alto desempenho. Tal veículo remotamente operado foi desenvolvido como parte das atividades do projeto temático "Comportamento em Ondas de Embarcações de Alto Desempenho" (proc.Fapesp 1997/13090-3). Realizou-se uma investigação dos diversos paradigmas de inteligência artificial que orientaram a evolução dos robôs móveis autônomos até o presente momento e, em particular, as concepções baseadas em modelos sócio-antropológicos e computacionais (teoria de agentes e orientação a objetos) através de sua aplicação à implementação de um sistema de aquisição e controle orientado a objetos, modelado através da UML (Unified Modeling Language), para o veículo mencionado. Testes de validação da arquitetura do controle foram realizados, sendo obtidos resultados experimentais que permitiram análises a respeito da dinâmica, manobrabilidade e navegação do veículo, as quais sugerem vários aperfeiçoamentos para o sistema de hardware e software em trabalhos futuros. / This work deals with the study of control architecture approaches applied to autonomous mobile robots, and proposes one of them for the control system of a self-propelled high speed ship model. Such unmanned vehicle was developed for the research project “Comportamento em Ondas de Embarcações de Alto Desempenho" (proc. FAPESP 1997/13090-3). A number of artificial intelligence paradigms, related to the autonomous robot evolution up to now, were investigated. Models based on the socio-anthropological paradigm and the corresponding computer science approaches, i.e. agent theory and object-oriented modeling, were emphasized. Object-oriented control software based on the UML (Unified Modeling Language) was designed for the real-time embedded system of the ship model. Validation tests of the control architecture were carried out. Experimental results, related to vehicle dynamics, maneuverability and navigation were acquired by the embedded system and analyzed in this work. These results suggest a number of improvements for future works on the software and hardware systems.

Les logiciels sont devenus une partie importante de notre vie quotidienne, car ils sont maintenant utilisés dans de nombreux périphériques hétérogènes, tels que nos téléphones, nos voitures, nos appareils ménagers, etc. Ces périphériques sont parsemés d’un certain nombre de logiciels intégrés, chacun gérant une tâche spécifique. Ces logiciels intégrés sont conçus pour fonctionner à l’intérieur de systèmes plus vastes avec un matériel varié et hétérogène et des ressources limitées. L'utilisation de logiciels embarqués est motivée par la flexibilité et la simplicité que ces logiciels peuvent garantir, ainsi que par la réduction des coûts. Les Cyber-Physical System (CPS) sont des logiciels utilisés pour contrôler des systèmes physiques. Les CPS sont souvent intégrés et s'exécutent en temps réel, ce qui signifie qu'ils doivent réagir aux événements externes. Un CPS complexe peut contenir de nombreux systèmes en temps réel. Le fait que ces systèmes puissent être utilisés dans des domaines critiques tels que la médecine ou les transports exige un haut niveau de sécurité pour ces systèmes. Les systèmes temps réel (RTS), par définition, sont des systèmes informatiques de traitement qui doivent répondre à des entrées générées de manière externe. Ils sont appelés temps réel car leur réponse doit respecter des contraintes de temps strictes. Par conséquent, l'exactitude de ces systèmes ne dépend pas seulement de l'exactitude des résultats de leur traitement, mais également du moment auquel ces résultats sont donnés. Le principal problème lié à l'utilisation de systèmes temps réel est la difficulté de vérifier leurs contraintes de synchronisation. Un moyen de vérifier les contraintes de temps peut consister à utiliser la théorie de la planification, stratégie utilisée pour partager les ressources système entre ses différents composants. Outre les contraintes de temps, il convient de prendre en compte d'autres contraintes, telles que la consommation d'énergie ou la sécurité. Plusieurs méthodes de vérification ont été utilisées au cours des dernières années, mais avec la complexité croissante des logiciels embarqués, ces méthodes atteignent leurs limites. C'est pourquoi les chercheurs se concentrent maintenant sur la recherche de nouvelles méthodes et de nouveaux formalismes capables de vérifier l'exactitude des systèmes les plus complexes. Aujourd'hui, une classe de méthodes de vérification bien utilisées est les techniques basées sur des modèles. Ces techniques décrivent le comportement du système considéré à l'aide de formalismes mathématiques, puis, à l'aide de méthodes appropriées, permettent d'évaluer l'efficacité du système par rapport à un ensemble de propriétés. Dans ce manuscrit, nous nous concentrons sur l'utilisation de techniques basées sur des modèles pour développer de nouvelles techniques de planification afin d'analyser et de valider la satisfiabilité d'un certain nombre de propriétés sur des systèmes temps réel. L'idée principale est d'exploiter la théorie de l'ordonnancement pour proposer ces nouvelles techniques. Pour ce faire, nous proposons un certain nombre de nouveaux modèles afin de vérifier la satisfiabilité d'un certain nombre de propriétés telles que l'ordonnancement, la consommation d'énergie ou la fuite d'informations. / Software’s become an important part of our daily life as they are now used in many heterogeneous devices, such as our phones, our cars, our home appliances … etc. These devices are dotted with a number of embedded software’s, each handling a specific task. These embedded software’s are designed to run inside larger systems with various and heterogeneous hardware and limited resources. The use of embedded software is motivated by the flexibility and the simplicity that these software can guarantee, and to minimize the cost. Cyber-Physical System (CPS) are software used to control physical systems. CPS are often embedded and run in real-time, which means that they must react to external events. A complex CPS can contains many real-time systems. The fact that these systems can be used in critical domains like medicine or transport requires a high level of safety for these systems. Real-Time Systems (RTS) by definition are processing information systems that have to respond to externally generated inputs, and they are called real-time because their response must respect a strict timing constraints. Therefore, the correctness of these systems does not depend only on the correctness of their treatment results, but it also depends on the timings at which these results are given. The main problem with using real-time systems is the difficulty to verify their timing constraints. A way to verify timing constraints can be to use Scheduling theory which is a strategy used in order to share the system resources between its different components. In addition to the timing constraints, other constraints should be taken in consideration, like energy consumption or security. Several verification methods have been used in the last years, but with the increasing complexity of the embedded software these methods reach their limitation. That is why researchers are now focusing their works on finding new methods and formalisms capable of verifying the correctness of the most complex systems. Today, a well-used class of verification methods are model-based techniques. These techniques describe the behavior of the system under consideration using mathematical formalisms, then using appropriate methods they give the possibility to evaluate the correctness of the system with respect to a set of properties. In this manuscript we focus on using model-based techniques to develop new scheduling techniques in order to analyze and validate the satisfiability of a number of properties on real-time systems. The main idea is to exploit scheduling theory to propose these new techniques. To do that, we propose a number of new models in order to verify the satisfiability of a number of properties as schedulability, energy consumption or information leakage.

<p>The increasing complexity in the development of a configurable real-time system has emerged new principles of software techniques, such as aspect-oriented software development and component-based software development. These techniques allow encapsulation of the system's crosscutting concerns and increase the modularity of the software. The properties of a component that influences the systems performance or semantics are specified separately in entities called aspects, while basic functionality of the property still remains in the component. </p><p>When building a real-time system, different sets of configurations of aspects and components can be combined, resulting in different configurations of the system. The temporal behavior of the system changes and a way to ensure the predictability of the system is needed. </p><p>This thesis presents a tool for aspect-level worst-case execution time analysis, which gives a priori information about the temporal behavior of the system, before the process of composing aspects with components.</p>