Philosophiae Doctor - PhD / This dissertation focuses on strategic partnership initiatives or ‘inclusive business model’ arrangements initiated between land restitution beneficiaries and private sector interests. It explores to what extent the introduction of strategic partnerships since 2005 reflects a dominant underlying land reform policy narrative premised on the superiority of large-scale commercial farming that contradicts other policy statements emphasizing support for small-scale farming. The effects of a hegemonic notion of “viability” – framed in terms of the large-scale commercial farm model - on partnership initiatives in the large Moletele claim in the Hoedspruit area of Limpopo Province is the primary concern of the study. I adopt a political economy perspective to examine both processes and the range of outcomes of the commercial partnerships established on Moletele land. Informed by this perspective, I explore the strategies pursued by, and the alliances formed between differently positioned actors that are engaged in contestations and negotiations over access to resources within these partnerships, which I conceptualize as “arenas of struggle”. Both qualitative and quantitative data were collected and analysed (mixed method approach), by means of a small sample of claimant households and in relation to joint ventures established between claimants and different private sector partners

How a Realist-Constructivist Theory Can Contribute to Understanding the 2014 Ukraine Crisis Abstract Realism has been the predominant paradigm for analysing Russian foreign policy in recent times, however, it can sometimes appear lacking in convincing power. Constructivism offers some explanation for the motivation behind policy, however, again appears lacking in convincing power alone. Realist-constructivsm has been suggested to bridge the gap, as it were, between traditional notions of power, and cultural influences. The main argument for realist-constructivism is that some of the basic principles of realism must have a constructivist base, for example, in order to define the 'us' and 'them' in international politics and to determine with whom one is competing for power and influence, there first must be an understanding of how one defines the 'us'. This analysis examines the realistconstructivist theory as put forward by Barkin (2004; 2010), analyses its advantages and disadvantages, and seeks to view the Ukraine crisis of 2014 through a realist-constructivist lens, hoping to contribute something to the still young and developing discussion around a realist- constructivist theory. Keywords Realist-constructivist theory; NATO; national identity; Ukraine; Crimea; the EU; 2014; annexation

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This research is concerned with Pakistan¿s participation in the US-led `war on terror¿ in the aftermath of the terrorist attacks of September 11th, 2001. The study seeks to explain how Pakistan¿s state practice in the aftermath of 9/11 was normalised and made possible. In explaining the state practice, the study draws on a constructivist conceptual framework; which is further enhanced by incorporating key theoretical insights from critical realism. In the first instance, the study proposes that Pakistan¿s participation in the `war on terror¿, seen as a set of actions and practices, was an outcome of a specific domestic political discourse. This discourse enabled and legitimised the state¿s alliance with the US and its abandonment of the Taliban regime. Secondly, the study is concerned with explaining why the particular discourse emerged in the shape and form that it did. In this context, the argument is that a depth `critical realist¿ ontological inquiry can reveal underlying and enduring global and domestic social structural contexts, and traces of agential influence as connected to the discourse. Consequently, this study conceptualises Pakistan¿s actions in the context of the `war on terror¿ as emerging from a multi-causal complex in which discourse, structure and agency are complicit. The study represents a departure from realist readings that emphasise a mono-causal relationship between the US and Pakistan. Instead, this research uses a synthesis of critical realism and constructivism to add a fresh perspective in terms of how we may conceptualise Pakistan¿s political practice in this instance.

Nicholas John Spykman, né en 1893 aux Pays-Bas, naturalisé américain en 1928, mort en 1943, est considéré comme l’un des pères de la « théorie géopolitique ». Eminent professeur de Yale, où il est en 1934-35 le fondateur du premier département de Relations internationales, il marque profondément le débat intellectuel à l’orée des années 40, en se faisant l’avocat de la géographie politique comme nouvelle méthode d’analyse de politique étrangère. Son influence est importante dans le domaine, nouveau pour l’époque, de la « sécurité nationale », puisqu’il est considéré, à l’instar de George Kennan, comme l’inspirateur indirect de la théorie du containment de la doctrine Truman. Ses théories réalistes, débattues avec violence à partir de 1942 en raison de leur supposé « cynisme », marquent une rupture avec l’idéalisme des années 20 et 30. Au-delà de quelques topoi, peu de choses sont néanmoins approfondies le concernant. Une recherche bibliographique systématique permet d’établir que 80% de ses écrits n’ont pas été étudiés ; à la vérité, ils ne sont pas même connus. Il n’existe aucune biographie de Spykman à ce jour, même aux Etats-Unis, ce qui peut être regardé comme une anomalie, s’il est vraiment l’inspirateur du containment. Ce travail de recherche a pour objectif de combler une lacune de l’historiographie américaine, en réévaluant la place d’un théoricien central mais mal connu, à l’aide de nombreuses archives inédites. Cette thèse éclaire l’histoire de la formalisation de la théorie des Relations internationales aux Etats-Unis, et des rapports fonctionnels qu’entretient depuis ses origines la puissance américaine avec la notion polysémique de la « sécurité nationale ». / Nicholas John Spykman, born in 1893 in the Netherlands, a naturalized U.S. citizen in 1928, died in 1943. He is unanimously considered as one of the fathers of the "geopolitical theory." Eminent professor at Yale, where he is in 1934-35 the founder of the first Department of International Relations, he profoundly influences the intellectual debate on the edge of the 40’, becoming the advocate of political geography as a new method of foreign policy analysis. His influence is crucial in the new field of "national security", as he is considered, like George Kennan, as the indirect inspiration for the containment theory of the Truman Doctrine. His realistic theories, discussed with violence in 1942 because of their supposed « cynism », establish a break with the idealism of the '20s and '30s. Beyond some topoi, however, few things are really known about this central actor. A systematic literature review establishes that 80% of his writings have not been studied. In truth, they are not even known. There is no biography of Spykman to this day, even in the United States, which can be regarded as an anomaly if he is really the « Godfather of Containment». This thesis aims at filling a gap in American historiography, in a view to reassessing the place of a central but unfamiliar theorist. The research illuminates the history of the theoric formalization of International Relations in the United States, and also reappraises the functional relationships that America has, since its inception, with the polysemic notion of "national security."

Este ensaio propõe a obra Os Malavoglia (1881), de Giovanni Verga, como um romance-tese do Verismo, a partir do estudo de suas instâncias narrativas e da análise de seus principais procedimentos compositivos, à luz das teorias de Mikhail Bakhtin, Iúri Tyniánov, Erich Auerbach, Eleazar Meletínski e outros. / This essay proposes Os Malavoglia (1881), of Giovanni Verga, as roman à thèse of the Verismo, from the study of his narrative´s instances and the analysis of his main compositive´s proceedings, according to the teories of Mikhail Bakhtin, Iúri Tyniánov, Erich Auerbach, Eleazar Meletínski and others.

"Instead of studying, for example, how the psychology of personality limits and prevents real social and political change, we should be studying how political and ideological changes create new personalities and individual needs and motives." The above quotation is from social psychologist Professor John Turner, who is one of the two theorists, the other being Henri Tajfel, most responsible for the Social Identity Perspective, the principle subject of this thesis. The Social Identity Perspective is an approach to Social Psychology that incorporates two sub-theories: Tajfel's Social Identity Theory and Turner's Self-Categorization Theory. This thesis is based upon using the perspective for the purposes of creating more realistic and believable fictional characters in realist fiction. For the purposes of this thesis Pam Morris' definition of realism will be used, that being, 'any writing that is based upon an implicit or explicit assumption that it is possible to communicate about a reality beyond the writing.' According to both theories, individuals can develop two principal identities: the personal self, which is to say a collection of idiosyncratic qualities that define them as a unique individual, and a collective self (or social identity) that encapsulates the status and characteristics of the social groups they belong to in opposition to other social groupings. Turner theorised that the personality of a human being is heavily influenced by their social context at an unconscious level. This influence can be made manifest by their parents, by their school friends and work colleagues, by their romantic partners, and especially by the collective cultural expectations native to the area they choose to reside in. Turner put forward the concept that our personality and actions are therefore influenced by society at the level of how the individual defines himself or herself. This occurs without agency on the part of the individual. These social belief systems therefore mould what the individual thinks, their actions, and their motivations. This thesis will demonstrate a method of usage for elements of Social Psychology, specifically the Social Identity Perspective that underpins the actions, interactions and motivations of the fictional characters contained within the thesis's creative element. It is the contention of this thesis that The Social Identity Perspective will assist an author in marrying together ever more realistic characterisation to other areas of writer research already extensively drawn upon by the author such as those projects focused upon creating a more realistic setting in a historical novel for instance. As previously stated it is the intention of this thesis to apply aspects of social psychology to the creation of realist texts only, the findings however may also be of use to authors who write in other genres, after all even the writer of fantastic fiction still requires characters whose actions are fundamentally recognisable and justifiable to the reader in order for them to be able to make sense of the fiction and as Henry James said, 'one can speak best from one's own taste, and I may therefore venture to say the air of reality (solidity of specification) seems to me to be the supreme virtue of a novel'. It is the aim of this thesis that its findings may highlight the potential of using The Social Identity Perspective and other adjuncts of Social Psychology as tools for both plot construction and character development that is completely realistic. This may then lead to other areas of research, some of which are suggested in the concluding chapter of this thesis.

Climate change caused by greenhouse gas emissions has the potential to cause widespread damage to the environment. As scientific and political consensus converged on the necessity to take action, a large number of countries negotiated the Kyoto Protocol to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change in 1997, with the goal of limiting these emissions. Australia under the Howard Government initially played an important part in these negotiations, but refused to ratify the Protocol. The government cited the lack of binding targets on developing countries and the potential for harm to the Australian economy as the reasons it rejected the agreement. International relations theory studies large-scale political forces and analyses their interplay in the global political system. Realism is a model of international relations that views countries as self-interested, security-driven bodies that exist in a state of international anarchy. This study examines whether realist theory offers a satisfactory explanation for the Howard Government’s decision not to ratify the Kyoto Protocol. The study focuses on six realist ideas and examines the evidence for each. Based on thematic analysis of textual data taken from official political archives and newspapers from 1998–2004, it suggests that realist theory does provide an adequate explanation of the Howard Government’s rejection of the Kyoto Protocol.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:26:51Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2009-07-31Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:15:55Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 freire_zrns_dr_assis.pdf: 661554 bytes, checksum: 3e8ea567fecb8890662a073770930245 (MD5) / Universidade Estadual do Mato Grosso do Sul / A presente tese tem por objetivo avaliar a concepção de arte dos escritores Afonso Henriques de Lima Barreto (1881-1922) e Leon Tolstói (1828-1910) sob um viés comparatista, em busca das divergências e convergências entre ambos. Concepção de arte que apresentam nas respectivas obras, “O destino da literatura” e O que é Arte?. Os escritores desempenharam o papel de “semeador de idéias” e de “batedor do futuro” ao se posicionarem contrários aos “mandarins literários”. Uma arte voltada para o social, aliás, uma literatura militante. Lima Barreto criou uma arte literária que rompeu com os moldes convencionais na virada do século XIX, que tinha como principais representantes: Machado de Assis, Rui Barbosa, Coelho Neto, entre outros; enquanto Leon Tolstói rompeu com a poética romântica e o realismo francês. Ambos foram, terminantemente, contrários à estética da arte pela arte. A referência aos escritores russos é constante na obra barretiana, até porque Lima Barreto jamais omitiu suas leituras. Desde o romance Vida e Morte de M. J. Gonzaga de Sá, o primeiro a ser escrito por Lima, é possível detectar a presença de Leon Tolstói. Presença essa que permeia todo o projeto literário de Lima Barreto e que se faz sentir através da posição que ambos assumem em relação a temas em comum, tais como: a Propriedade, a Igreja, o Estado, a educação da mulher, o serviço militar obrigatório, entre outros. Revelando assim, um eixo em comum: o ideário anarquista. Mas, principalmente, por refletirem sobre a função da literatura e o fazer literário. / This dissertation was carried out to evaluate the conception of art found in the works of Afonso Henriques de Lima Barreto (1881-1922) and Leo Tolstoi (1828 -1910) according to a comparative point-of-view, in order to find out agreements and disagreements between them. Conception of art found in their works “O destino da literatura” and “O que é Arte?”. Both writers played the role of “sowers of ideas” and “beaters of the future” as they put up opposition to the so-called “literary mandarins”. An art oriented to the social issue, that is, a militant literature. Lima Barreto created a literary art which broke off the ties with conventional models in the turn of the 19th century, whose main representatives were Machado de Assis, Rui Barbosa, Coelho Neto, among others; Leo Tolstoi, in his turn, broke off the ties with Romantic poetry and French Realism. Both were utterly opposed to the esthetics of art for art’s sake. References to Russian writers are often found in Lima Barreto’s works, since he never omitted his readings. As early as his first novel Vida e Morte de M. J. Gonzaga de Sá, one can notice Leo Tolstoi’s influence. Influence which permeates all of his literary project and which is felt through the opposition both writers assume in connection with issues they have in common such as: Property, the Church, the State, women’s education, obligatory military draft, among others. Thus, they showed the axis they had in common: the anarchist belief system. But, mainly, because they pondered over the function and the making of literature.

Este ensaio propõe a obra Os Malavoglia (1881), de Giovanni Verga, como um romance-tese do Verismo, a partir do estudo de suas instâncias narrativas e da análise de seus principais procedimentos compositivos, à luz das teorias de Mikhail Bakhtin, Iúri Tyniánov, Erich Auerbach, Eleazar Meletínski e outros. / This essay proposes Os Malavoglia (1881), of Giovanni Verga, as roman à thèse of the Verismo, from the study of his narrative´s instances and the analysis of his main compositive´s proceedings, according to the teories of Mikhail Bakhtin, Iúri Tyniánov, Erich Auerbach, Eleazar Meletínski and others.