Cette thèse entend interroger les œuvres chantées de deux interprètes de la chanson française de l’Entre-deux-guerres : Fréhel (1891-1951), l’une des meilleures représentantes de la chanson dite réaliste, et la très oubliée Yvonne George (1895-1930), adulée de l’intelligentsia parisienne du milieu des années vingt. Dans cette période nuancée (des années folles aux années trente), ces deux interprètes apparaissent elles-mêmes comme des figures de contraste pour la chanson réaliste française. Fréhel, en digne héritière de Bruant, s’impose comme le porte-voix d’un collectif de la marge, tout autant qu’elle incarne une voix féminine dolente et résignée, que le public aime a superposer avec sa propre personne, d’autant mieux que le cinéma des années trente en relaie l’image. Elle est aussi la figure d’un monde révolu : celui de la Belle Epoque. Quant à Yvonne George, son côté avant-gardiste et éclectique, confère à la chanson réaliste une nouvelle dimension novatrice. La subversion s’installe dans son univers, non plus dans les images convoquées mais dans le contenu du discours véhiculé : la prostituée n’est plus une victime passive mais au contraire, l’agent du malheur qu’elle revendique. Les choix d’interprétation audacieux d’Yvonne George, couplés à une maitrise parfaite du parlé-chanté, contribuent aussi à ce renouvellement, encore assuré par des collaborations musicales ou orchestrales avant-gardistes. Aussi, l’enjeu de ce travail a-t-il consisté à montrer en quoi Fréhel et Yvonne George purent toutes deux incarner la chanson réaliste dans sa pleine diversité et apparaître comme ses meilleures muses. / Our thesis examines songs by two performers of the popular French song during the inter-war period : Fréhel, one of the best representatives of the song we call ≪ realistic ≫, and the very-much forgotten Yvonne George, adored by Parisian intelligentsia in the mid-twenties. In this slightly different period (the roaring twenties to the thirties), these two performers appear as contrasted figures in the French ≪ realist song ≫. Fréhel, a worthy successor to Bruant has become the voice of a collective margin, as well as embodying a resigned, plaintive female voice, that the public likes to project on her, especially as the cinema of the thirties relieve this projection. As for boyish Yvonne George, her avant-garde and eclectic side, gives the song an innovative new realistic dimension. Subversion settles into her world, not conveyed by the images but by the content of the spoken text (the prostitute is no longer a passive victim but rather the agent of her own misfortune, that she has chosen for herself). Yvonne George’s choice to portray this boldly, coupled with a perfect command of spoken-songs, also contribute to this revival, accompanied by avant-gardist musical and orchestral collaborations. By means of a comparative study of songs sung by these two contrasting performers, this thesis shows how Fréhel like Yvonne George can both portray realist songs in their full diversity and appear both "traditional" muse and "avant-garde" muse.

Cette thèse porte sur les impacts réels et potentiels des partis de droite radicale (PDR) sur l'économie et évalue ces impacts - quantitativement et qualitativement - en considérant la politique économique et les performances économiques de 27 pays européens.Nous commençons par discuter les définitions de pdr (chapitre 1) et leur position sur les questions économiques (chapitre 2). Nous en déduisons une taxonomie des positions de ces partis sur les questions économiques et confirmons l'hétérogénéité entre les PDR sur ces questions. Le chapitre 3 résume la littérature sur les déterminants politiques de l'économie, dont nous tirons nos hypothèses. Le chapitre 4 teste ces hypothèses à l’aide d’économétrie sur des données de panel. Nous montrons que la présence de PDR semble avoir des effets sur l’économie mais différent en europe de l’est et de l’ouest. En europe de l'est, les scores électoraux des PDR, ainsi que leur inclusion dans une coalition au pouvoir sont significativement liés à l'augmentation des importations et de la diminution des exportations. En europe de l’ouest, leur inclusion dans une coalition au pouvoir est lié à l’accroissement de l'écart entre les taux de chômage de la main-d'oeuvre autochtone et étrangère.Afin de comprendre les mécanismes qui sous-tendent nos résultats, le chapitre 5 propose une contribution originale à l'approche néo-réaliste d'amable et palombarini (2005). Nous soutenons que la politique économique est le résultat de la régulation politique des conflits sociaux et illustrons notre point de vue avec l'étude de cas de la ligue du nord italienne. / This PhD Thesis discusses the actual and potential impacts of Radical Right Parties (RRPs) on the economy and assesses these impacts – quantitatively and qualitatively – by considering the economic policy and performances of 27 European countries.We start discussing the different definitions of RRPs (Chapter 1) and their position on economic issues (Chapter 2 We derive an original taxonomy of RRPs’ positions on economic matters confirming the heterogeneity between RRPs. In Chapter 3, we critically review the literature on the political determinants of the economy and identify three conceptualisations of the ‘political’ in neo-classical economics: opportunistic, partisan, and institutional models. Chapter 4 tests our main hypotheses by using a dynamic panel data model. Results show no significant and robust evidence in support of an impact on authoritarian (e.g. security) and populist (e.g. deficits) indicators. We find evidence in support of a nativist impact, different in Eastern and Western European countries. In Eastern Europe, RRPs’ electoral scores, as well as their inclusion in a ruling coalition, are a significant predictor of increased imports and decreased exports. In Western Europe, RRPs’ strength and presence in a ruling coalition are a significant predictor of increasing gap in unemployment rates between native and foreign workforce.In order to understand the mechanisms behind our results, Chapter 5 proposes an original contribution to Amable and Palombarini (2005)’s neo-realist approach. We argue that economic policy is the result of the political regulation of social conflict and illustrate our framework with the case study of the Italian Lega Nord.

Esta pesquisa desenvolve um estudo em torno do teatro escrito por Machado de Assis, privilegiando a análise das formas de comicidade utilizadas pelo autor em suas peças. Quatro comédias são analisadas no presente trabalho: O caminho da porta e O protocolo, publicadas em 1863, e Não consultes médico e Lição de botânica, publicadas, respectivamente, em 1896 e 1906. Além da análise formal das peças e de seus recursos cômicos, abordamos o contexto histórico e estético em que seu teatro foi escrito, o gênero do provérbio dramático - utilizado como modelo na criação das comédias estudadas - e a forma como a crítica especializada tem recebido, ao longo dos anos, a produção teatral de Machado de Assis. / This research develops an analysis of the plays written by Machado de Assis, specially reflecting upon the comical forms used by the author in his plays. Four comedies are analyzed in this research: O Caminho da Porta (The Way to the door) and O Protocolo (The Protocol), published in 1863, Não consultes Médico (Dont Consult Doctors), published in 1896, and Lição de Botânica (Botany Lesson), published in 1906. Besides analyzing the formal construction of the plays and their comic resources, we also investigate the historical and aesthetic context in which these plays were written, the dramatic proverb genre used as a model in the creation of the comedies and the understanding the critics built concerning Machado de Assiss theater through the years.

Orientador: Sílvia Maria Azevedo / Banca: Homero Freitas de Andrade / Banca: Maria Aparecida Junqueira / Banca: Luiz Roberto Velloso Cairo / Banca: Tânia Regina de Luca / Resumo: A presente tese tem por objetivo avaliar a concepção de arte dos escritores Afonso Henriques de Lima Barreto (1881-1922) e Leon Tolstói (1828-1910) sob um viés comparatista, em busca das divergências e convergências entre ambos. Concepção de arte que apresentam nas respectivas obras, "O destino da literatura" e O que é Arte?. Os escritores desempenharam o papel de "semeador de idéias" e de "batedor do futuro" ao se posicionarem contrários aos "mandarins literários". Uma arte voltada para o social, aliás, uma literatura militante. Lima Barreto criou uma arte literária que rompeu com os moldes convencionais na virada do século XIX, que tinha como principais representantes: Machado de Assis, Rui Barbosa, Coelho Neto, entre outros; enquanto Leon Tolstói rompeu com a poética romântica e o realismo francês. Ambos foram, terminantemente, contrários à estética da arte pela arte. A referência aos escritores russos é constante na obra barretiana, até porque Lima Barreto jamais omitiu suas leituras. Desde o romance Vida e Morte de M. J. Gonzaga de Sá, o primeiro a ser escrito por Lima, é possível detectar a presença de Leon Tolstói. Presença essa que permeia todo o projeto literário de Lima Barreto e que se faz sentir através da posição que ambos assumem em relação a temas em comum, tais como: a Propriedade, a Igreja, o Estado, a educação da mulher, o serviço militar obrigatório, entre outros. Revelando assim, um eixo em comum: o ideário anarquista. Mas, principalmente, por refletirem sobre a função da literatura e o fazer literário. / Abstract: This dissertation was carried out to evaluate the conception of art found in the works of Afonso Henriques de Lima Barreto (1881-1922) and Leo Tolstoi (1828 -1910) according to a comparative point-of-view, in order to find out agreements and disagreements between them. Conception of art found in their works "O destino da literatura" and "O que é Arte?". Both writers played the role of "sowers of ideas" and "beaters of the future" as they put up opposition to the so-called "literary mandarins". An art oriented to the social issue, that is, a militant literature. Lima Barreto created a literary art which broke off the ties with conventional models in the turn of the 19th century, whose main representatives were Machado de Assis, Rui Barbosa, Coelho Neto, among others; Leo Tolstoi, in his turn, broke off the ties with Romantic poetry and French Realism. Both were utterly opposed to the esthetics of art for art's sake. References to Russian writers are often found in Lima Barreto's works, since he never omitted his readings. As early as his first novel Vida e Morte de M. J. Gonzaga de Sá, one can notice Leo Tolstoi's influence. Influence which permeates all of his literary project and which is felt through the opposition both writers assume in connection with issues they have in common such as: Property, the Church, the State, women's education, obligatory military draft, among others. Thus, they showed the axis they had in common: the anarchist belief system. But, mainly, because they pondered over the function and the making of literature. / Doutor

Tandis qu’elle accède à son indépendance, l’Irlande voit émerger une nouvelle génération d’écrivains soucieux de promouvoir une littérature dite « réaliste ». Ce réalisme, qui peut d’abord s’appréhender comme une forme d’anti-idéalisme, est inspiré par des motivations certes littéraires, mais également politiques et identitaires. Par là, sa démarche rejoint celle d’un mouvement, plus tard qualifié de révisionniste, qui se dessine en histoire au même moment avec l’ambition de rééquilibrer les représentations d’une historiographie nationaliste. Ainsi, parallèlement à leurs ouvrages de fictions, nombre de ces écrivains réalistes, parmi lesquels Sean O’Faolain, choisissent-ils d’aborder l’histoire par le biais de la biographie historique. Située à la frontière de l’histoire et de la littérature, celle-ci répond tant à des enjeux littéraires, permettant à des auteurs frustrés par une censure institutionnelle de laisser libre cours à leur sensibilité artistique, qu’à des considérations historiographiques. S’infiltrant dans les biographies, imposant son propre tempo, la fiction participe de la révision de l’histoire. En retour, les biographies, par-delà leur fonction de refuge, constituent de véritables laboratoires dans lesquels le biographe élabore des antidotes aux maux qui rongent la fiction en même temps qu’il y forge les pièces maîtresses de son réalisme. Ainsi, alors que le personnage biographique constitue le vecteur privilégié de toutes les tensions politiques et littéraires dont l’auteur tâche de se défaire, l’esthétique réaliste mûrit au fil de paysages biographiques densifiés par l’histoire. Après avoir dû cohabiter avec la fiction et avec le témoignage, la biographie reprend ses droits et conditionne la fiction réaliste de façon décisive, jusqu’à en redéfinir les thèmes, le fonctionnement et la forme. / The period after independence in Ireland saw the emergence of a new generation of writers eager to promote a literature described as ‘realist’. This realism, which can be understood as a form of anti-idealism, was inspired by literary motivations, but also by motives that were both political and identity driven. In this, it was in tune with the approach of a historiographical movement of the same period, later qualified as revisionism, which aimed at nuancing the dominant nationalist narrative of history. In parallel to their works of fiction, a number of realist writers, including Sean O’Faolain, chose to approach history from the angle of historical biography. Situated at the frontier between history and literature, these biographies were at once historiographical and literary in their intentions, thus giving authors, who were hampered by the censorship regime in place, an avenue of expression in which they could give free rein to their literary sensibilities. On the other hand, fiction, by infiltrating the biographies, and by imposing its tempo, contributed to some extent to the revising of history. Beyond their function as refuge, the biographies can be seen as a laboratory in which the biographer elaborates antidotes to the ills that afflict fictional writing of the period while at the same time perfecting key set pieces of his realist fiction. The biographical character concentrates within him the political and literary tensions of which the author is seeking to divest himself. His realist aesthetic matures as the realist landscapes become ever more steeped in history and bring more realist representations to his fiction. Biography having accommodated fiction and memory in turn permeates the realist fiction in a decisive way, to the point of redefining its themes, its functioning and its form.

This thesis reports from a telecare evaluation in a Norwegian municipality (2012-2016). The project was established to provide domestic results from a hitherto new field in the country to underpin future policy. This evaluation includes pre- and post-implementation data collection, which has been scarce in telecare. The methodological approach was realist evaluation that seeks to explore how telecare works, for whom, why and in which circumstances – or why it does not work. The research aimed to explore the hypothesis elicited from national policy documents: ‘If telecare is used, then people are enabled to remain safe in their own home for longer’. Various methods were used to gather data from multiple stakeholders as they have different knowledge about how the implementation developed. The methods in this evaluation included literature reviews, observations, and sequential interviews with users and relatives in addition to sequential focus groups with frontline staff. Realist evaluation was particularly suitable in demonstrating how and why telecare is useful to some users but not to others. Telecare had to match users’ abilities and needs for them to benefit from it. Telecare operates in a dynamic context, and therefore requires adjustment according to the user’s current situation, taking into account changes as they occur. This appears to have been often underestimated. Telecare holds a different position from other devices and technologies in people’s everyday life, which also needs to be acknowledged. Correct assessment is significant for users to obtain the intended effect from telecare. When telecare is correctly adjusted to users, it increases safety, which is essential for enabling older people to remain living at home. Several challenges in establishing telecare projects are identified and alternative ways to understand multi-disciplinary partnerships are suggested. By using realist evaluation the findings are nuanced and point to elements that are significant for achieving the intended outcomes.

En 1888, le romancier américain Henry James écrit dans ses carnets intimes «Ô esprit de Maupassant, aidez-moi.» Cette invocation de l’écrivain français qu’il avait rencontré lors d’un séjour à Paris en 1875-1876, marque un changement important dans l’œuvre de James et présage de l’évolution de sa production de récits brefs pendant les années 1890. L’objectif de cette étude est d’exposer et d’explorer les connections entre ces deux auteurs du 19ème siècle en analysant les essais critiques de James sur le réalisme français, ainsi que ses romans et nouvelles inspirées par l’œuvre de Maupassant.Cette analyse comporte cinq chapitres ainsi qu’une introduction faisant état d’un angle mort dans le champ critique des études sur le sujet. Le premier chapitre traite, selon une perspective historique, de l’évolution de Henry James en tant que critique littéraire dans ses essais sur le réalisme français de 1865 à 1878. Le chapitre deux relate l’année que le jeune auteur passe à Paris parmi les auteurs du cercle flaubertien. Le troisième chapitre démontre l’évolution de l’esprit critique de James en analysant ses essais critiques sur Guy de Maupassant (1888,1889) et une présentation de sa philosophie sur sa propre production de nouvelles. Le chapitre quatre explore la réception critique et la traduction des œuvres de James et de Maupassant. Le cinquième et dernier chapitre présente une analyse d’œuvres de James influencées par les contes et nouvelles de Maupassant.Grâce à l’influence de Maupassant, James poursuivra pendant une décennie l’esprit de cet auteur sans jamais vraiment y parvenir. Cette quête l’amènera néanmoins à une redéfinition significative de son propre style. / In 1888, Henry James wrote in his notebooks, "Oh spirit of Maupassant, come to my aid!" This invocation of the French writer whom he met in Paris in 1875-76 marked a major change in James' work and introduced an evolution in his production of short fiction during the 1890s. The purpose of this study is to present the connections between these two authors by analyzing James's critical essays on French realism as well as his short fiction inspired by Maupassant's work.This critical study consists of five chapters as well as an introduction which points to a "blind spot" in the critical field of Henry James studies in relation to Maupassant. The first chapter analyzes Henry James as a literary critic in his essays on French realism published from 1865 to 1878. Chapter two relates the year spent in Paris during James's youth among the literary giants of Flaubert's circle. The third chapter demonstrates the evolution of James' critical thinking by analyzing his essays on Guy de Maupassant (1888, 1899) and a presentation of his philosophy on his own literary production of short fiction. Chapter four explores the critical reception and translation these authors' works of fiction in country the language of the other. The fifth and final chapter presents a textual analysis of works by Henry James influenced by Maupassant's contes and nouvelles.Following his encounter and his reading of Maupassant, James will pursue the spirit of this writer during the decade of the 1890s. However, James does not fully succeed in his attempts to imitate Maupassant. This quest will nevertheless lead to a significant redefinition of his own style.

abstract: Race is a complex system founded on social ideologies that categorize and evaluate human beings into different groups based on their visible characteristics (e.g., skin color) that, according to this notion of race, indicate a person's personal traits (e.g., intelligence). The concept of race has been an integral part of American society since the ratification of the United States Constitution in the late 18th century. Early on, the practice of race within American society established one particular group as the norm: the White Anglo-Saxon Protestant. By the late 19th and early 20th centuries, the distinctions among racial groups essentially came down to "white" and "nonwhite." Consequently, certain social inequalities were bestowed upon those groups that did not fit the model of the dominant "white" group. Autobiographies, especially those from marginalized groups, can serve as an important source of these social disparities since the author is able to recount their own social experiences vis-à-vis racial practices within society. With this in mind, this thesis analyses the concept of race in relation to the personal experiences of two authors through their respective autobiographies: Hunger of Memory: The Education of Richard Rodriguez (1982) by Richard Rodriguez and How Did You Get to Be Mexican?: A White/Brown Man's Search for Identity (1999) by Kevin R. Johnson. The critical work of Paula M. L. Moya, Linda Martín Alcoff, Hazel Rose Markus, George M. Fredrickson, Genaro M. Padilla and others are used as the theoretical framework in the literary analysis of these authors' texts. In summary, the results of this study demonstrate the concept of race as a salient aspect in regards to the ideological formation of each respective author. / Dissertation/Thesis / M.A. Spanish 2014

Esta pesquisa desenvolve um estudo em torno do teatro escrito por Machado de Assis, privilegiando a análise das formas de comicidade utilizadas pelo autor em suas peças. Quatro comédias são analisadas no presente trabalho: O caminho da porta e O protocolo, publicadas em 1863, e Não consultes médico e Lição de botânica, publicadas, respectivamente, em 1896 e 1906. Além da análise formal das peças e de seus recursos cômicos, abordamos o contexto histórico e estético em que seu teatro foi escrito, o gênero do provérbio dramático - utilizado como modelo na criação das comédias estudadas - e a forma como a crítica especializada tem recebido, ao longo dos anos, a produção teatral de Machado de Assis. / This research develops an analysis of the plays written by Machado de Assis, specially reflecting upon the comical forms used by the author in his plays. Four comedies are analyzed in this research: O Caminho da Porta (The Way to the door) and O Protocolo (The Protocol), published in 1863, Não consultes Médico (Dont Consult Doctors), published in 1896, and Lição de Botânica (Botany Lesson), published in 1906. Besides analyzing the formal construction of the plays and their comic resources, we also investigate the historical and aesthetic context in which these plays were written, the dramatic proverb genre used as a model in the creation of the comedies and the understanding the critics built concerning Machado de Assiss theater through the years.

Le sujet du travail dans la littérature française connaît un renouveau depuis la fin des Trente glorieuses. Groupé au départ autour de quelques livres emblématiques, il se dégage au cours des années suivantes une polysémie d’expression dont l’unité semble difficile à appréhender. Cependant, une littérarité spécifique à ce sujet se développe et montre une créativité souvent originale, reconnue comme une particularité au milieu de toute la production littéraire. Semblant hésiter en permanence sur la meilleure manière de relater les activités humaines, les écrivains doivent justifier leur place et leur statut beaucoup plus pour le sujet du travail que pour n’importe quel autre. La notion de fiction est ainsi bousculée et hésite en permanence entre l’ancrage dans le monde réel et la manière romancée. Le travail, identifié jusqu’alors comme le sujet spécifique d’une littérature réaliste existante depuis Zola, est en passe de devenir un sujet neutre dans un romanesque banalisé. / There has been a resurgence of interest in the theme of work, since the end of the Thirty Glorious Years. Initially centered on a few emblematic works, there has emerged in subsequent years, multifaceted forms of expression that do not lend themselves easily to unifying categorisation. However, a specific literariness has emerged on this theme that reflects an originality that is unique within the realm of literary production. Whilst all writers hesitate about the best means to narrate human activities, those who write about work face particular difficulties in defining their position and status. The notion of fiction itself is challenged as it shifts between the domain of the real and the imaginary. Although the theme of work had been identified with realist literature since the time of Zola, it has since become a neutral subject in a trivialised corpus of fiction.