War is a perpetual shadow cast over human history. It brings forth unparalleled destruction, leaving behind a wake of devastation that scars both the land and its people. Its relentless march leaves cities in ruins, families torn, landscapes transformed and the built environment obliterated. War affects an individual, a community and a country's identity. Destruction both leaves a memory and shapes it. The process of rebuilding raises complex questions: How do we rebuild after that has which been destroyed? What should be rebuilt? Is rebuilding necessary? There are no easy answers and the choices made will reverberate through generations, influencing what endures in collective memory and what is forgotten. This thesis aims to explore the relationship between memory, destruction and architecture. / Master of Architecture / War is relentless in its destruction and it affects both the people and the land. It has a profound effect on a country and its people, destroying cities, landscapes and the built environment. War has an enormous impact on an individual, a community and a country. A few questions need to first be addressed: Where do you begin? What should be rebuilt? How do you rebuild? There are no easy answers, however central to any endeavor to rebuild is the role of memory. This thesis aims to explore the relationship between memory, destruction and architecture.

This report discusses the experiences gained and lessons learned during a project management internship in post-earthquake Christchurch as part of the construction industry and rebuild effort.

THESIS QUESTIONS This project revolves around rebuilding a site of a destroyed building in a cultural historically important area.  Acting within the context of the depopulated city this project will investigate how a new building can answer to some of the issues symptomatic of a decreasing and increasingly older population. This project will also investigate how a new building can be adjusted into a historical milieu, not by rebuilding the past, by rather by working with a developed identity.  CONTEXT/SITE The project takes place in Söderhamn, a small city by the coast in southern Norrland, Sweden.  The site is a part of the cultural historically important town hall square.  PROPOSAL The proposal consists of three main parts: a new building, a remodeling of an old building and a part which link them two together. The proposal contains senior apartments and a meeting place shared between residents and the public.

Behoven av att nyttja gamla ekonomibyggnader i sitt ursprungliga användningsområde har minskat. De gamla husen har dock kvalitéer som är värda att bevara vilket bör betänkas innan de plockas ner eller eldas upp. Denna rapport är en aktionsstudie av ladugårdsbyggnaden på Nygården, Vemdalens Kyrkby 4;5. Projektbyggnaden är en liggtimmerbyggnad från mitten av 1800-talet som för närvarande används som garage och förråd. Ägarna till gården har för avsikt att riva projektbyggnaden och istället uppföra en gäststuga på samma platts. I rapporten avhandlas möjligheten att istället med god byggnadsvård renovera liggtimmerstommen och anpassa ladugården till en modern bostad. I rapporten granskas vilka fördelar det kan innebära att bygga om ladugården istället för att riva den och bygga nytt. För att svara på frågor har olika undersökningsmetoder använts. En okulär besiktning av byggnaden ha genomförts där sakkunnig timmerman gav sin åsikt om stommens kondition och brister. Utifrån besiktning, intervju med ytterligare timmerman och med hjälp av litteraturstudier presenteras ett förslag om åtgärder inom ramen för god byggnadsvård. Diskussion förs angående ombyggnadens lönsamhet med avseende på ekonomi, ekologi och kvalité och jämförs med rivning och nybyggnad. Slutsatsen är att projektbyggnaden lämpar sig för ombyggnad då den är av god kvalité och kondition samt uppförd med en byggnadsteknik som är lämpad för förändring. Utförandet av förändringar och av åtgärder mot brister är relativt enkelt men tidskrävande. Kvalitativa, ekonomiska och ekologiska fördelar som värmetröghet, historia, materialbesparingar samt minskad mängd avfall står att finna. / The need to use old outbuildings in its original use has decreased. The old houses, however, has qualities that are worthy of protection which should be borne in mind before they are teared down. This report is an action study of the barn on Nygården, Vemdalens Kyrkby 4; 5th. The project building is a lug building from the mid-1800s, currently used as garage and storage. The owners of the estate intend to tear down the barn to make space for a new guest house. The report treats the possibility to maintain the barn and rebuild it into a modern residence, within the framework of building preservation. The report examines benefits with rebuilding the barn instead of tearing it down and new produce. Different research methods are used. A visual inspection of the building is done in cooperation with a lug carpenter who gives his opinion on structural conditions. Based on the inspection, an interview with another carpenter and literature studies a proposal on measures, within the framework of building preservation, is presented. Profitability in terms of economy, ecology and quality is discussed and compared with demolition and new production. The conclusion is that the project building is suitable for renovation due to good quality, good condition and it has a construction suitable for change. The measures of change are relatively simple but time consuming. Qualitative, economic and ecological benefits to be find is among other thermal inertia, material consuming savings and reduction of waste.

This thesis considers the issue of the Responsibility to Rebuild in International Law. It posits that the R2R must be re-elevated to significance as a conceptual, normative, and functional element of Responsibility to Protect (R2P), with its institutional homes in the United Nation’s framework and the Secretary-General’s function adequately articulated. In most instances, the 2009 three-pillar R2P framework functions effectively, but it has the flaw of burying and overlooking the critical value of the initial ICISS third pillar, the responsibility to rebuild and reconstruct war-ravaged communities’ threshold of viability and self-sufficiency. This thesis draws some crucial insight from the significant international interventions of the twenty-first century and recalling the scope in which R2P was first conceived to illustrate the unique characteristics of its contribution to global politics or international policy. This thesis addresses the question of who should rebuild after a war. The ‘Belligerents Rebuild Thesis,’ which suggests that those who have been engaged in the battle - including the victor, just belligerent, unjust aggressor, or humanitarian intervener - should be charged with the responsibility of rebuilding, is held by many leading proponents of the importance of jus post-Bellum for Just War Theory. On the other hand, this thesis argues that there is a mutual, international responsibility to rebuild that should be delegated solely based on the agent's capacity to rebuild rather than the belligerents. / Graduate / 2022-08-09

Terrorism, conflict, and natural disasters. How can architecture respond to a world at odds with itself?On a daily basis we see tragic news about cities around the world that are undergoing trauma. We are exposed to horrific images of shattered buildings destroyed by terrorism, we see coastal areas damaged in floods and mudslides, we see the aftermath of cyclones outbreaks. Through modern technology we are all witnessing the immediate impact and destruction of these types of violent manmade and climatic events.The post-traumatic condition is no longer an exception; it is now the norm. While repair and reconstruction are automatic reflexes of trauma, the disciplines’ knowledge and practices must be imbued with a greater understanding of the impact of trauma on cities and their contingent realities.To be able to heal cities with architecture we must first understand the trauma in context, thus rethinking the role of architecture and urbanism in the modern world.Post-traumatic urbanism necessitates the mobilization of architects’ skills, criticality, and creativity in unfamiliar contexts, but above all, sensitivity.In my thesis I will study post-traumatic architecture and urbanism by using an example of the post-traumatic urban condition of the Halabja massacre, in Kurdistan, northern Iraq in the year 1998. I have chosen this specific trauma because of how it has personally affected me, my family and the city I grew up in. I want to impose my personal experiences with post-traumatic cities in this project while also taking into account other research and studies on the topic, allowing a nuanced perspective on the subject of Post-Traumatic Urbanism.

The author focuses on the possibility of using wood chips as fuel for tractors and machinery in agriculture and related fields, in order to increase self-sufficiency and achieving carbon neutrality. The work compares wood and conventional motor fuels in the real operation. Part of this thesis is to design a functional device with an output of 5-10 kW.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-29T13:31:01Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Joel Fernando Borella.pdf: 5518493 bytes, checksum: b7a9bdb7976b71390c3ef4e1b0a8f059 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-04-05 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / This master degree work conclusion is linked with the Núcleo de Psicologia Política e Movimentos Sociais (NUPMOS) inside the post graduated in Social Psychlogy studies from Pontíficia Universidade Católica de São Paulo (PUC-SP). In a society which a narrative that shows scarce, being changed for communication ways each more virtual, work the memory is one of the needs process to avoid the shared of social relationships and the silent process and the forgetfulness of the history lived by the subjects. Following this way, this research has as objective, besides to deepening on studies about old people time and their historical contributions, to use 6 music that were success on 60´s years to evoke memories and narratives of life ways of old people in Focal Groups, to, this way, could know the Brazilian society considering who has lived it. It was organized 4 Focal Groups: 2 in Araras/SP and 2 in São Paulo/SP. The groups were shared between men and women from 60 up to 75 years old. On total, participated of this study 21 old people, 9 in the groups from Araras/SP and 12 in the groups from São Paulo/SP. The Focal Groups had during time of 1 hour and 30 minutes and were recorded with audiovisual format to make easier the post transcriptions. After these transcriptions, were used the Minayo´s speech categories (1999) and, by this way, could develop analysis that increases the memory power on the work with old people, knowing the Brazilian society by them lives. Remember, so, if became a work tool that possibilities broke with forgetfulness initiated in this society and rebuild the old people past by their narratives of life way / Esta dissertação de mestrado vincula-se ao Núcleo de Psicologia Política e movimentos sociais (NUPMOS) do Programa de Estudos Pós-graduados em Psicologia Social da Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo (PUC-SP). Em uma sociedade na qual a narrativa se apresenta escassa, sendo substituída por redes de comunicação cada vez mais virtuais, trabalhar a memória é um dos processos necessários para evitarmos a esfacelação das relações sociais e o processo de silenciamento e esquecimento da história vivida pelos sujeitos. Nesse sentido, essa pesquisa tem por objetivo, além de aprofundamentos nos estudos sobre as velhices e suas construções históricas, utilizar seis músicas que mais fizeram sucesso na década de 60, para evocar memórias e narrativas de trajetórias de vida em velhos em Grupos Focais, para, assim, poder conhecer a sociedade brasileira por meio de quem as viveu. Foram organizados quatro Grupos Focais: dois em Araras/SP e dois em São Paulo/SP. Os grupos foram divididos entre homens e mulheres de 60 até 75 anos. Ao todo, participaram desse estudo 21 velhos, 9 nos grupos de Araras/SP e 12 nos grupos de São Paulo. Os grupos focais tiveram duração de 1 hora e 30 minutos e foram gravados em formato audiovisual para facilitar as posteriores transcrições. Após essas transcrições, utilizou-se a metodologia de categorias do discurso de Minayo (1999) e, por meio delas, podem-se desenvolver análises que altivam o poder da memória no trabalho com os velhos, conhecendo a sociedade brasileira pelas suas vivências. Lembrar, então, se tornou um instrumento de trabalho que possibilita romper com os mecanismos de esquecimentos instaurados nessa sociedade e reconstruir os passados dos velhos por suas narrativas de trajetórias de vida

[pt] O objetivo deste trabalho é desenvolver uma solução completa para o traçado de raios de cenas dinâmicas utilizando a GPU. Para que este algoritmo atinja desempenho interativo, é necessário utilizar uma estrutura espacial para reduzir os testes de interseção entre raios e triângulos da cena. Observa-se que, quando há movimento na cena, é necessário atualizar esta estrutura de aceleração, seja alterando-a parcialmente ou reconstruindo-a inteiramente. Adotamos a segunda estratégia por ser capaz de tratar o caso geral de movimento não-estruturado. Como a construção da estrutura deve ser feita da forma mais eficiente possível, escolhemos utilizar uma Grade Uniforme como foco de nossa pesquisa. Suas vantagens incluem um algoritmo de construção simples e um percurso de raios eficiente. Para explorar o poder de processamento em paralelo de uma GPU, é necessário manter os dados da cena e da estrutura de aceleração dentro da placa gráfica, evitando transferências custosas de memória entre a GPU e a CPU. Propomos neste trabalho uma técnica para construir uma grade uniforme inteiramente na GPU. Usando nosso método, é possível reconstruir toda a estrutura em poucos milissegundos, enquanto mantém-se a alta qualidade da grade obtida. Além disso, propomos uma implementaçoes do algoritmo de traçado de raios de forma a aproveitar o processamento em paralelo da GPU. Nosso procedimento é implementado inteiramente dentro da placa gráfica, onde há acesso direto para os dados dos triângulos da cena, bem como as informações da grade uniforme construída. Utilizando a solução proposta, somos capazes de obter taxas de visualização interativas mesmo para cenas com movimentos não-estruturados, incluindo texturas, sombras e até mesmo reflexões. / [en] We present a technique for ray tracing dynamic scenes using the GPU. In order to achieve interactive rendering rates, it is necessary to use a spatial structure to reduce the number of ray-triangle intersections performed. Whenever there is movement in the scene, this structure is entirely rebuilt. This way, it is possible to handle general unstructured motion. For this purpose, we have developed an algorithm for reconstructing Uniform Grids entirely inside the graphics hardware. In addition, we present ray-traversal and shading algorithms fully implemented on the GPU, including textures, shadows and reections. Combining these techniques, we demonstrate interactive ray tracing performance for dynamic scenes, even with unstructured motion and advanced shading effects.