Small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) are the main drivers of economic growth and employment. African SMEs are constrained by a lack of access to finance. In line with the pecking order theory, capital-constrained SMEs are expected to seek external finance. However, due to credit rationing, African SMEs have limited success raising finance. Factoring could enable African SMEs to gain access to finance, as underwriters mainly place the risk on the receivables as opposed to the firm itself. Despite its benefits, factoring has not taken root in sub-Saharan Africa. The purpose of this phenomenological study was to explore the obstacles and prospects to stimulating awareness, availability, acceptance, and utilization of factoring in Africa. Data on the lived experiences of 22 executives providing or promoting factoring in 16 African countries were collected through semistructured interviews; these data were analyzed using the Braun and Clarke thematic approach. Four themes emerged: supply-side conditions, demand-side conditions, business environment conditions, and facilitating institutions and industries. Results suggest high factoring prospects, legal and regulatory impediments, low awareness levels, reluctance of banks to avail factoring, high entry barriers for nonbank factors, a lack of credit insurance, and a lack of an open account trade culture. A framework was recommended, based on these findings, along with actions for factoring development in Africa. Implications for positive social change include increased awareness which may boost factoring availability, acceptance, and utilization. Improved financing options may yield improved African SME competitiveness, which in turn, may result in improved job opportunities, household incomes, quality of life, and more broadly, Africa's economic growth.

Made available in DSpace on 2010-04-20T20:14:33Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 61070100623.pdf: 435548 bytes, checksum: b66651487a8f6639fd39ff2b9bf5d7ad (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-04-17T00:00:00Z / This study examines whether the sale of credit portfolios are used by financial institutions for risk management, according to Stanton (1998) and Murray (2001) or to capture resources, as indicated in Cebenoyan and Strahan (2001) and Dionne and Harchaoui (2003). Two hypotheses on credit portfolio sales were tested: 1) promote rating improvement to the remaining portfolio, or 2) drive to financial leverage - with worsening on the remaining portfolio -, controlling for recourse existence and to whom those assets were sold. The sample includes quarterly information from 145 financial institutions from the first quarter 2001 to second quarter of 2008. The results provide empirical evidence that financial institutions use these sales to improve the rating of the remaining credit portfolio, i.e. they transfer, in most cases, low quality assets, assuring good ratings and improving liquidity. Additionally, following Harchaoui and Dionne (2003) proposal - which besides testing, demonstrating that regulatory requirements promote leveraging in high-risk assets – it was observed the relationship between the Basel Index and credit portfolio rating. The conclusions were similar to those found by Dionne and Harchaoui(2003): the more adequate – higher Basel Index - the financial institution, the greater its chances of having a bad quality credit portfolio. / Este estudo analisa se as vendas de carteiras de crédito são utilizadas por instituições financeiras para gestão de risco, de acordo com Stanton(1998) e Murray(2001) ou para captação recursos, como apontado em Cebenoyan e Strahan(2001) e Dionne e Harchaoui(2003). Duas hipóteses foram testadas quanto às vendas de carteira de crédito: 1) implicam em melhor rating na carteira remanescente; ou 2) promovem alavancagem financeira - com piora na carteira remanescente -, controlando para a existência de coobrigação e para quem esses ativos foram transferidos. A amostra inclui informações trimestrais de 145 instituições financeiras do primeiro trimestre de 2001 ao segundo trimestre de 2008. Os resultados oferecem evidências empíricas de que as instituições financeiras utilizam estas vendas para melhora do rating da carteira de crédito remanescente, ou seja, elas transferem, em sua maioria, ativos de baixa qualidade, garantindo bons ratings e melhorando a liquidez. Adicionalmente, seguindo a proposta Dionne e Harchaoui(2003) - que além de testar, evidenciam que exigências regulatórias promovem alavancagem em ativos de alto risco - foi observada a relação entre o Índice de Basiléia e rating da carteira de crédito. As conclusões foram semelhantes às encontradas por Dionne e Harchaoui(2003): quanto mais adequada – maior Índice de Basiléia - uma instituição financeira for, maiores as chances de ela possuir uma carteira de crédito com qualidade ruim.

Submitted by Cristiane Shirayama (cristiane.shirayama@fgv.br) on 2011-06-02T19:26:02Z No. of bitstreams: 1 66080100240.pdf: 531933 bytes, checksum: 1949b5f6328018b30890063d38b4c352 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Vera Lúcia Mourão(vera.mourao@fgv.br) on 2011-06-02T20:13:10Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 66080100240.pdf: 531933 bytes, checksum: 1949b5f6328018b30890063d38b4c352 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Vera Lúcia Mourão(vera.mourao@fgv.br) on 2011-06-02T20:37:11Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 66080100240.pdf: 531933 bytes, checksum: 1949b5f6328018b30890063d38b4c352 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2011-06-03T17:31:45Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 66080100240.pdf: 531933 bytes, checksum: 1949b5f6328018b30890063d38b4c352 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-12-13 / The main purpose of this study is to identify the determinants of a Receivables Fund (FIDCs) spread. As the previously published papers were about debentures, this one is pioneer in terms of FIDCs. Indeed, understanding the determinants of a FIDCs’ issuance is mandatory for companies which access capital markets to obtain funds. Between 2002 and 2009, the study analyzed 113 public issuances indexed to CDI that had a pre-defined maturity and at least two investors. Those issuances were subject to four Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) regressions. The first regression focused on the variables that affected the rating. The second one excluded all rating related variables and had spread as the dependent variable, while all the others were independent variables. The third one tested a potential non-linearity relation between spread and rating, while the fourth regression tested the spread against all other variables, including those ones related to the rating. The results pointed out that rating is indeed a good determinant for the spread, as well as the issuance volume, the financial institution responsible for the FIDCs’ custody and the macroeconomic environment. These three variables also contributes to determine the rating, along with the number of investors and issuers and if the underlying assets were eventually delivered. The study also concluded that there is no evidence of linearity between spread and rating in FIDCs. The major contribution of this study is to present on first hand a thorough analysis on variables that affect a new type of fixed income investment, the FIDCs, such as the asset nature, credit risk diversification levels and quantity of issuers. The main purpose of this study is to identify the determinants of a Receivables Fund (FIDCs) spread. As the previously published papers were about debentures, this one is pioneer in terms of FIDCs. Indeed, understanding the determinants of a FIDCs’ issuance is mandatory for companies which access capital markets to obtain funds. Between 2002 and 2009, the study analyzed 113 public issuances indexed to CDI that had a pre-defined maturity and at least two investors. Those issuances were subject to four Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) regressions. The first regression focused on the variables that affected the rating. The second one excluded all rating related variables and had spread as the dependent variable, while all the others were independent variables. The third one tested a potential non-linearity relation between spread and rating, while the fourth regression tested the spread against all other variables, including those ones related to the rating. The results pointed out that rating is indeed a good determinant for the spread, as well as the issuance volume, the financial institution responsible for the FIDCs’ custody and the macroeconomic environment. These three variables also contributes to determine the rating, along with the number of investors and issuers and if the underlying assets were eventually delivered. The study also concluded that there is no evidence of linearity between spread and rating in FIDCs. The major contribution of this study is to present on first hand a thorough analysis on variables that affect a new type of fixed income investment, the FIDCs, such as the asset nature, credit risk diversification levels and quantity of issuers. / Este trabalho tem por objetivo identificar fatores que influenciam o spread de cotas seniores de Fundos de Investimento em Direitos Creditórios (FIDC). Trata-se de um estudo pioneiro no segmento de renda fixa, uma vez que os anteriores focaram o spread para debêntures. Entender componentes do spread em FIDCs é muito importante para as empresas que captam recursos no mercado de capitais por meio deste novo instrumento. A análise contemplou 113 ofertas públicas indexadas ao CDI entre 2002 e 2009 que tinham prazo determinado e pelo menos 02 investidores adquirentes das cotas. Foram elaboradas quatro regressões múltiplas pelo método dos Mínimos Quadrados Ordinários (MQO). A primeira visava identificar quais variáveis afetavam o rating. A segunda tinha como variável dependente o spread e as independentes eram todas, excluindo as que afetavam o rating. A terceira equação testou uma possível relação de não-linearidade entre spread e rating, enquanto a quarta testou o spread contra todas as demais variáveis, incluindo as que afetavam o rating. Os resultados apontaram que o rating é sim um bom determinante para o spread, assim como o volume da emissão, ambiente econômico e instituição financeira que faz a custódia do fundo. Da mesma forma, são fatores que explicam o rating: ambiente econômico, quem são o administrador e o custodiante do fundo, o número de investidores, volume, se o fundo é multi ou mono-cedente e se os ativos são performados ou não. Não há linearidade entre spread e rating em FIDCs. A maior contribuição deste estudo foi apresentar pela primeira vez variáveis que afetam um novo tipo de investimento em renda fixa, os FIDCs, tais como tipo de ativo, níveis de concentração e fundos mono e multi-cedentes. Tudo isto por meio de um cuidadoso tratamento da base de dados.

This thesis provides a summary of knowledge required for the introduction of a systematic procedure for handling of receivables. I focused on the phenomena that had to be assessed during the practical valuation of receivables in LD INVEST a.s. In this respect my thesis may be used by the company managers as one of the aids used during the execution of the analytic accounts to individual nominal accounts in terms of tax. The approach to the company's receivables from 1 January 2008 is recommended in the draft of the In-company Regulation, recapitulating the current meaning of basic terms and stipulating the principles for the creation and use of adjusting entries. The chief measurable economic contribution of the theses is the suggestion for the optimization of the tax base for the year 2007.

Cílem mé diplomové práce je analyzovat krátkodobé finanční řízení ve zvolené akciové společnosti, konkrétně v letech 2000 - 2008. V teoretické část jsem definovala nejen základní pojmy v oblasti pracovního kapitálu, ale především metody řízení zásob a pohledávek, náklady s nimi spojené, problémy z oblasti řízení zásob a pohledávek, vymezení a řízení peněžních prostředků a krátkodobé financování.Tyto informace jsem převedla do praktické části a uplatnila je při analýze krátkodobého finančního řízení v konkrétním podniku ve sledovaném období 2000 - 2008. Dále jsem zhodnotila pracovní kapitál, kde jsem provedla hodnocení jednotlivých typů podnikových zásob, druhů pohledávek a finančního majetku, který podnik vykazuje. Na závěr jsou shrnuty výsledky jednotlivých analýz a navrhnuta doporučení, týkající se zjištěných nedostatků v oblasti řízení oběžného majetku a jeho financování.

This thesis deals with the management of the receivables of BAK,Inc. In the theoretical part are characterized receivables from the perspective of legal, accounting and tax. Further is described the management of receivables and this description is based on the elements of management of receivables, ie analysis of customers, terms of trade, recovery of receivables and, finally, monitoring the status and trends of the receivables. The core of this work is the description of the specific receivables management system in BAK, Inc., which is divided into two fundamental dimensions, namely the prevention and recovery. In conclusion of the practical part are analyzed the structure and status of receivables for years 2007 to 2009 with the help of financial ratios.

The aim of this thesis is to analyze the management of working capital in Krnovske opravny a strojirny s.r.o. and to find possible ways to improve and streamline its management. Through the analysis of individual component of working capital, evaluation of processes affecting the cash conversion cycle, analysis of working capital as a whole and via comparison with its five biggest competitors, it was suggested to take appropriate measures and that would enable the company to manage working capital more effectively going forward, realize savings and subsequently increase its value.

The diploma thesis is focused on analysis of the banking portfolios quality evolution of the Czech market in observed period from 2004 to 2014. In the first part related regulatory rules and their changes are defined. The rules are listed for the categorization of the receivables due from customers, the creation of allowances, the portfolio concentration and the amount of capital. Next part of the thesis is focused on the analysis of the banking portfolios quality evolution of the whole banking sector. In this part are described factors, which influenced the banking sector in observed time period. In the last chapter the thesis examines quality of banking portfolio of three banks in related areas. For the comparison were used chosen financial ratios.

The subject of this thesis is the issue of overdue receivables and their reflection in accounting according to accounting and tax legislation valid in the Czech Republic. First it discusses debt collection and related costs. Then it maps the rules for recognition of impairment loss on receivables in the accounts through allowances and write-offs, also from the perspective of international financial reporting standards and in terms of tax optimization. The main part of the work is an analysis of overdue debts and formed allowances in the years 2004 to 2014 in nine selected leasing companies operating on the Czech market, focusing on the influence of the financial crisis of 2008 and 2009.

The aim of this thesis is to provide detailed analysis of selected legal aspects with practical importance of the assignment of business receivables. Particular topics are focused on problematic legal features of cession, that have so far not been sufficiently elaborated in expert literature, mainly with regards to the impacts of the recent transformation of the Czech civil law. The issues are approached as comparison between the previous law and the current law, which is in force since 1st January 2014, alongside taking account of solutions for chosen issues under German law.