Diese Arbeit stellt eine Untersuchung und experimentelle Analyse von Empfänger- (RX) und Sender- (TX) Frontends vor, die die Herausforderungen des MIMO-Radars in Kombination mit einer extremen Bandbreite von 4 GHz bis 40 GHz angehen. Diese Bandbreite wurde gewählt, um die Machbarkeit der Implementierung eines hochgradig rekonfigurierbaren MIMO-Abbildungsradarsystems zu untersuchen. Die RX- und TX-Frontends wurden so untersucht, dass sie in einem frequenzmodulierten Dauerstrichmodus (FMCW) arbeiten, so dass die vorgesehene Radaranwendung Objekte im Nahbereich genau messen kann. Es wurden neuartige Komponententopologien und Implementierungstechniken eingesetzt, um die Machbarkeit einer ultrabreiten Bandbreite in Kombination mit einer hohen Eingangsleistungsfestigkeit, einem hohen Dynamikbereich und einem hohen Integrationsgrad zu untersuchen. Die experimentelle Analyse der hergestellten IC-Komponenten hat gezeigt, dass eine extreme Bandbreite, die nicht nur 4 GHz bis 40 GHz erreicht, sondern übersteigt, in Kombination mit einem hohen Dynamikbereich, einem hohen Integrationsgrad und anderen für das MIMO-Radar relevanten Leistungen mit der Silizium-Germanium-Technologie (SiGe) nach dem Stand der Technik (SotA) erreicht werden kann. Darüber hinaus wurde gezeigt, dass mit speziellen IC-Topologien eine hohe Eingangsleistungsfestigkeit des RX-Frontends erreicht werden kann. Die untersuchten RX-Frontends können bis zu 25 dBm Eingangsleistung im Low-Band und bis zu 20 dBm Eingangsleistung im High-Band verkraften. Dies wurde durch die Verwendung der neuartigen Leistungsbegrenzertopologie und spezieller rauscharmer Wanderwellenverstärker erreicht. Diese Arbeit zeigte auch, dass mit der modernen SiGe-Technologie ein Dynamikbereich erreicht werden kann, der dem der wesentlich größeren Galliumarsenid (GaAs)-Technologie entspricht. Dies wurde durch die Untersuchung verschiedener rauscharmer Verstärker- und Mischertopologien erreicht. Bei den rauscharmen Verstärkern wurden gemeinsame Basis-, differenzielle verteilte und schaltbare Rückkopplungstopologien untersucht, um die beste Linearität und die niedrigste Rauschzahl zu erreichen. Bei den Mischern wurden Multi-Tanh-Triplet- und modifizierte Gilbert-Zellen-Topologien untersucht, um die Belastbarkeit zu erhöhen und die Rauschzahl zu minimieren. Die separaten RX- und TX-Komponenten wurden zu einzelnen RX- und TX-Front-End-ICs zusammengefügt und dann für die abschließende Verifizierung auf speziellen, kundenspezifisch implementierten Hochfrequenzplatinen integriert. Die abschließenden Messergebnisse bestätigten die Durchführbarkeit der Arbeit und belegen die Hypothese, dass eine Kombination aus ultrabreiter Bandbreite von 4 GHz bis 40 GHz, hoher Robustheit der Eingangsleistung, hohem Dynamikbereich und hohem Integrationsgrad in RX- und TX-Frontends für ein MIMO-Radar möglich ist. Diese Forschungsarbeit hat die Machbarkeit und das Potenzial für hochleistungsfähige, hochintegrierte und kosteneffiziente Bildgebungsradare bewiesen, die in Zukunft gebaut werden sollen. / This work presents an investigation and experimental analysis of Receiver (RX) and Transmitter (TX) front-ends tackling the MIMO radar related challenges in combination with an extreme 4 GHz to 40 GHz bandwidth, which was chosen to investigate the feasibility of implementing a highly re-configurable MIMO imaging radar system. The RX and TX front-ends were investigated to operate in a Frequency Modulated Continuous Wave (FMCW) mode, so the foreseen radar application can accurately measure objects at close range. Novel component topologies and implementation techniques were employed to investigate the feasibility of achieving ultra-wide bandwidth in combination with, high input power ruggedness, high dynamic range and high degree of integration. The experimental analysis of fabricated IC components demonstrated that extreme bandwidth, not just reaching, but exceeding 4 GHz to 40 GHz in combination with high dynamic range, high degree of integration and other MIMO radar relevant performances can be achieved with State of the Art (SotA) Silicon Germanium (SiGe) technology. Furthermore, it was demonstrated that with dedicated IC topologies, high input power ruggedness of the RX front-end can be achieved. The investigated RX front-ends could withstand up to 25 dBm input power in case of low band and up to 20 dBm of input power in case of high band respectively. This was achieved by using the novel power limiter topology and dedicated travelling wave low noise amplifier designs. This work also showed that with the state of the art SiGe technology the dynamic range equivalent to the much larger in size, Gallium Arsenide (GaAs) technologies is achievable. This was achieved by investigating various low noise amplifier and mixer topologies. In case of low noise amplifiers, common base, differential distributed and switchable feedback topologies were assessed to achieve the best linearity versus lowest noise figure performance. In case of the mixers, multi-tanh triplet and modified Gilbert cell topologies were investigated to increase the power handling and to minimize the noise figure. The separate RX and TX components were assembled into single RX and single TX front-end ICs and then integrated on dedicated, custom implemented Radio Frequency (RF) boards for the final verification. The final measurement results confirmed the feasibility of the work and prove the hypothesis of combining ultra-wide 4 GHz to 40 GHz bandwidth, high input power ruggedness, high dynamic range and high degree of integration in RX and TX front-ends dedicated for a MIMO radar. This research has proven the feasibility and potential for high performance, highly integrated and cost effective imaging radars to be built in future.

Advances in fiber optic communications and the convergence of the optical-wireless network will dramatically increase the network heterogeneity and complexity. The goal of our research is to create smart receivers that can autonomously identify and demodulate, without prior knowledge, nearly any signal emerging from the next-generation of high-speed optical communication networks.

Utilizamos neste trabalho duas metodologias distintas, a função do receptor com ondas P e a função do receptor com ondas S, para mapear variações da crosta e interfaces do manto (litosfera-astenosfera, 410 km e 660 km) em diferentes estações sismográficas na placa Sul-Americana. No estudo da interface litosfera-astenosfera, por ser o primeiro realizado nesta região, utilizamos as estações temporárias do IAG/USP em conjunto com as estações permanentes da rede mundial cobrindo toda a placa Sul-Americana. O estudo para as outras interfaces (Crosta-Manto, 410 km e 660 km) foi feito com caráter regional, buscando detalhar características da crosta e manto na região estável da placa. Para ambos os métodos os traços (sismogramas) foram rotacionados para o sistema LQT, deconvolvidos, agrupados por pontos de perfuração e por estações, e finalmente empilhados. Nos traços empilhados as fases convertidas de interesse (Ps, Ppps, Ppss+Psps e Sp) foram identificadas e interpretadas. Para a parte estável da placa obtivemos um valor médio de espessura da crosta de 39.4±0.6 km, variando desde 31.0±0.5 km para a província Borborema, até 41.3±1.0 km para a bacia do Paraná, onde aplicamos uma correção para descontar o efeito do sedimento. A razão de velocidade para a crosta, Vp/Vs, apresentou valores mais altos para a bacia do Paraná (~1.75±0.08) e região litorânea oriental (>1.74), enquanto que as regiões cratônicas (cráton São Francisco e Amazônico) apresentaram valores de Vp/Vs baixos (<1.72), chegando até 1.68. O valor médio de Vp/Vs para todas as estações analisadas foi de 1.73±0.02. As variações dos tempos para as interfaces do manto mostraram boa correlação com resultados de tomografia sísmica de outros trabalhos, indicando alterações de até 5% na velocidade das ondas sísmicas para o manto superior sob os crátons, uma deflexão de até 15 km na interface de 660 km para a região Sul da bacia do Paraná e se mostraram bem correlacionadas com as médias globais para as outras região estudadas. Por fim, a espessura da litosfera apresentou valores desde ~40 km, sob as regiões de ilhas oceânicas, até ~160 km, sob as regiões mais estáveis. Para as regiões oceânicas a espessura da litosfera se mostra correlacionada com a idade da placa. À medida que adentramos a parte continental, o limite litosfera-astenosfera se torna menos proeminente, atingindo profundidades maiores no interior dos continentes e menores para as regiões marginais. Para a zona de subducção, observamos duas possíveis litosferas, uma oceânica, subduzindo junto com a placa de Nazca, e outra pertencente à parte continental. / Two distinct methodologies, the P- and S-wave receiver functions, are used to map variations in the crustal parameters (thickness and Vp/Vs) and mantle interfaces (lithosphere-asthenosphere, 410 km and 660 km) on a number of different seismograph stations located in the South American plate. The results of the S receiver function for the lithosphere-asthenosphere boundary are the first of this kind ever performed in South American continent and showed the large scale variations of this interface. To perform this study we analyze data from various global permanent stations together with all available data from temporary stations operated by the IAG/USP during the last15 years. For both methods the traces (seismograms) were rotated to the LQT system, deconvolved, grouped by piercing points and stations, and finally stacked. In the stacked traces, the converted phases (Ps, Ppps, Ppss+Psps and Sp) were identified and interpreted. Inside the stable part of the plate we found a mean crustal thickness of 39.4±0.6 km, ranging from 31.0±0.5 km in Borborema Province up to 41.3±1.0 km in the Paraná Basin, where we applied a correction to remove the sediment effects on the crustal estimates. The crustal velocity ratios, Vp/Vs, showed higher values for the Paraná Basin (~1.75±0.08) and Ribeira belt (>1.74), while the cratonic regions (São Francisco and Amazon cratons) showed low values of Vp/Vs (<1.72), down to 1.68. The average Vp/Vs obtained for all stations was equal to 1.73±0.02. The observed times of the converted mantle phases presented a good correlation with other tomographic studies, indicating that the upper mantle for the cratonic roots may be characterized by a variation up to 5% in seismic velocities, a 15 km deflection in the South Paraná 660 km discontinuity (probably due to a decreased temperature caused by the subducted slab); for other regions the converted times were close to the global average. As a final result, the lithospheric thickness presented values ranging from ~40 km under oceanic islands, to ~160 km under the stable continental regions. We found that for the oceanic islands the thickness of the lithosphere is correlated with the age of the plate. When we go further inside the continents, the lithosphere-asthenosphere boundary becomes less sharp, reaching larger depths inside the continents and shallower depths near the continental margin. In the Andean subduction area, we observed two possibles lithospheres, one oceanic, subducting together with the Nazca plate, and another belonging to the Continent, parallel to the crust interface.

The L5 signal of the Global Positioning System (GPS) is becoming available on an increasing number of Block IIF satellites. As the third civilian signal, L5 is superior in signal design to the L1 C/A and L2C civilian signals. This new signal has been marked healthy for use on selected satellites since 2010, yet the hardware capable of tracking the L5 signal is still in the early stages of development. This work investigates the characteristics of the new signal and the quality of data produced by L5-tracking receivers. Commonly used receiver models chosen for this study are the Leica GRX1200+GNSS, the Trimble NetR8, and the Javad Delta TRE-G3TH. The metrics used in this analysis to assess the quality of data produced by these receivers are signal strength, receiver phase noise, receiver code noise, and multipath. The data used in these analyses were obtained from the International GNSS Service for the days of the year 275 to 281 in 2011. Metrics averaged over the GPS week 1656 provide a good indication of the overall performance of the receivers. / text

The functionality provided by mobile devices such as cellular phones and tablets continues to increase over the years, with integration of an ever larger number of wireless standards within a given device. In several of these designs, each standard supported by a device requires its own IC receiver to be mounted on the device’s PCB. In multistandard and multimode radios, it is desirable to integrate all receivers onto the same IC as the digital processors for the standards, in order to reduce device cost and size. Ideally all the receivers should also share a single signal chain. Since each standard has its own requirements for linearity and noise figure, and each standard operates at a different RF carrier frequency, implementing such a receiver is very challenging. Such a receiver could be theoretically implemented using a broadband mixing receiver or by direct sampling by a high-speed analog-to-digital converter (ADC). Broadband mixing requires the use of a harmonic rejection mixer (HRM) or tunable band pass filter to remove harmonic mixing effects, which in the past have suffered from a large primary clock tuning range and high power consumption. However, direct sampling of the RF input requires a high-speed ADC with large dynamic range which is typically limited by clock timing skew, clock jitter, or harmonic folding. In this dissertation, techniques for programmable broadband radio receivers are proposed. A local oscillator (LO) synthesis method within HRMs is proposed which reduces the required primary clock tuning range in broadband receivers. The LO synthesis method is implemented in 130-nm CMOS. A clocking technique is introduced within the two-stage HRM, which helps in achieving state-of-the-art harmonic rejection performance without calibration or harmonic filtering. An analog frequency synthesis based broadband channelizer is proposed using the LO synthesis method which is capable of channelizing a broadband input using a single mixing stage and primary clock frequency. A frequency-folded ADC architecture is proposed which enables high-speed sampling with high dynamic range. A receiver based on the frequency-folded ADC architecture is implemented in 65-nm CMOS and achieves a sample rate of 2-GS/s, a mean 49-dB SNDR, and 8.5-dB NF. / text

Utilizamos neste trabalho duas metodologias distintas, a função do receptor com ondas P e a função do receptor com ondas S, para mapear variações da crosta e interfaces do manto (litosfera-astenosfera, 410 km e 660 km) em diferentes estações sismográficas na placa Sul-Americana. No estudo da interface litosfera-astenosfera, por ser o primeiro realizado nesta região, utilizamos as estações temporárias do IAG/USP em conjunto com as estações permanentes da rede mundial cobrindo toda a placa Sul-Americana. O estudo para as outras interfaces (Crosta-Manto, 410 km e 660 km) foi feito com caráter regional, buscando detalhar características da crosta e manto na região estável da placa. Para ambos os métodos os traços (sismogramas) foram rotacionados para o sistema LQT, deconvolvidos, agrupados por pontos de perfuração e por estações, e finalmente empilhados. Nos traços empilhados as fases convertidas de interesse (Ps, Ppps, Ppss+Psps e Sp) foram identificadas e interpretadas. Para a parte estável da placa obtivemos um valor médio de espessura da crosta de 39.4±0.6 km, variando desde 31.0±0.5 km para a província Borborema, até 41.3±1.0 km para a bacia do Paraná, onde aplicamos uma correção para descontar o efeito do sedimento. A razão de velocidade para a crosta, Vp/Vs, apresentou valores mais altos para a bacia do Paraná (~1.75±0.08) e região litorânea oriental (>1.74), enquanto que as regiões cratônicas (cráton São Francisco e Amazônico) apresentaram valores de Vp/Vs baixos (<1.72), chegando até 1.68. O valor médio de Vp/Vs para todas as estações analisadas foi de 1.73±0.02. As variações dos tempos para as interfaces do manto mostraram boa correlação com resultados de tomografia sísmica de outros trabalhos, indicando alterações de até 5% na velocidade das ondas sísmicas para o manto superior sob os crátons, uma deflexão de até 15 km na interface de 660 km para a região Sul da bacia do Paraná e se mostraram bem correlacionadas com as médias globais para as outras região estudadas. Por fim, a espessura da litosfera apresentou valores desde ~40 km, sob as regiões de ilhas oceânicas, até ~160 km, sob as regiões mais estáveis. Para as regiões oceânicas a espessura da litosfera se mostra correlacionada com a idade da placa. À medida que adentramos a parte continental, o limite litosfera-astenosfera se torna menos proeminente, atingindo profundidades maiores no interior dos continentes e menores para as regiões marginais. Para a zona de subducção, observamos duas possíveis litosferas, uma oceânica, subduzindo junto com a placa de Nazca, e outra pertencente à parte continental. / Two distinct methodologies, the P- and S-wave receiver functions, are used to map variations in the crustal parameters (thickness and Vp/Vs) and mantle interfaces (lithosphere-asthenosphere, 410 km and 660 km) on a number of different seismograph stations located in the South American plate. The results of the S receiver function for the lithosphere-asthenosphere boundary are the first of this kind ever performed in South American continent and showed the large scale variations of this interface. To perform this study we analyze data from various global permanent stations together with all available data from temporary stations operated by the IAG/USP during the last15 years. For both methods the traces (seismograms) were rotated to the LQT system, deconvolved, grouped by piercing points and stations, and finally stacked. In the stacked traces, the converted phases (Ps, Ppps, Ppss+Psps and Sp) were identified and interpreted. Inside the stable part of the plate we found a mean crustal thickness of 39.4±0.6 km, ranging from 31.0±0.5 km in Borborema Province up to 41.3±1.0 km in the Paraná Basin, where we applied a correction to remove the sediment effects on the crustal estimates. The crustal velocity ratios, Vp/Vs, showed higher values for the Paraná Basin (~1.75±0.08) and Ribeira belt (>1.74), while the cratonic regions (São Francisco and Amazon cratons) showed low values of Vp/Vs (<1.72), down to 1.68. The average Vp/Vs obtained for all stations was equal to 1.73±0.02. The observed times of the converted mantle phases presented a good correlation with other tomographic studies, indicating that the upper mantle for the cratonic roots may be characterized by a variation up to 5% in seismic velocities, a 15 km deflection in the South Paraná 660 km discontinuity (probably due to a decreased temperature caused by the subducted slab); for other regions the converted times were close to the global average. As a final result, the lithospheric thickness presented values ranging from ~40 km under oceanic islands, to ~160 km under the stable continental regions. We found that for the oceanic islands the thickness of the lithosphere is correlated with the age of the plate. When we go further inside the continents, the lithosphere-asthenosphere boundary becomes less sharp, reaching larger depths inside the continents and shallower depths near the continental margin. In the Andean subduction area, we observed two possibles lithospheres, one oceanic, subducting together with the Nazca plate, and another belonging to the Continent, parallel to the crust interface.

No description available.

International Telemetering Conference Proceedings / October 20-23, 2003 / Riviera Hotel and Convention Center, Las Vegas, Nevada / Unmanned Telemetry Ground System (UTGS) was implemented in Defense System Test Center (DSTC), Agency for Defense Development (ADD). The components of UTGS are Antenna, NPS (Network Power Switch), RCB (Receiver/Combiner/Bit synchronizer) and microwave link. We have installed RCB which is composed of receiver, combiner and bit synchronizer. RCB can be controlled and monitored by RS232 serial communication and microwave network. NPS controls its power supplies. UTGS sends PCM stream to local site using E1-class HDSL and microwave link. This system is possible the signal acquisition and reduction of man power at remote site. The usability and performance of UTGS was proved in flight tests. This paper describes the hardware, software design and an implementation of UTGS.

International Telemetering Conference Proceedings / October 26-29, 1998 / Town & Country Resort Hotel and Convention Center, San Diego, California / There are well-known advantages in using pseudo-random sequences for testing of data communication links. The sequences, also called pseudo-noise (PN) sequences, approximate random data very well, especially for sequences thousands of bits long. They are easy to generate and are widely used for bit error rate testing because it is easy to synchronize a slave pattern generator to a received PN stream for bit-by-bit comparison. There are other aspects of PN sequences, however, that are not as widely known or applied. This paper points out how some of the less familiar characteristics of PN sequences can be put to practical use in the design of a Digital Test Set and other specialbuilt test equipment used for checkout of the EOS AM-1 Space Data Receiver. The paper also shows how knowledge of these PN sequence characteristics can simplify troubleshooting the digital sections in the Space Data Receiver. Finally, the paper addresses the sufficiency of PN data testing in characterizing the performance of a receiver/data recovery system.

International Telemetering Conference Proceedings / October 28-31, 1985 / Riviera Hotel, Las Vegas, Nevada / Digital processing techniques and related algorithms for receiving and processing space vehicle downlink signals are discussed. The combination of low minimum signal to noise density (C/No), large signal dynamic range, unknown time of arrival, and high space vehicle dynamics that is characteristic of some of these downlink signals results in a difficult acquisition problem. A method for rapid acquisition is described which employs a Fast Fourier Transform (FFT). Also discussed are digital techniques for precise measurement of space vehicle range and range rate using a digitally synthesized number controlled oscillator (NCO).