O objetivo deste estudo foi a avaliação histopatológica e radiográfica da resposta pulpar e periapical de dentes de cães após pulpotomia e utilização da Proteína Morfogenética Óssea Recombinante Humana 7. Foram utilizados 60 dentes (120 raízes) de 6 cães, divididos em 8 grupos, nos períodos experimentais de 7 dias (Grupos I, II, III, IV) e 70 dias (Grupos V, VI, VII, VIII). Após a pulpotomia, o remanescente pulpar foi recoberto com os seguintes materiais: Grupos I e V - Proteína Óssea Morfogenética Recombinante Humana 7 (rHuBMP-7) associada ao Colágeno Recombinante Humano (rHuCollagen); Grupos II e VI - Colágeno Recombinante Humano (rHuCollagen); Grupos III e VII (Controle Negativo) - Hidróxido de Cálcio p.a. e soro fisiológico e Grupos IV e VIII (Controle Positivo) - Óxido de Zinco e Eugenol. Decorridos os períodos experimentais, os animais foram mortos, as peças removidas e submetidas ao processamento histológico. A avaliação histopatológica foi realizada subjetivamente em microscópio óptico. A avaliação radiográfica foi realizada considerando-se a integridade da lâmina dura, presença de áreas de rarefação óssea periapical, de reabsorções radiculares (interna e externa) e de ponte de dentina, sendo os resultados submetidos à análise estatística utilizando-se o teste exato de Fisher. Nos espécimes que apresentavam áreas de rarefação periapical, as medidas radiográficas das lesões foram comparadas entre os grupos por meio do teste de Kruskall-Wallis. Os achados histopatológicos evidenciaram que no período de 7 dias, nos Grupos I e II havia um infiltrado inflamatório severo e intensa proliferação vascular no tecido pulpar, no Grupo IV um infiltrado inflamatório moderado enquanto no Grupo III foi observado um infiltrado inflamatório leve, estando o tecido pulpar íntegro. Em todos os grupos não havia formação de ponte de dentina e a região periapical apresentava aspectos de normalidade. No período de 70 dias, nos Grupos V, VI e VIII não houve formação de ponte de dentina, o tecido pulpar apresentava áreas de necrose com presença de células inflamatórias na região periapical e reabsorção cementária e óssea. Por outro lado, no Grupo VII, foi observada presença de ponte de dentina, ausência de processo inflamatório e ausência de reabsorção dos tecidos mineralizados. Com relação aos achados radiográficos, no período de 7 dias, todos os espécimes dos Grupos I, II, III e IV apresentavam integridade da lâmina dura, ausência de rarefação óssea periapical, ausência de reabsorção radicular (interna e externa) e ausência de ponte de dentina. No período de 70 dias, nos Grupos V, VI e VIII não houve formação de ponte de dentina em nenhum espécime sendo observadas áreas de rarefação óssea periapical em 100% das raízes do Grupo VI, 60% das raízes do Grupo VIII e 40% das raízes do Grupo V, sendo as maiores lesões encontradas no Grupo VI, seguida pelos Grupos V e VIII (p<0,05). No grupo VII, foi observada presença de ponte de dentina em 60% dos casos, integridade da lâmina e ausência de rarefação óssea periapical em 100% dos casos. Pode-se concluir que a Proteína Óssea Morfogenética Recombinante Humana 7 quando associada ao Colágeno Recombinante Humano não apresentou resultados satisfatórios. / The purpose of this study was to evaluate, both histopathologically and radiographically, the pulpal and periapical response of dogs’ teeth after pulpotomy and use of recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein-7 (rHuBMP-7). For such purpose, 60 teeth (120 roots), obtained from 6 dogs, were divided in 8 groups and evaluated in two experimental periods: 7 days (Groups I, II, III, IV) and 70 days (Groups V, VI, VII, VIII). After pulpotomy, pulp remnant was covered with the following materials: Groups I and V - recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein-7 (rHuBMP-7) associated to recombinant human like collagen (rHuCollagen); Groups II and VI - recombinant human like collagen (rHuCollagen); Groups III and VII (negative control) – calcium hydroxide and sodium chloride solution; and Groups IV and VIII (positive control) – zinc oxide and eugenol. At the established experimental periods, the animals were sacrificed and the anatomic pieces were obtained and histologically processed. The histopathologic evaluation was realized subjectively in a light microscope. The radiographic evaluation was performed considering the integrity of the lamina dura, presence of areas of periapical bone rarefaction, root resorption (internal and external) and dentin bridge formation. The results were analyzed statistically using Fisher\'s exact test. In the specimens presenting periapical bone rarefaction areas, the lesions’ radiographic measurements were compared among the groups using the Kruskall-Wallis test. The histopathologic findings in the 7-day period revealed that Groups I and II presented a severe inflammatory infiltrate and intense vascular proliferation in the pulp tissue, Group IV presented a moderate inflammatory infiltrate while Group III presented a mild inflammatory infiltrate and intact pulp tissue. In all groups, there was no dentin bridge formation and the periapical region had normal appearance. In the 70-day period, Groups V, VI and VIII showed no dentin bridge formation and pulp tissue presented necrotic areas with inflammatory cells in the periapical region as well as bone and cemental resorption. On the other hand, in Group VII, there was dentin bridge formation, absence of inflammatory process and absence of resorption of mineralized tissues. Regarding the radiographic findings, in the 7-day period, all specimens in Groups I, II, III and IV present intact lamina dura, absence of periapical bone rarefaction, absence of root resorption (internal and external) and absence of dentin bridge formation. In the 70-day period, Groups V, VI and VIII did not present dentin bridge formation in any specimen. Periapical bone rarefaction areas were observed in 100% of the roots in Group VI, 60% of the roots in Group VIII and 40% of the roots in Group V. The largest lesions were found in Group VI, followed by Groups V and VIII (p<0.05). In Group VII, there was dentin bridge formation in 60% of the cases, intact lamina dura and absence of periapical bone rarefaction in 100% of the cases. Based on these results, it may be concluded that recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein-7 associated to recombinant human like collagen did not present satisfactory results.

O desenvolvimento de vacinas multivalente constitui urna das prioridades na pesquisa de vacinas modernas. A utilização de vetores vivos para apresentação de antígenos heterólogos mostra-se bastante atraente, e eliminaria a necessidade de várias doses para se alcançar uma proteção máxima. Este tipo de vacina poderia ser administrado em dose única, o que poderia aumentar a cobertura vacinal. Neste trabalho foi explorado o potencial do Mycobacterium bovis BCG recombinante (rBCG) vivo expressando antígenos de Bordetella pertussis, como futuro componente de urna vacina tetravalente rBCG-DTP contra a tuberculose, tétano, difteria e pertussis. Os antígenos de pertussis utilizados foram a subunidade S1 mutada e atóxica da Toxina Pertussis (SI-P1) e o fragmento CRD, um domínio imunogênico da proteína FHA (Adesina Hemaglutinina Filamentosa). PT é o principal fator de virulência de B. pertussis e tanto sozinho como combinado com outros antígenos é o principal componente de todas as vacinas acelulares desenvolvidas até o momento. FHA é um importante fator de aderência da bactéria às células ciliada alvo do hospedeiro, sendo o CRD (domínio de reconhecimento a carboidrato) o responsável pelo reconhecimento de carboidratos em receptores de células do hospedeiro. Os genes detses antígenos foram clonados em vetores de expressão micobacterianos e expressos em BCG sob o controle do promotor mutado da &#946;-lactamase de Mycobacterium fortuitum, pBlaF*, em fusão com o peptídeo sinal da &#946;-lactamase. Estes vetores possuem como marcador de seleção um gene de resistência a kanamicina. Camundongos foram imunizados com rBCG expressando S1-PT e os respectivos esplenócitos mostraram elevada produção de IFN-&#947; e baixa produção de IL-4, caracterizando uma forte resposta celular Th1 antígeno-específica dominante. rBCG-S1PT induziu uma baixa resposta humoral contra PT. Camundongos imunizados com rBCG-S1PT mostraram elevado nível de proteção contra um desafio intracerebral com uma cepa virulenta de B. pertussis. Animais imunizados com rBCG expressando CRD revelaram a presença de anticorpos anti-FHA no soro. Ensaios com camundongos imunizados com a combinação destas duas vacinas estão sendo realizados. Uma nova abordagem para obtenção de rBCG sem o uso de genes de resistência a antibióticos como marcador de seleção, foi investigada, utilizando a complementação em BCG auxotrófico. Uma cepa de rBCG auxotrófico para lisina foi transformada com vetores de expressão contendo o gene de complementação para lisina e os antígenos de pertussis sob controle do mesmo promotor: a seleção dos recombinantes é realizada em meio sem lisina. Estas construções permitiram a expressão estável dos antígenos e serão avaliadas quanto a indução de uma resposta imunológica efetiva contra pertussis. / The development of combined vaccines constitutes one of the priorities in modem vaccine research. The use of live vectors for heterologous antigen presentation is desirable, as it could eliminate the necessity of several doses to reach a maximum protection and increase vaccine coverage. In this work, the potential of recombinant Mycobacterium bovis BCG (Bacillus Calmette and Guerin) (rBCG), expressing Bordetella pertussis antigens was investigated. The antigens used were the genetically detoxified S1 subunít of pertussis toxin (S1-PT) and the CRD fragment of FHA (Filamentous hemagglutinin. The antigen genes were cloned into mycobacterial expression vectors under control of the upregulated M. fortuitum &#946;-lactamase promoter, pBlaF*, in fusion with the &#946;-lactamase signal sequence. Mice were immunized with rBCG expressing S1-PT and the respective splenocytes induced specific production of INF-&#947; and low IL-4, characterizing a strong antigen-specific Th1-dominant cellular response. The rSCG-S1 PT induced a low humoral response against PT. Mice immunized with rSCG-S1 PT strains displayed high-level of protection against an intracerebral challenge with live B. pertussis. Animals immunized with rBCG expressing CRD induced anti-FHA antibodies production. Protection induced by the combination of these two strains is being evaluated. A new approach for production of rBCG without the use of antibiotic resistance markers was also investigated, using complementation in auxotrophic BCG. A lysine auxotrophic rSCG strain was transformed with expression vectors containing the complementation gene for lysine and the pertussis antigens: selection of recombinant clones was carried in media without lysine. These constructs allowed steady expression of the antigens and will be evaluated for the induction of an immunological response against pertussis. These strains would be appropriate for clinical evaluation in humans.

The first aim of this study is the development of extracellular recombinant therapeutic protease streptokinase producing Bacillus sp., and the second aim is to determine fermentation characteristics for streptokinase production. In this context, the signal (pre-) DNA sequence of B.licheniformis (DSM1969) extracellular serine alkaline protease enzyme gene (subC: Acc. No. X03341) was ligated to 5&rsquo / end of the streptokinase gene (skc: Acc. No. S46536) by SOE (Gene Splicing by Overlap Extension) method through PCR. The resulting hybrid gene pre(subC)::skc was cloned into the pUC19 plasmid. Then, the hybrid gene was sub-cloned to pMK4 plasmid which is an E. coli-Bacillus shuttle vector with high copy number and high stability. Recombinant plasmid pMK4::pre(subC)::skc was finally transferred into B. subtilis (npr- apr-) and B. licheniformis 749/C (ATCC 25972) species. Streptokinase production capacities of these two recombinant Bacillus species were compared. The highest production was observed in recombinant B. lichenifomis 749/C (ATCC 25972) strain in a defined medium which was optimized in terms of carbon and nitrogen sources by a statistical approach, namely Response Surface Methodology (RSM). RSM evaluated the streptokinase concentration as the response and the medium components as the independent variables. The highest recombinant streptokinase concentration was found as 0.0237 kgm-3 at glucose and (NH4)2HPO4 concentrations of 4.530 and 4.838 kgm-3 respectively. The fermentation and oxygen transfer characteristics of the streptokinase production were investigated in a 3 dm3 pilot scale batch bioreactor (Braun CT2-2) equipped with temperature, pH, foam, air inlet and agitation rate controls having a working volume of VR=1.65 dm3 using the production medium optimized for the recombinant B. lichenifomis 749/C (ATCC 25972) strain. Streptokinase and &amp / #946 / -lactamase activities, cell, glucose and organic acid concentrations, dissolved oxygen, pH, oxygen uptake rate, overall liquid phase mass transfer coefficient for oxygen, maintenance coefficient for oxygen, specific cell growth rate and yield coefficients were determined through the bioprocess. The bioprocess of recombinant streptokinase production was performed at uncontrolled pH of these bioreactor operation conditions: air inlet rate of Q0/VR=0.5 vvm, and the agitation rate of N=400min-1. The resulting streptokinase volumetric activity reached its maximum as 1.16 PUml-1 (0.0026 g/l streptokinase) at t=20 h.

Diss. (sammanfattning) Stockholm : Karolinska institutet, 2009. / Härtill 4 uppsatser.

Diss. (sammanfattning) Stockholm : Karol. inst., 2004. / Härtill 3 uppsatser.

Diss. (sammanfattning) Stockholm : Karolinska institutet, 2006. / Härtill 4 uppsatser.

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O desenvolvimento de vacinas multivalente constitui urna das prioridades na pesquisa de vacinas modernas. A utilização de vetores vivos para apresentação de antígenos heterólogos mostra-se bastante atraente, e eliminaria a necessidade de várias doses para se alcançar uma proteção máxima. Este tipo de vacina poderia ser administrado em dose única, o que poderia aumentar a cobertura vacinal. Neste trabalho foi explorado o potencial do Mycobacterium bovis BCG recombinante (rBCG) vivo expressando antígenos de Bordetella pertussis, como futuro componente de urna vacina tetravalente rBCG-DTP contra a tuberculose, tétano, difteria e pertussis. Os antígenos de pertussis utilizados foram a subunidade S1 mutada e atóxica da Toxina Pertussis (SI-P1) e o fragmento CRD, um domínio imunogênico da proteína FHA (Adesina Hemaglutinina Filamentosa). PT é o principal fator de virulência de B. pertussis e tanto sozinho como combinado com outros antígenos é o principal componente de todas as vacinas acelulares desenvolvidas até o momento. FHA é um importante fator de aderência da bactéria às células ciliada alvo do hospedeiro, sendo o CRD (domínio de reconhecimento a carboidrato) o responsável pelo reconhecimento de carboidratos em receptores de células do hospedeiro. Os genes detses antígenos foram clonados em vetores de expressão micobacterianos e expressos em BCG sob o controle do promotor mutado da &#946;-lactamase de Mycobacterium fortuitum, pBlaF*, em fusão com o peptídeo sinal da &#946;-lactamase. Estes vetores possuem como marcador de seleção um gene de resistência a kanamicina. Camundongos foram imunizados com rBCG expressando S1-PT e os respectivos esplenócitos mostraram elevada produção de IFN-&#947; e baixa produção de IL-4, caracterizando uma forte resposta celular Th1 antígeno-específica dominante. rBCG-S1PT induziu uma baixa resposta humoral contra PT. Camundongos imunizados com rBCG-S1PT mostraram elevado nível de proteção contra um desafio intracerebral com uma cepa virulenta de B. pertussis. Animais imunizados com rBCG expressando CRD revelaram a presença de anticorpos anti-FHA no soro. Ensaios com camundongos imunizados com a combinação destas duas vacinas estão sendo realizados. Uma nova abordagem para obtenção de rBCG sem o uso de genes de resistência a antibióticos como marcador de seleção, foi investigada, utilizando a complementação em BCG auxotrófico. Uma cepa de rBCG auxotrófico para lisina foi transformada com vetores de expressão contendo o gene de complementação para lisina e os antígenos de pertussis sob controle do mesmo promotor: a seleção dos recombinantes é realizada em meio sem lisina. Estas construções permitiram a expressão estável dos antígenos e serão avaliadas quanto a indução de uma resposta imunológica efetiva contra pertussis. / The development of combined vaccines constitutes one of the priorities in modem vaccine research. The use of live vectors for heterologous antigen presentation is desirable, as it could eliminate the necessity of several doses to reach a maximum protection and increase vaccine coverage. In this work, the potential of recombinant Mycobacterium bovis BCG (Bacillus Calmette and Guerin) (rBCG), expressing Bordetella pertussis antigens was investigated. The antigens used were the genetically detoxified S1 subunít of pertussis toxin (S1-PT) and the CRD fragment of FHA (Filamentous hemagglutinin. The antigen genes were cloned into mycobacterial expression vectors under control of the upregulated M. fortuitum &#946;-lactamase promoter, pBlaF*, in fusion with the &#946;-lactamase signal sequence. Mice were immunized with rBCG expressing S1-PT and the respective splenocytes induced specific production of INF-&#947; and low IL-4, characterizing a strong antigen-specific Th1-dominant cellular response. The rSCG-S1 PT induced a low humoral response against PT. Mice immunized with rSCG-S1 PT strains displayed high-level of protection against an intracerebral challenge with live B. pertussis. Animals immunized with rBCG expressing CRD induced anti-FHA antibodies production. Protection induced by the combination of these two strains is being evaluated. A new approach for production of rBCG without the use of antibiotic resistance markers was also investigated, using complementation in auxotrophic BCG. A lysine auxotrophic rSCG strain was transformed with expression vectors containing the complementation gene for lysine and the pertussis antigens: selection of recombinant clones was carried in media without lysine. These constructs allowed steady expression of the antigens and will be evaluated for the induction of an immunological response against pertussis. These strains would be appropriate for clinical evaluation in humans.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T12:38:39Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T14:00:11Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 06041.pdf: 4212913 bytes, checksum: fd1c8026a141fe44d8a936d7cfcd904d (MD5) / Tese (Doutoramento) / IPEN/T / Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN/CNEN-SP

Les anticorps monoclonaux sont une classe de bio médicaments en plein essor. Leur production est largement étudiée afin d’obtenir des rendements de plus en plus élevés et de réduire les coûts. Cette thèse décrit le développement d’un procédé complet en continu, de la production d’anticorps recombinants par des cellules mammifères jusqu’à leur purification. L’objectif est de coupler la culture cellulaire en mode perfusion à la purification par chromatographie semi-continue. Le développement du procédé se fait en bioréacteur avec une lignée de cellules d’ovaires de hamster chinois (CHO-DP12) transformée pour produire un anticorps anti-Interleukine 8 utilisée, comme modèle. Après adaptation, les cellules ont été cultivées en mode batch afin de connaitre le comportement de la lignée en environnement contrôlé. Ensuite, un procédé de perfusion de 2L de culture avec recyclage cellulaire a été mis en place. Le principal enjeu est de maintenir un état stationnaire avec une concentration cellulaire constante et déterminer le débit optimal d’alimentation spécifique par cellule (CSPR). Plusieurs méthodes ont été testées et comparées pour la détermination de ce CSPR optimal. Le procédé de culture en perfusion a ensuite été maintenu pendant 24 jours à des concentrations cellulaires de 10, 20 et 40 millions de cellules par mililitres. Les anticorps produit par différents modes de culture ont été caractérisés (batch, fed-batch et perfusion). Les N-glycosylations, les variants de charge ainsi que la thermo-stabilité des anticorps ont été étudiés. Les résultats montrent que les anticorps produits présentent des caractéristiques similaires quel que soit le mode de production.Pour la purification, une étude préliminaire a permis de caractériser le comportement du filtrat sur la résine chromatographique d’affinité MabSelect Sure LX en chromatographie classique. Un procédé semi-continu a été simulé grâce au logiciel BioSC® Predict puis testé et optimisé sur le chromatographe BioSC®. Il comprend la purification de l’anticorps mais aussi les étapes de nettoyages et de sanitisation. Un premier essai de couplage production/purification a pu être réalisé avec succès pendant 32h et a permis d’obtenir un niveau de pureté similaire à la chromatographie classique. La productivité a été augmentée de 23% (en grammes d’anticorps purifié par litre de résine et par jour) et le volume de tampon utilisé a été réduit de 25%. De plus, le couplage production/purification a permis de s’affranchir du stockage de volumes importants de filtrat (7,2L de filtrat par jour de production en perfusion). Enfin, une étude de coût de production, à l’échelle « laboratoire », a été réalisée afin de déterminer, en fonction de la productivité du clone et de la quantité d’anticorps à produire, la différence de rentabilité entre une production en batch ou en perfusion à différents CSPR. / Monoclonal antibodies are a biopharmaceuticals class of growing interest. Their production is widely studied to obtain higher yields and to reduce costs. This thesis describes the development of a complete continuous process, from the production of recombinant antibodies by mammalian cells until their purification. The objective is to connect cell culture in perfusion mode to a semi-continuous chromatographic purification. The development of the process was done in a bioreactor with a Chinese hamster ovary cell line (CHO-DP12) transformed to produce an anti-interleukin-8 antibody used as a cell model. After adaptation, the cells were cultured in batch mode in order to study the behavior of the cell line in controlled environment. Then, a 2L culture perfusion process with cell recycling was set up. The main challenge is to maintain a steady state with constant cell concentration and to determine the optimal cell-specific perfusion rate (CSPR). Several methods were tested and compared for the determination of this optimal CSPR. The perfusion process was maintained for 24 days at cell concentrations of 10, 20 and 40 million cells per mililiters. The antibody produced by different culture methods was compared (batch, fed-batch and perfusion). The N-glycosylations, the charge variants as well as the thermo-stability of the antibody were studied. The results show that the produced antibody have similar characteristics whatever the chosen production mode. For purification process, we performed a preliminary study to characterize the behavior of the supernatant on the chromatographic affinity resin MabSelect Sure LX. A semi-continuous process was simulated through BioSC® Predict software and then tested and optimized on the BioSC® chromatograph. It includes antibody purification but also cleaning and sanitizing steps. A first production/purification coupling test was successfully carried out for 32 h. It provides antibodies at a purity level similar to that of the conventional chromatography. Productivity was increased by 23% (in grams of purified antibody per liter of resin per day) and the volume of buffer used was reduced by 25%. In addition, production/purification coupling prevented storage of large volumes of supernatant (7,2L of supernatant per production day in perfusion mode). Finally, a cost-of-production study, at research scale, was carried out to determine, depending on the productivity of the clone and the antibodies amount, the difference of costs between batch or perfusion production according to different CSPRs.