The possibility to save energy in synchronous machines operation by dismissing d-axis damping bars and surrogating them with active excitation current control in sectored field winding is proved. In particular a way to recover the energy of rotor oscillations during power regulation is shown by means of a studycase generator whereas a self-starting machine is analytically and numerically designed in view of its next construction and test. Principal design requirements and limits for both applications are presented and discussed.

Die Verknüpfung von geodätischen Raumtechniken wie GNSS, DORIS, SLR oder VLBI zur Ableitung eines geodätischen Referenzrahmens wie dem ITRF gelingt erst durch sogenannte Kolokationsstationen. Die geometrischen Beziehungen zwischen den betriebenen Raumtechniken sind dabei aus präzisen lokalen Vermessungen abzuleiten. Es wird ein Konzept zur automatisierten Bestimmung des IVS-Referenzpunktes am TWIN Radioteleskop Wettzell vorgestellt. Erste Untersuchungsergebnisse werden präsentiert.

<p>Multiple reference frames are used to interact with our surroundings. When these reference frames are in conflict, processing errors can occur. For tactile stimuli, this conflict is highlighted when the hands are crossed over the midline of the body. In this posture, vibrotactile temporal order judgments (TOJs) presented to the hands are impaired compared to an uncrossed posture. This decrease in temporal processing is known as the crossed-hands deficit. The deficit was explored in depth throughout this thesis. In Chapters 2, 3 and 4 different elements of the crossed-hands deficit were evaluated including its connections to the rod and frame test, individual and sex differences within the TOJ task, as well as the influence of vision and body position. These elements were framed with underlying goal of investigating the root cause of the deficit. The data presented here provided evidence for a conflict model of crossed hands processing. A conflict between the internal and external reference frames produced the deficit in temporal processing when the hands were crossed. The role of the body’s midline in understanding multisensory integration was further considered in Chapter 5 through the rubber hand illusion, which is a visuotactile phenomenon whereby an unseen real hand is mislocalized towards a seen rubber hand. When the real hand, rubber hand, or both were crossed over the midline the illusion did not occur. It was hypothesized that a failure to integrate the tactile information presented to the real hand with the visual rubber hand was responsible for the absence of the illusion. Taken together, the data presented in this thesis contribute to the greater understanding of how reference frame conflicts are resolved, particularly when the conflict occurs across the body’s midline.</p> / Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)

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Le domaine des systèmes de référence quantiques, dont les dernière avancées sont brièvement présentées au chapitre 1, est extrêmement pertinent à la compréhension de la dégradation des états quantiques et de l’évolution d’instruments de mesures quantiques. Toutefois, pour arriver à comprendre formellement ces avancées et à apporter une contribution originale au domaine, il faut s’approprier un certain nombre de concepts physiques et mathématiques, in- troduits au chapitre 2. La dégradation des états quantiques est très présente dans le contrôle d’états utiles à l’informatique quantique. Étant donné que ce dernier tente de contrôler des sys- tèmes à deux états, le plus souvent des moments cinétiques, l’analyse des systèmes de référence quantiques qui les mesurent s’avère opportune. Puisque, parmi les plus petits moments ciné- tiques, le plus connu est de s = 1 et que son état le plus simple est l’état non polarisé, l’étude 2 du comportement d’un système de référence mesurant successivement ce type de moments ci- nétiques constitue le premier pas à franchir. C’est dans le chapitre 3 qu’est fait ce premier pas et il aborde les questions les plus intéressantes, soit celles concernant l’efficacité du système de référence, sa longévité et leur maximum. La prochaine étape est de considérer des états de moments cinétiques polarisés et généraux, étape qui est abordée dans le chapitre 4. Cette fois, l’analyse de la dégradation du système de référence est un peu plus complexe et nous pouvons l’inspecter approximativement par l’évolution de certains paramètres pour une certaine classe d’états de système de référence. De plus, il existe une interaction entre le système de référence et le moment cinétique qui peut avoir un effet sur le système de référence tout à fait comparable à l’effet de la mesure. C’est cette même interaction qui est étudiée dans le chapitre 5, mais, cette fois, pour des moments cinétiques de s = 1. Après une comparaison avec la mesure, il devient manifeste que les ressemblances entre les deux processus sont beaucoup moins apparentes, voire inexistantes. Ainsi, cette ressemblance ne semble pas générale et semble accidentelle lorsqu’elle apparaît. / The field of quantum reference frames, which recent progress is briefly presented in chap- ter 1, is extremely relevant when it comes to understanding the deterioration of quantum states and the evolution of quantum measurement instruments. However, to fully understand these advances and to be able to bring an original contribution to this field, one must first understand a number of concepts in physics and mathematics. These concepts are explained in chapter 2. Since the deterioration of quantum states is very present when controlling useful states in quan- tum computing, and since quantum computing attempts to control two-states systems, often angular momenta, analyzing quantum reference frames proves to be relevant. Having s = 1 as 2 the smallest known angular momentum, and since its simplest state is the unpolarized state, the study of a reference frame behavior that measures successively this type of angular momentums is the first step to be taken (chapter 3). The most interesting questions concern the efficiency of the reference frame, its longevity, and the optimization of these two quantities. The next step is to consider polarized and general angular momentum states (chapter 4). This time, analyzing the deterioration of the reference frame proves to be more complex, and can be examined in an approximate manner by looking at the evolution of certain parameters given for a certain class of states of reference frames. Furthermore, the existence of an interaction between the reference frame and the angular momentum can affect the reference frame approximatively as much as the measuring it does. It is this very interaction that is studied in chapter 5, but this time, for s = 1 angular momenta. Comparing this interaction with the measurement shows very clearly that the similarities between the two processes are a lot less visible than with s = 1 , and 2 even perhaps nonexistent. Therefore, the similarity does not seem to be general and appears to be accidental when it is significant.

Le domaine des systèmes de référence quantiques, dont les dernière avancées sont brièvement présentées au chapitre 1, est extrêmement pertinent à la compréhension de la dégradation des états quantiques et de l’évolution d’instruments de mesures quantiques. Toutefois, pour arriver à comprendre formellement ces avancées et à apporter une contribution originale au domaine, il faut s’approprier un certain nombre de concepts physiques et mathématiques, in- troduits au chapitre 2. La dégradation des états quantiques est très présente dans le contrôle d’états utiles à l’informatique quantique. Étant donné que ce dernier tente de contrôler des sys- tèmes à deux états, le plus souvent des moments cinétiques, l’analyse des systèmes de référence quantiques qui les mesurent s’avère opportune. Puisque, parmi les plus petits moments ciné- tiques, le plus connu est de s = 1 et que son état le plus simple est l’état non polarisé, l’étude 2 du comportement d’un système de référence mesurant successivement ce type de moments ci- nétiques constitue le premier pas à franchir. C’est dans le chapitre 3 qu’est fait ce premier pas et il aborde les questions les plus intéressantes, soit celles concernant l’efficacité du système de référence, sa longévité et leur maximum. La prochaine étape est de considérer des états de moments cinétiques polarisés et généraux, étape qui est abordée dans le chapitre 4. Cette fois, l’analyse de la dégradation du système de référence est un peu plus complexe et nous pouvons l’inspecter approximativement par l’évolution de certains paramètres pour une certaine classe d’états de système de référence. De plus, il existe une interaction entre le système de référence et le moment cinétique qui peut avoir un effet sur le système de référence tout à fait comparable à l’effet de la mesure. C’est cette même interaction qui est étudiée dans le chapitre 5, mais, cette fois, pour des moments cinétiques de s = 1. Après une comparaison avec la mesure, il devient manifeste que les ressemblances entre les deux processus sont beaucoup moins apparentes, voire inexistantes. Ainsi, cette ressemblance ne semble pas générale et semble accidentelle lorsqu’elle apparaît. / The field of quantum reference frames, which recent progress is briefly presented in chap- ter 1, is extremely relevant when it comes to understanding the deterioration of quantum states and the evolution of quantum measurement instruments. However, to fully understand these advances and to be able to bring an original contribution to this field, one must first understand a number of concepts in physics and mathematics. These concepts are explained in chapter 2. Since the deterioration of quantum states is very present when controlling useful states in quan- tum computing, and since quantum computing attempts to control two-states systems, often angular momenta, analyzing quantum reference frames proves to be relevant. Having s = 1 as 2 the smallest known angular momentum, and since its simplest state is the unpolarized state, the study of a reference frame behavior that measures successively this type of angular momentums is the first step to be taken (chapter 3). The most interesting questions concern the efficiency of the reference frame, its longevity, and the optimization of these two quantities. The next step is to consider polarized and general angular momentum states (chapter 4). This time, analyzing the deterioration of the reference frame proves to be more complex, and can be examined in an approximate manner by looking at the evolution of certain parameters given for a certain class of states of reference frames. Furthermore, the existence of an interaction between the reference frame and the angular momentum can affect the reference frame approximatively as much as the measuring it does. It is this very interaction that is studied in chapter 5, but this time, for s = 1 angular momenta. Comparing this interaction with the measurement shows very clearly that the similarities between the two processes are a lot less visible than with s = 1 , and 2 even perhaps nonexistent. Therefore, the similarity does not seem to be general and appears to be accidental when it is significant.

Les informations sensorielles peuvent être atténuées de la périphérie jusqu'au cortex durant le mouvement. Notre hypothèse est que l'information somatosensorielle serait facilitée durant la planification du pas où il serait inopportun de supprimer ces informations cruciales. Nous avons enregistré les potentiels somatosensoriels (SEPs) évoqués par vibration bilatérale des muscles des chevilles afin de stimuler la proprioception.Les résultats montrent que la composante évoquée corticale précoce restait inchangée mais une composante tardive négative était significativement augmentée durant la planification du pas.Pour tester si cette facilitation proprioceptive était due aux contraintes d'équilibre, la même expérience fut effectuée en microgravité où cette facilitation disparut, malgré la restauration d'un cadre de référence spatial.Cette facilitation tardive survint pendant l'imagerie motrice kinesthésique d'un pas planifié, démontrant que l'imagerie mentale intègrerait les contraintes d'équilibre et posturales requises pour la tâche, ceci étant confirmé par la disparition de cette facilitation lors de la planification du pas imaginé en microgravité.Ceci démontre au niveau neurophysiologique, une modulation de la transmission des afférences sensorielles selon leur pertinence pour planifier un mouvement. Cette facilitation résulterait de mécanismes prédictifs reliés à l'importance de contrôler l'équilibre du corps avant l'initiation du pas, car ce processus survint durant la planification d'un pas exécuté ou imaginé. Il serait basé sur un modèle interne de l'action impliquant des lois physiques du mouvement (1-g modèle) car cette facilitation fut supprimée en microgravité. / Sensory inputs can be attenuated from the periphery to the cortex during voluntary movements. Our hypothesis is that the somatosensory information could be facilitated during the planning of a step. It would appear dysfunctional to suppress somatosensory information, which is considered to be of the utmost importance for gait planning. We recorded somatosensory potentials (SEPs) evoked by bilateral ankle vibration to stimulate proprioception. Results showed that cortical early evoked component remained unchanged but a negative late component was significantly increased during step planning. To determine whether this facilitation of proprioceptive inputs was related to gravitational equilibrium constraints, we performed the same experiment in microgravity. In the absence of equilibrium constraints, both components did not significantly differ between the static and stepping conditions, despite the restoration of a body in space reference frame.This late facilitation occurred during kinesthetic motor imagery of a planned step, suggesting that mental imagery would integrate postura and balance constraints required for the task, as it was confirmed byt the lack of this facilitation during the planning of an imagined step in microgravity.These observations provide neurophysiological evidence that the brain exerts a dynamic control over the transmission of the afferent signal according to their current relevance during movement preparation.These processes should be based on internal model of action involving the physical laws of motion (1g-model) as this sensory facilitation was suppressed in microgravity when planning motor imagery.

The aim of this study is to sketch how is possible to put together teaching of an foreign language (in our case Spanish) and the Frame educational programme for basic education. The author of this project went out of the requirements contemporary school reform due to are used sc. Frame topics, which are taught in diverse ways during lessons.

Renewable energy sources normally require power converters to convert their energy into standardized regulated ac output. The motivation for this thesis is to design and control power converters for renewable energy systems to ensure very good power quality, efficiency and reliability. The renewable energy sources considered are low voltage dc sources such as photovoltaic (PV) modules. Two transformer-isolated power circuit topologies with input voltage of less than 50V are designed and developed for low and medium power applications. Various design and control issues of these converters are identified and new solutions are proposed. For low power rating of a few hundred watts, a line-frequency transformer interfaced inverter is developed. In the grid connected operation, it is observed that this topology injects considerable lower order odd and even harmonics in the grid current. The reasons for this are identified. A new current control method using adaptive harmonic compensation technique and a proportional-resonant-integral (PRI) controller is proposed. The proposed current controller is designed to ensure that the grid current harmonics are within the limits set by the IEEE 1547-2003 standard. Phase-locked loops (PLLs) are used for grid synchronization of power converters in grid-tied operation and for closed-loop control reference generation. Analysis and design of synchronous reference frame PLL (SRF-PLL) and second-order generalized integrator (SOGI) based PLLs considering unit vector distortion under the possible non-ideal grid conditions of harmonics, unbalance, dc offsets and frequency deviations are proposed and validated. Both SRF-PLL and SOGI-PLL are low-complexity PLLs. The proposed designs achieve fastest settling time for these PLLs for a given worst-case input condition. The harmonic distortion and dc offsets in the resulting unit vectors are limited to be well within the limits set by the IEEE 1547-2003 standard. The proposed designs can be used to achieve very good performance using conventional low-complexity PLLs without the requirement of advanced PLLs which can be computationally intensive. A high-frequency (HF) transformer interfaced ac link inverter with a lossless snubber is developed medium power level in the order of few kilowatts. The HF transformer makes the topology compact and economical compared to an equally rated line frequency transformer. A new synchronized modulation method is proposed to suppress the possible over-voltages due to current commutation in the leakage inductance of the HF transformer. The effect of circuit non-ideality of turn-on delay time is analyzed. The proposed modulation mitigates the problem of spurious turn-on that can occur due to the turn-on delay time. The HF inverter, rectifier and snubber devices have soft switching with this modulation. A new reliable start-up method is proposed for this inverter topology without any additional start- up circuitry. This solves the problems of over-voltages and inrush currents during start-up. The overall research work reported in the thesis shows that it is possible to have compact, reliable and high performance power converters for renewable energy conversion systems. It is also shown that high control performance and power quality can be achieved using the proposed control techniques of low implementation complexity.

Dans un contexte où les problématiques urbaines, les formes de l'action publique et les systèmes d'acteurs ont bouleversé ces dernières décennies les façons de fabriquer la ville, il s'agit de saisir les logiques d'action qui participent de la dynamique de transformation des espaces et des territoires contemporains. Elaboré sous l'angle de la sociologie urbaine, le modèle d'analyse repose sur trois grands processus interactifs. Un processus de cadrage dont le référentiel donne la mesure en termes de socle de représentations partagées. Un processus d'organisation complexe de ressources et d'hommes dont il faut coordonner et réguler les actions et les interventions au sein de dispositifs techniques , réglementaires et organisationnels spécifiques.Un processus de traduction spatiale, matérielle et formelle visant à la réalisation concrète sur des territoires privilégiés d'opérations, combinant sur la base des intentions initiales et dans le cadre d'un espace d'activités spécifique, autant d'objectifs économiques, sociaux, politiques et symboliques. La notion de projet urbain traduit le chaînage de ces trois processus qui à partir d'un enjeu défini en commun à l'échelle de la ville ou de l'agglomération génère en continuum sur une donnée donnée une activité collective, mobilisant et enrôlant à chaque étape et niveaux de responsabilité, une pluralité d'acteurs autour d'une série d'opérations urbaines et architecturales. Le cas de l'agglomération bordelaise et de ses transformations sur la période 1995-2007 sert de terrain de référence. / In a context where urban problems forms of public action and systems of actors drastically change the ways to build the city these last decades, we must understand the logics of action that influence the dynamics of spatial and territorial changes. The analysis model is developed from the point of view of the urban sociology and is based on three important intercative processes. A strategic framing process whose reference system gives the standart in terms of a base of shared representations. A complicated organizational process (networking), involving ressources and persons whose actions and interventions need to be coordonated and controlled within a specifical technical, legal and organisatinal system (urban contracting owner). A process, of a precise, material and spatial translation aiming the concrete realization, on privileged territories of operations which on the basis of the initial intentions and within the framework of a space of specific activities, combine economic, political and symbolic objectives. The concept of urban project is the expression of the chaining of these three processes. Starting from a jointly defined issue on the scale of the city of agglomeration, it generates during a given time period a collective activity, mobilizes and recruits in each stage of all levels of responsabilities a plurality of actors around a serie of urban and architectural operations. The agglomeration of Bordeaux and its transformation over the period 1995-2006 is used as reference base.