Nesta dissertação de mestrado investigamos a influência do contexto de formação do Mestrado Profissional em Ensino de Física (MPEF) da UFRGS no desenvolvimento dos produtos educacionais. A pesquisa consiste de duas etapas de análise: uma quantitativa, com foco no universo total de trabalhos concluídos, e uma análise discursiva dos textos de apoio de Física clássica, em interação orgânica com o dialogismo proposto pelo Círculo Bakhtin/Volochinov/Medvedev e com as racionalidades profissionais de Contreras. A partir da análise quantitativa percebemos que a maneira como os autores dos produtos educacionais, juntamente com seus orientadores, encaram os referenciais teóricos sinaliza um descrédito em relação a necessidade dessa fundamentação. Ocorrem diversas incoerências como a adoção de duplas de autores quase antagônicos como Vygotsky e Piaget, ou Vygotsky e Ausubel, sem uma mínima reflexão a respeito dos pressupostos teóricos defendidos por esses autores. Essa ingenuidade gera uma concepção utilitarista no uso dos referenciais, estritamente relacionada com a metáfora do mercado. Percebemos ainda a utilização de teóricos simpáticos aos orientadores, reforçando a significação social e hierárquica do contexto extraverbal no qual os enunciados foram produzidos. A escolha desses aportes teóricos possivelmente serve como estratégia discursiva para estreitar a relação entre o aluno-professor, o professor orientador e os avaliadores. A análise discursiva evidenciou que os autores utilizam os referenciais apenas porque é uma exigência formal em um trabalho de conclusão. Poucas vezes identificamos uma articulação entre o aporte teórico, as questões-foco, desenvolvimento, aplicação e avaliação produto. Notamos que o racionalismo técnico propagado pelo MPEF da UFRGS influencia diretamente no desenvolvimento dos produtos, refletindo na direcionalidade, responsividade, expressividade e gênero discursivo dos trabalhos. Os produtos educacionais desenvolvidos nesse tipo de contexto de formação tendem a ser pouco relevantes frente às necessidades escolares. / In this dissertation, we investigate the influence of the training context of the Professional Master’s degree in Physics Teaching (PMPT) at UFRGS on the development of educational products. The reaserch consists of two stages of analysis: a quantitative, focusing on total universe of completed works, and a discursive analysis of Classical Physics didactical texts (called support texts)in strong interaction with the dialogism proposed by Bakhtin/Voloshinov/Medvedev’s Circle and the professionals rationalities of Contreras. From the quantitative analysis, we realized that the way the authors of educational products, along with their advisors, treat the theoretical frameworks points toward an unbelief on the need of a solid theoretical foundation. Several inconsistencies occur as the joint adoption of almost antagonistic authors such as Vygotsky and Piaget, Vygotsky and Ausubel or without a minimum reasoning about the theoretical principles defended by these authors. This naive approach leads to an utilitarist conception of the theoretical framework, strictly related to what we call metaphor of market. Moreover, we see the adoption of scholars in a way that it is advisor’s friendly, strengthening social and hierarchical significance of extraverbal context in which the utterances were produced. The choice of these theoretical contributions possibly acts as a discursive strategy to develop the relationship between the student-professor, advisors and evaluators. The discursive analysis showed that the authors use the theoretical frameworks as if they are simple requirements to be fulfilled by their dissertations. In a few times we identified links between theoretical contribution, focus-issues, development, implementation and evaluation of educational product. We note that the technical rationality disseminated by UFRGS PMPT directly influences the development of educational products, reflecting the directionality, responsiveness, expressiveness and speech genre present on these works. Educational products developed in this kind of training context tend to be of little relevance concerning the school needs.

Este estudo do primeiro movimento da Sonata II para piano de Bruno Kiefer parte do ponto de vista do executante. Reunindo cartas, documentos e outras evidências do arquivo do compositor, apresenta uma análise que expõe uma concepção pessoal dos significados referenciais transmitidos pela obra. O entendimento da linguagem musical do compositor, obtido através dos processos composicionais e dos ambientes emocionais constituem-se em ferramentas de suporte para a interpretação. / This study approaches the first movement of Bruno Kiefer’s Piano Sonata II from the performer standpoint. Based on letters and other archival material as well as an extensive analysis of compositional elements, the author presents referencial meanings related to emotional states resulting in an interpretive analysis.

Este estudo do primeiro movimento da Sonata II para piano de Bruno Kiefer parte do ponto de vista do executante. Reunindo cartas, documentos e outras evidências do arquivo do compositor, apresenta uma análise que expõe uma concepção pessoal dos significados referenciais transmitidos pela obra. O entendimento da linguagem musical do compositor, obtido através dos processos composicionais e dos ambientes emocionais constituem-se em ferramentas de suporte para a interpretação. / This study approaches the first movement of Bruno Kiefer’s Piano Sonata II from the performer standpoint. Based on letters and other archival material as well as an extensive analysis of compositional elements, the author presents referencial meanings related to emotional states resulting in an interpretive analysis.

nÃo hà / CoordenaÃÃo de AperfeiÃoamento de Pessoal de NÃvel Superior / Procedemos, a partir dos pressupostos da LingÃÃstica da EnunciaÃÃo, à problematizaÃÃo do quadro das heterogeneidades do tipo mostrada (marcada vs. nÃo-marcada), proposto por Authier-Revuz (1982). Nossa proposta consiste em sugerir que o escopo das ocorrÃncias dos fatos de heterogeneidade marcada seja flexibilizado, de modo a abarcar fenÃmenos de natureza (mais) cognitiva que evidenciam a presenÃa do alheio na materialidade lingÃÃstica num ponto especÃfico da cadeia do dizer, promovendo, destarte, uma articulaÃÃo entre heterogeneidade mostrada/marcada e referenciaÃÃo. Submetemos a um reexame, acrescentando o que nos pareceu pertinente, um conjunto de marcas que nÃo apenas as consagradas (como, por exemplo, negrito, mudanÃa de fonte, aspas, discurso direto) na tentativa de lhes conferir um estatuto de marcadores da presenÃa consciente do outro no fio discursivo, considerando a noÃÃo de leitor-modelo sugerida por Eco (1979). Para tanto, elegemos como categorias principais de anÃlise os processos referenciais anafÃricos e dÃiticos, o discurso indireto livre e a intertextualidade por alusÃo. Nossos resultados legitimaram nossa proposta e confirmaram o potencial marcativo de tais categorias. Palavras-chave: Heterogeneidade enunciativa; heterogeneidade mostrada/marcada; referenciaÃÃo; processos referenciais. / We proceed to the problematization of the frame of heterogeneities of the displayed type (marked versus not marked) as proposed by Authier-Revuz (1982) from the assumptions of the Linguistics of Enunciation. Our proposal consists in suggesting that the scope of the occurrences of facts of marked heterogeneity be widened in order that it includes phenomena of a (more) cognitive nature that make evident the presence of the other in the linguistic materialization in a specific point of the chain of the saying and, besides, articulate the displayed marked heterogeneity and the referentiation. We reexamine, appending whatever seems to us pertinent, a set of marks, besides those already established (e.g., bold face, font changing, inverted commas, direct speech) in an attempt to confer them the statute of markers of the conscious presence of the other in the discursive thread, considering the notion of model reader suggested by Eco (1979). To achieve this goal, we choose for main categories of analysis the deictic and anaphoric referential processes, the free indirect speech and the intertextuality by allusion. Our results legitimize our proposal and confirms the marking potential of such categories. Keywords: Enunciative heterogeneity, displayed/marked heterogeneity; referentiation; referential processes.

Esta dissertação tem como objetivo discutir as características das avaliações de conhecimentos em língua francesa presentes nos processos seletivos para a mobilidade de estudantes de graduação da Universidade de São Paulo (USP). Com base nas pesquisas e estudos na área de avaliação (PERRENOUD, 1999; GATTI, 2003; CHUEIRI, 2008; LUCKESI, 2011) e certificação em língua francesa (PORCHER, 1995, 2004; CUQ; GRUCA, 2003; TAGLIANTE, 2005; NOEL-JOTHY; SAMSONIS, 2006; CHARDENET, 1999, 2011 HUVER; SPRINGER, 2011; RIBA; MEGRE, 2014), realizamos uma pesquisa documental referente à identificação dos requisitos exigidos em língua francesa quando da publicação dos editais que definem os critérios das seleções para a candidatura a mobilidade internacional para a França. Além disso, investigamos do ponto de vista dos responsáveis diretos e indiretos pelos processos seletivos, qual o lugar da certificação em francês língua estrangeira na política de internacionalização da USP. O corpus desta pesquisa consiste em editais publicados pela USP no período de 2008 a 2012, nos editais do programa Ciência sem Fronteiras entre 2011 e 2014 e, por último, em entrevistas com representantes institucionais implicados na seleção direta de candidatos e também nas políticas oficiais do governo francês no que se refere à certificação na língua. Para as análises, além do referencial teórico mencionado sobre avaliação, consideramos os trabalhos na área do francês para objetivos universitários (MANGIANTE; PARPETTE, 2004). Os resultados de nossas análises indicam que há uma diversidade de entendimentos sobre o nível exigido em relação à língua francesa para a seleção do estudante que integrará o sistema universitário francês, assim como o valor social atribuído ao documento que atesta os conhecimentos na língua, com o objetivo de validar a candidatura. Além disso, constatamos a ausência de uma política linguística adequada ao contexto de internacionalização da USP, que se expressa na falta de clareza de dispositivos de formação e de avaliação para a preparação dos estudantes que vão realizar estudos em meio universitário na França. Esta pesquisa nos ajudou a compreender a complexidade das relações entre formação, avaliação e certificação em contexto específico de mobilidade internacional. Nosso trabalho contribui com uma visão crítica que pode vir a colaborar no desenvolvimento de ações concretas para a reformulação de critérios de avaliação de competências linguísticas em francês língua estrangeira que sejam mais condizentes com as necessidades especificas às quais um estudante de graduação da USP será confrontado. / This dissertation aims to discuss the characteristics of knowledge evaluation in the French language that is current on selective processes for the mobility of undergraduate students in the University of São Paulo (USP). Based on the researches and studies in the area of evaluation (PERRENOUD, 1999; GATTI, 2003; CHUEIRI, 2008; LUCKESI, 2011) and French language certification (PORCHER, 1995, 2004; CUQ; GRUCA, 2003; TAGLIANTE, 2005; NOEL-JOTHY; SAMSONIS, 2006; CHARDENET, 1999, 2011 HUVER; SPRINGER, 2011; RIBA; MEGRE, 2014), weve performed a documentary research for the identification of the requirements of the French language when the publication of the notices the define the criteria of selection for applying for international mobility to France. Furthermore weve delved the point of view of those directly and indirectly responsible for selective processes which is the place of French certification, an international language, on the internationalization policy of USP. The corpus of this research consists on notices published by USP between 2008 and 2012, in the notices of the Science Without Frontiers between 2011 and 2014 and, at last, on interviews with institutional representatives involved on the direct selection of the candidates and also on the official policy of the French government with regard in certification in language. For the analysis, beyond the theoretical framework mentioned about evaluation, weve regarded the work in the area of French for college goals (MANGIANTE; PARPETTE, 2004). Our analysis results indicate that there is diversity of understanding about the level required in relation to French language for the selection of the students that will integrate the French college system, as well as the social value assigned to the document attesting knowledge in the language, in order to validate the candidacy. Moreover, weve noticed the lack of a linguistic policy that adequate to the context of internationalization of USP, which is expressed in the lack of clarity of training and evaluation devices for the preparation of students who will conduct studies in the French Academy. This research helped us to understand the complexity of the relations between training, assessment and certification in the specific context of international mobility. Our work contributes with a more critical vision that might cooperate with the development of concrete actions to reformulate the evaluation criteria of linguistic proficiency in French, foreign language, that are more consistent with the specific needs to which an USP undergraduate shall be confronted.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-08-20T13:48:21Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Arlete_Amaral_Correa_Dissertacao.pdf: 697952 bytes, checksum: debd8beb0db05b4e9717650c8fbc59bf (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-04-26 / This paper is the result of a research that was carried out with fifth graders in a city school in Rio Grande, RS, in 2008. The study aims at describing and analyzing the use of referential cohesion elements in 48 texts written by eight students. These texts were based on the reading of four books that had been previously chosen: O menino do dedo verde (writing/rewriting), Veneno lento (writing/rewriting), A bolsa amarela and A luz que guia também pode cegar . The cohesive categories under analysis are: synonymous or quasi-synonymous expressions, identical lexemes, and ellipsis. The chapter on the theoretical basis comprises three sections: teaching Portuguese in elementary school, teaching grammar in school, and the text in the class. In order to analyze the data, while reading their summaries, I took into account how students referred to the main character in every book they had read. Results show that, after the development of a teaching proposal that was based on the triad reading-writing-grammar, students implemented changes in their texts regarding the use of the mechanisms that had been studied in class. They can be summarized as follows: a) there was an increase in the use of synonymous expressions, which are scarcely used by children in the first grades (CLARINDO, 2005); b) there was a decrease in the use of identical lexemes, which are commonly used by students because they are a reference mechanism that only involves repetition; and c) there was not any quantitative change in the use of the ellipsis but there was qualitative improvement in its use. Students‟ reports also show that a pedagogical proposal based on the integration of reading-writing-grammar in Portuguese classes may develop a privileged space for doubts and reflection upon how language works. / O presente trabalho é resultado de pesquisa realizada com alunos pertencentes à 5ª série/6ºano de uma escola da rede municipal do Rio Grande-RS, no ano letivo de 2008. O objetivo do estudo é descrever e analisar o uso de elementos de coesão referencial em 48 textos de oito alunos da turma. Os textos são produzidos a partir da leitura de quatro livros selecionados: O menino do dedo verde escrita/reescrita), Veneno lento (escrita/reescrita), A bolsa amarela e A Luz que guia também pode cegar . As categorias coesivas em análise são: expressões sinônimas ou quase, lexemas idênticos e elipse. A fundamentação teórica está dividida em três seções: o ensino de Língua Portuguesa no ensino fundamental; o ensino da gramática na escola; e, por último, o texto na sala de aula. Para análise dos dados, é considerada a forma como os alunos, em seus resumos, fizeram remissão ao personagem principal de cada livro lido durante o ano. Os resultados mostram que, após o desenvolvimento da proposta de ensino que esteve baseada na tríade leitura-escrita-gramática, os alunos, em seus textos, apresentam modificação em relação ao uso dos mecanismos estudados. O que pode ser sumariado como segue: a) houve um incremento no uso de expressões sinônimas, recurso pouco utilizado pelas crianças nos anos iniciais (cf. CLARINDO, 2005); b) ocorreu uma diminuição no uso de lexemas idênticos, recurso largamente utilizado pelos alunos, por ser um tipo de mecanismo de referência que envolve apenas a repetição; c) observou-se que não ocorreu uma mudança quantitativa na utilização da elipse, mas qualitativamente o uso desse recurso apresentou um comportamento diferenciado por parte dos alunos. O estudo mostra também, por meio das manifestações dos alunos em sala de aula, que uma proposta pedagógica centrada na integração leitura-escrita-gramática nas aulas de língua portuguesa pode criar um espaço privilegiado para a expressão de dúvidas e a reflexão acerca do funcionamento da língua.

La relation homme-animal se construit à partir des interactions entre chacun des partenaires qui se transmettent des informations via les signaux sensoriels. Mieux comprendre l’effet de ces interactions passe par la détermination de la sensibilité des animaux aux signaux émis par l’homme. Les interactions vocales entre l’homme et le porc domestique ont été peu étudiées, alors que ce canal est utilisé par l’homme dans les pratiques d’élevage.La thèse a donc cherché à déterminer (1) la sensibilité des porcelets aux variations du signal vocal, (2) les effets de son utilisation dans la mise en place de la relation homme-animal et (3) son utilisation dans la communication référentielle avec l’animal. Les réponses des porcs ont été évaluées (1) dans des tests de discrimination de stimuli vocaux, (2) lors de la mise en place de la relation et de tests de réponse à la présence humaine et (3) lors de tests de choix en présence de signaux humains.Les porcelets se sont révélés sensibles à la voix féminine neutre, sans montrer d’attirance particulière pour cette voix. Néanmoins, une voix féminine aigüe et parlant lentement les a attirés physiquement. Associée à la présence répétée de l’homme, la voix féminine aigüe et lente est associée par l’animal à une valence positive. Les résultats suggèrent que la voix pourrait être impliquée dans la reconnaissance de l’homme par les animaux. Enfin, il est possible d’apprendre aux animaux à utiliser les propriétés référentielles de la voix, mais uniquement lorsqu’elle est combinée à des signaux visuels (pointage du doigt statique et dynamiq / The human-animal relationship is based on the exchange of information via sensorial signals between both partners. Identifying the sensitivity of animals to human signals would help understanding the effect of these interactions. Although auditory interactions are common in breeding practices, vocal interactions between humans and pigs were poorly studied.This thesis studied (1) the sensitivity of piglets to vocal signal variations, (2) the effect of their use during the development of the humPiglets were sensitive to a neutral feminine voice, without showing a specific attraction for it. Nevertheless, a high-pitched feminine voice, slowly speaking attracted them physically. Combined with a repeated human presence, the high-pitched-slow-feminine voice was associated to a positive valence by piglets. Piglets could use the voice to recognize humans, as suggested by our results. Eventually, animals can learn to use the referential property of the voice but only when it is combined to visual referential signals (dynamic and static pointing gestures). Our results offer promising opportunities for the use of human voice while working with animals.

Philosophiae Doctor - PhD / The study is about the rock engravings on the wonderstone hills just outside Ottosdal, North West province, about 70km northwest of Klerksdorp. Wonderstone is remarkable rock that is smooth, shiny and very easy to mark. The wonderstone occurs only on two adjacent farms, Gestoptefontein and Driekuil, and thus the rock art on the wonderstone outcrops is referred to as the Gestoptefontein- Driekuil complex (GDC). This rock art is now the only remaining trace of what must once have been a much larger complex of engravings. Sadly, much of the rock art has been destroyed in the course of mining activities, with very few records. The largest remaining outcrop is still threatened by potential mining activities. The study attempts to bring this disastrous and unacceptable situation to the attention of the public and the heritage authorities, who have so far failed to respond to applications to grant the sites protection. It therefore has two main aims: to locate and record as much of the rock art as possible and to understand the significance of the outcrops in the lives of the people who made them. Based on the rock art itself, as well as what little historical evidence is available, it is argued that the rock art was made by Khoe-San people during the performance of important ceremonies and other activities. The rock art has two main components: engravings of referential motifs and a gestural, or performative, element. The referential motifs depict a range of things: anthropomorphs and zoomorphs, decorative designs, items of clothing, as well as ornaments and decorations. The gestural markings were made by rubbing, cutting and hammering the soft wonderstone, probably in the course of a range of activities that people carried out on the outcrops. One of the main findings of the study is that the GDC was a place that was of particular significance to women. This is suggested by the large number of engravings of items that are closely associated with Khoe-San women – depictions of aprons, ornaments, and decorations. These play a prominent role in the initiation practices of many Khoe-San groups. Initiates emerging from ritual isolation after their first menstruation are given new clothes; they are also loaned ornaments and jewellery. This reincorporation into society as a ‘new person’ has been described by some Khoe-San women as one of the high points of their lives. Oral traditions from the area indicate that the wonderstone outcrops were believed to have special properties; the study incorporates these traditions to argue that the wonderstone outcrops were associated with the presence of a great water snake that lay on the rocks and also lived in the pools of water in the nearby Driekuil Spruit. People therefore came to the outcrops to perform rites of reincorporation. One of these ceremonies may have been performing rites of association with the great snake; such practices may have included the use of rock dust as an ingredient for body paint. / South Africa

The work focuses on wind-power energetics area in the Czech republic. On the basis of a set referential project, which is typical for current Czech conditions, it intends to answer two key questions. The first one deals with risk and inquires into how critical individual factors are. For this purpose financial analysis and especially sensitivity analysis are used. The other issue solved in this work is detection of economic efficiency of the referential project. The output is based on the prediction of the critical factors.

The conceptual model of emotion regulation (ER) of Gross and Thompson (2007) introduces families of ER strategies ordered on a temporal scale. This scale has been attributed implications both for the grouping strategies but also for the neurocognitive processing. The two event-related potential (ERP) studies of emotional regulation presented here focus on emotional regulation at different temporal distances, as well as, different stages of cognitive processing. Trying to discern if various neural processes could be disentangled by looking at different stages of the late positive potential (LPP). The theoretical background begins with the neurocognitive science of emotionality and visits cognitive processing at both early and late stages before summating results of the contemporary research of emotional regulation. 39 participants were enrolled within the two experiments aiming to compare the efficiency of different strategies in reducing negative social emotion induced by photographs of angry faces. Technical difficulties discourage conclusions about how temporal distancing is most effectively adapted. Results suggest self-focused distancing strategies are more effective than situation-focused reappraisal and could be preferred for therapeutic purposes based on greater observed LPP effect.