Bomullsfibern har många fördelaktiga egenskaper som gör den allmänt omtyckt bland både konsumenter och producenter. Den vanligaste framställningen av fibern är konventionellt odlad bomull, men dessvärre har denna typ av framställningsprocess en negativ inverkan på miljön i form av hög kemikalieförbrukning och hög vattenanvändning. I samband med att bomullens negativa miljöpåverkan uppmärksammas, bidrar det till en ökad efterfrågan på miljövänliga fibrer med skonsammare processer. Denna studie har utifrån detta perspektiv undersökt, jämfört och testat förutsättningarna för att helt eller delvis ersätta bomull i trikåmaterial. De fibrer som har undersökts är de regenererade cellulosafibrerna Tencel, lyocell och modal. Dels har två hundraprocentiga material testats: Tencel A100 och lyocell, dels två fiberblandningar: bomull/modal och GOTS-bomull/Tencel LF. Samtliga material har bestått av rågarn med garntjocklek Ne 30/1 och stickats fram i en rundstickningsmaskin. Testerna som har utförts rör dimensionsstabilitet, spiralvridning, noppbildning, nötningshärdighet och slutligen draghållfasthet. För att säkerställa trovärdiga resultat har testerna genomförts upprepade gånger och därefter har ett medelvärde för varje material beräknats. De material som uppvisat bäst resultat avseende egenskaper och miljöpåverkan var Tencel A100 och lyocell, samt fiberblandningen GOTS-bomull/Tencel LF. / The cotton fiber has many advantageous properties which make it widely popular among both consumers and producers. The most common production of the fiber is conventionally grown cotton. This type of manufacturing process has unfortunately a negative impact on the environment because of its high chemical consumption and high water use. Since the negative environmental impact regarding cotton has got more attention, it has contributed to an increased demand for more environmentally friendly fibers with more eco-friendly processes. From this perspective, this study has examined, compared and tested the conditions for completely or partially replacing cotton in knitted materials. The fibers that have been examined are the regenerated cellulose fibers Tencel, lyocell and modal. Tencel A100 and lyocell have been tested independently and two fiber blends consisting of cotton/modal and GOTS-certified cotton/Tencel LF have been knitted and tested in this study. All materials have consisted of raw yarn with yarn thickness of Ne 30/1 and has been knitted in a circular knitting machine. The tests that have been carried out is dimensional stability, twisting, pilling resistance, abrasion resistance and finally tensile strength. To ensure reliable results, the tests have been done repeatedly and then an average value for each material has been calculated. The materials that showed the best results in terms of properties and environmental impact were Tencel A100, lyocell and the fiber mixture GOTS-certified cotton/Tencel LF.

Modern chemical technology is an efficient tool for solving problems, particularly within the complex environment of the pulp and paper industry, and the combination of experimental studies, mill data and mass balance calculations are of fundamental importance to the development of the industry. In this study various examples are presented, whereby chemical technology is of fundamental importance. It is well documented that under normal conditions the molten salt mixture from the kraft recovery boiler flows down into the dissolving tank without problems. However, in the case of  alternatives to the kraft recovery boiler, knowledge of more precise data of the molten salts is required for the design calculations. In this study the viscosity for the case of sodium carbonate and 30 mole% sulphide has been measured and is of the magnitude 2 – 3 cP at temperatures relevant for a recovery boiler, i.e. similar to water at room temperature. The presence of non-process elements (NPE) in a typical pulp mill has been investigated. The main input is with regards to the wood, and anticipated problems include; deposits in evaporators, high dead-load in liquor streams, plugging of the upper part of the recovery boiler and decreasing efficiency in the causticization department. Efficient green liquor clarification is of the greatest importance as an efficient kidney for many NPE. Mill data and calculations show that the magnesium added in the oxygen delignification does not form a closed loop. Integration of a prehydrolysis kraft pulp mill producing dissolving pulp with a plant producing viscose textile fiber could be highly beneficial. The prehydrolysis liquor will contain both sugars and acetic acid. It is however not possible to fully replace the sulphuric acid of the viscose spinning bath with acetic acid of own production. The sulphuric chemicals from the viscose plant can be partly taken care of in the kraft recovery area as well as the viscose plant which can be supplied with alkali and sulphuric acid. Zinc-containing effluents from the viscose plant can be treated with green liquor to precipitate zinc sulphide. / Modern chemical technology is an extremely efficient tool for solving problems particularly in a complicated environment such as the pulp and paper industry. Here, examples are studied during which chemical technology is of fundamental importance. At normal conditions the molten salt mixture from the kraft recovery boiler flows down into the dissolving tank without hindrance. However, for certain kraft recovery boiler alternatives, knowledge of more precise data of the molten salts is required. The viscosity for the case of sodium carbonate and 30 mole% sulphide has been measured and is of the magnitude 2 – 3 cP at relevant temperatures. The main input of non-process elements (NPE) is down to the wood, and known problems include deposits in evaporators and decreasing efficiency in the causticization department. Green liquor clarification is an efficient kidney for many NPE. Magnesium added in the oxygen delignification does not form a closed loop. Integration of a prehydrolysis kraft pulp mill producing dissolving pulp with a plant producing viscose textile fiber could be of significant interest, as the handling of both alkali and sulphuric compounds can be integrated. Problems will however arise as the capacity of the pulping line and the chemical recovery has to be adjusted.

The aim of the study: to compare the conditions and growth properties of naturally regenerated and planted Scots pine stands, and to evaluate the impact of Scots pine plantations on chemical parameters of Arenosols. The object of the study: the naturally regenerated and planted Scots pine stands of different age in Varėna Forest Enterprise Merkis forest district and in the experiment of Perloja Experimental Station of Lithuanian Institute of Agriculture. The research methods: the analyses of Forest Survey data, technical measurements, the chemical analyses of Arenosols samples: pH, the capability of nutrients (N, P, K, Ca, Mg) and organic carbon. The research results: the conditions and growth properties of naturally regenerated and planted Scots pine stands in Perloja experiment and in neighbour stands; the changes of chemical properties of Arenosols (pH, the capability of nutrients and organic carbon) afforested by Scots pine were estimated.

Peck’s view on regeneration, that the regenerated spirit does not sin and die again, stems from his different view of human nature as such. He understands the soul to be an immaterial body, but not the spirit. Thereby he focuses on the human being in light of a unity between the spirit and the body. He also explicates human existence with the image of the relationship between master (spirit) and servant (body). Based on his belief he accepts that the spirit is created in the image of God as a simple unit. In this sense he conceives that the spirit manifests all of God’s attributes to the soul, which is also created sufficiently to receive and reveal God’s nature to the body. The body that is created with this capacity to reflect God’s attributes is capable of showing them to all creation. This government of God towards all creation can be effected due to the organic unity of the spirit and the body in the human being as instrument for God’s government. As soon as Adam broke God’s commandment when his mind was deceived by the devil, his spirit was condemned and its subjective liability perished once and for all. Likewise, the spirit of the whole human race is condemned in Adam and died at once incorporated in Adam’s spirit. Thus, when the spirit created by God is united with its body in the mother’s womb that spirit dies, because all have part in Adam’s sin and have inherited the guilt and the sinful nature from Adam. However, this all forms part of God’s greatest plan of salvation to establish his church once and for all. This church should be spotless, righteous, reconciled in His presence through the redemption by Jesus Christ. The Holy Spirit applies the eternal atoning death of Christ to the human spirit. Therefore the spirit is now able to live again and does not sin and die any more in the sense of the subjective liability for the mortal ‘soul and body’. As soon as the spirit is regenerated, therefore, the Holy Spirit takes this spirit as His indwelling place and powerfully begins to bear witness to the soul, so that this person can confess 000his/her sins and receive Jesus Christ as Saviour, that is, conversion. Peck describes the regeneration of the spirit as the actual regeneration, in which the effect of sin and death is removed completely. He also depicts the regeneration of the body as the legal regeneration in the sense that any remaining influence of sin and death will be eliminated progressively through the power of the Holy Spirit and the Word of God. These effects of sin also will be demolished completely on the day of resurrection at the second coming of Christ. This indicates that Peck’s view on regeneration focuses for the human being as a whole, not only on the human spirit. Peck regards regeneration as the mysterious work of the Holy Spirit in the sub-consciousness of humans. He also views it as a supernatural change, brought about by the power of the blood of Jesus, the Holy Spirit and the Word of God. In addition, he delineates it as an instantaneous change. When the Holy Spirit applies the redemption through Jesus Christ to the elect ones, their spirit immediately is raised from dead. This change is from death to life and has a ‘once-for-all’ character. Moreover, Peck characterises this process as a radical change. Peck considers the spirit to be the root and the principle of life in humans. For him the regenerated spirit implies a radical change within the human being as a whole. This radical change does not stem from the human heart, but comes from the Holy Spirit who resurrected the regenerated spirit. By the mighty work of the Spirit the disposition of humans are radically changed (from the root). This happens when the spirit of the regenerated person is quickened, and he/she is unable to resist God’s saving grace, which conforms him/her into the true image of Christ. In conclusion it can be noted that Peck’s general view of regeneration connects with that of the Reformers, although his thought of the regenerated spirit is not reflected in the general Reformed thought. Finally, the researcher may conclude that Peck’s view of the regeneration is acceptable within the Reformed Theology’s line of thought, whereas Peck’s particular view of the regenerated spirit diverges from the Reformed tradition. / Thesis (M.Th. (Dogmatics))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2012

Made available in DSpace on 2016-12-08T17:19:22Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Roseli R Silva Schmitz.pdf: 26869038 bytes, checksum: 8e0af4ce5f6dd20fbc598a7de0d0684b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-04-29 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / O descarte da areia de fundição representa para as empresas metalúrgicas um grande problema a ser resolvido, para isso elas estão apostando em pesquisas e estudos para o reaproveitamento deste resíduo. O potencial para a reciclagem de areias de fundição, dependendo da sua composição, situa-se entre 50 e 98%. A pesquisa realizada no presente trabalho tem como objetivo, verificar a influência da incorporação do resíduo de macharia regenerado e areia de fundição do processo de moldagem, na fabricação de tijolos de solo-cimento. Os materiais utilizados para o desenvolvimento desta pesquisa foram o solo, a argila, o cimento a areia natural , a areia resíduo de macharia regenerado e areia de fundição do processo de moldagem. Inicialmente foram realizados ensaios de caracterização das matérias-primas utilizadas ( argila e areia descartada de fundição) e, posteriormente, dos tijolos de solo-cimento com adição de ADF. Para a caracterização da argila e ADF, foram utilizados os métodos de ensaio de perda ao fogo, ensaio de resíduo, espectroscopia vibracional na região do infravermelho com transformada de Fourier (FTIR), análise Térmica Diferencial (DTA) e Análise Térmica Gravimétrica (TGA), microscopia eletrônica de varredura MEV; espectroscopia vibracional na região do infravermelho com transformada de Fourier (FTIR) e análise granulométrica das areias - ADF e natural. Para a areia de fundição também realizou-se os ensaios de solubilização, de lixiviação e toxicidade. Após a caracterização dos materiais, foi realizada a fabricação dos tijolos de solo-cimento. Os tijolos foram confeccionados nas instalações da empresa de fundição da região de Joinville em duas datas distintas. Quatro misturas foram elaboradas, contendo areia de fundição regenerada com uma porcentagem de 100, 75, 50 e 25%, em peso para 100 kg de mistura para cada tipo de resíduo. Os tijolos foram caracterizados utilizando os métodos de resistência à compressão, absorção de água, ensaio de porosidade, ensaio de durabilidade, variação do volume e perda de massa, módulo de elasticidade através do método de excitação por impulso e microscopia eletrônica de varredura MEV. A incorporação dos resíduos de fundição foram considerados adequados para a fabricação de tijolos de solo-cimento. A pesquisa mostra bons resultados das propriedades físicas e químicas do tijolo de solo-cimento e através destes resultados, observou-se que houve melhoras nas características como resistência mecânica, absorção de água, módulo de elasticidade e demais propriedades, viabilizando a incorporação dos resíduos ADF na fabricação deste material.

La régénération des solutions de lavage utilisées en Nettoyage En Place (NEP) présente un intérêt, tant économique qu’environnemental, pour les industriels laitiers. L’étape clé du NEP réside dans le lavage alcalin qui assure l’élimination des souillures organiques déposées sur les équipements. Ce lavage est généralement effectué par des lessives de soude, moins onéreuses que celles de potasse. Nos travaux ont visé à appliquer un procédé physico-chimique de régénération à des lessives de potasse en vue de rentabiliser leur intégration au NEP laitier. La régénération de solutions de potasse souillées par du lait a été examinée et comparée à celle de solutions de soude. L’efficacité du procédé à épurer les solutions de potasse en termes d’abattement de la DCO et de Ntot a été démontrée. L’analyse des solutions régénérées a par ailleurs mis en évidence l’amélioration de leurs propriétés interfaciales (tension superficielle, angle de contact). Ces propriétés, dont l’origine a pu être attribuée à l’accumulation de biotensioactifs, confèrent aux solutions de potasse régénérées un meilleur pouvoir nettoyant. Ce point a été validé lors d’essais de nettoyage de membranes organiques d’ultrafiltration colmatées par des protéines laitières. L’optimisation de la formulation de ces solutions a permis l’obtention de performances de nettoyage comparables à celles d’un détergent commercial classiquement utilisé pour ce type d’application. Enfin, les impacts économiques et environnementaux de l’intégration de lessives de potasse en substitution à celles de soude ont été évalués pour un NEP laitier industriel au travers d’une étude technico-économique et d’une Analyse de Cycle de Vie (ACV). / The regeneration of Cleaning In Place (CIP) solutions is interesting, both economically and environmentally, especially in dairy industry. The CIP’s key step lies on the alkaline washing which ensures the removal of organic contaminants deposited on the equipment. This washing is generally done by soda lyes, less expensive than potash ones. Our work aimed to apply a physicochemical regeneration process, based on adsorption-coagulation-flocculation phenomena, on potash lyes to make their integration in the dairy CIP affordable. The regeneration of potash solutions soiled with milk was examined and compared with the soda solutions regeneration. The process effectiveness to purify potash solutions in terms of COD and TN reduction has been shown. The solutions analysis has also highlighted the improvement of their interfacial properties (surface tension, contact angle). These properties, whose origin was attributed to the accumulation of biosurfactants, confer to potash regenerated solutions a best cleaning power. This point was validated during cleaning assays of organic ultrafiltration membranes fouled by milk proteins. The optimization of solutions formulation has also enabled obtaining a cleaning performance as efficient as those of a commercial detergent largely used for this type of application. Finally, economic and environmental impacts of the potash lyes integration in substitution to soda ones were evaluated for dairy industrial CIP through a techno-economic analysis and a Life Cycle Assessment (LCA).

[EN] Disasters such as the fires in the Tauern tunnel (2000), St. Gotthard tunnel (2001) and Wuxi Lihu (2010) show the importance and the necessity of monitoring structures vulnerable to fire. Through this strategy, the assessment of fire damaged structures would be possible and if necessary, the demolition operation would be guided. In those cases is vital to detect the fire in an early stage and to have available the temperature profile history, which means the exposition time and maximum temperatures as a function of time, in order to be able to evaluate the structural damage and reduce the time that the tunnel is closed and the economic losses associated with this time. The success of a monitoring strategy depends mainly of two aspects. On one hand, it is vital to have sensors systems that are able to resist the harsh conditions that are presents in a fire and at the same time they should be reliable, easy to install and cheap. On the other hand, it is necessary to develop monitoring strategies to design sensors network, data management and to facilitate the decision making process. Within this general context, this PhD. Thesis: 1. Develop fiber optic sensors to measure high temperatures on structures vulnerable to fire. The behavior and properties of the sensors are evaluated through experimental test, using both electrical and fire test furnaces. 2. Establishment of monitoring guidelines for tunnel under fire loads to design a sensor network including the number, type and positions of sensors to install. The development of the sensors has a strong experimental component, in which the different packaging and the properties of the resulting sensors are studied. The behavior of the sensors under harsh environments and under high temperatures are tested on fire test where the sensors were subjected to direct flames and temperature increments of the order of 200oC/min, similar to those in a real fire. Instead, the development of the monitoring guidelines is based on the results obtained from computational fluid dynamics models in which the temperatures reached along the tunnel in several fire scenarios are calculated. Furthermore, the development of the monitoring guidelines makes use of statistics and comparison techniques to define the optimal solutions of multi objective sensor network design problem. / [ES] Acontecimientos como los incendios en los túneles de Tauern (2000), San Gotardo (2001) y Wuxi Lihu (2010) ponen de manifiesto la gran importancia y necesidad de monitorizar las estructuras vulnerables al fuego para poder evaluar su seguridad estructural, el daño generado, las zonas afectadas y, llegado el caso, proceder a su demolición de forma segura. En estos casos es vital poder detectar el fuego en forma temprana y conocer la historia de temperaturas, es decir el tiempo de exposición y las temperaturas máximas alcanzadas en función del tiempo para poder evaluar el estado de la estructura y el daño alcanzado; con el fin de reducir los tiempos en los que la estructura este fuera de servicio y las pérdidas que esto suele contraer. El éxito de la monitorización de estructuras sometidas a fuego depende fundamentalmente de dos aspectos. Por un lado es fundamental contar con sistemas de sensores que sean capaces de resistir las condiciones severas que se generan en un incendio, que a su vez sean fiables, fáciles de instalar y económicos. Por otro lado, es necesario contar con pautas de monitorización de estructuras vulnerables a la acción del fuego, que guíen el diseño de la red de sensores, que indiquen los métodos más adecuados para el procesado de los datos medidos y que faciliten la toma de decisiones en caso de incendio. En este contexto general, esta Tesis Doctoral: 1) Desarrolla sensores de fibra óptica para la medida de temperaturas en estructuras sometidas a altas temperaturas. Las propiedades y el comportamiento de estos sensores son evaluados en ensayos experimentales, empleando hornos eléctricos de altas temperaturas y hornos de ensayos de fuego. 2) Establece unas pautas de monitorización en túneles frente a la acción del fuego que guían sobre el tipo de sensores a emplear, cómo, dónde y en qué cantidad deben colocarse. El desarrollo de los sensores tiene una fuerte componente experimental, en la cual se evalúan distintos encapsulados y las propiedades resultantes de los sensores formados por los distintos encapsulados. El comportamiento de los sensores a ambientes adversos y altas temperaturas es evaluado en ensayos de fuego que exponen a los sensores a llama directa y a gradientes de temperaturas del orden de los 200°C/min similares a los de incendios reales. Por su parte el desarrollo de las pautas de monitorización está basado en los resultados que se obtienen con modelos de mecánicas de los fluidos computacional en los que se estudian las temperaturas alcanzadas a lo largo del túnel en diferentes condiciones de incendios. A su vez el desarrollo de las pautas de monitorización requiere el empleo de herramientas estadísticas y de comparación de soluciones que han sido empleadas para determinar las configuraciones óptimas de colocación de sensores para problemas multiobjetivo. / [CAT] Esdeveniments com els incendis als túnels de Tauern (2000), Sant Gotard (2001) IWuxi Lihu (2010) posen de manifest la gran importància I necessitate de monitoritzar les estructures vulnerables al foc per a poder avaluar la seua seguretat, el dany generat, les zones afectades i, arribat el cas, procedir a la seua demolició de forma segura. En aquestos casos és vital poder detectar el foc de forma primerenca i conéixer la historia de temperaturas, és a dir, el temps d'exposició i les temperaturas màximes aconseguides en funció del temps per a poder avaluar l'estat de l'estructura i el dany aconseguit; a fi de reduir els temps en què l'estructura estiga fora de servici i les pèrdues que açò sol contraure. L'èxit de la monitorització d'estructures sotmeses a foc depén fonamentalment de dos aspectos. Per un costat és fonamental comptar amb sistemes de sensors que siguen capaços de resistir les condicions severes que es generen en un incendi, i al mateix temps siguen fiables, fàcils d'instal lar i econòmics. D'altra banda, és necessari comptar amb pautes de monitorització d'estructures vulnerables a lácció del foc, que guien el disseny de la xarxa de sensors, que indiquen els mètodes més adequats per al processat de les dades i que faciliten la presa de decicions en cas d'incendi. En aquest context general, la present Tesi Doctoral: 1. Desenrotlla sensors de fibra òptica per a la mesura de temperaturas en estructures sotmeses a elevades temperaturas. Les propietats i el comportament d'estos sensors son avaluats en assajos experimentals, emprant forns elèctrics d'elevades temperaturas i forns d'assajos de foc. 2. Establix unes pautes de monitorització en túnels enfront de l'acció del foc que guien sobre els tipus de sensors a emprar, com, on i en quina quantitat han de col locar-se. El desenrotllament dels sensors té una forta component experimental, en la qual s'avaluen distints encapsulats i les propietats resultants dels sensors formats pels distints encapsulats. El comportament dels sensors davant ambient adversos i altres temperaturas es avaluat en assajos de foc que exposen als sensors a flama directa i a gradients de temperaturas de l'ordre dels 200oC/min semblants als díncendis reals. Per la seua banda, el desenrotllament de les pautes de monitorització està basat en els resultats que s'obtenen amb models de mecániques dels fluids computacional on s'estudies les temperaturas aconseguides al llarg del túnel en diferents condicions d'incendis. Al mateix temps, el desenrotllament de les pautes de monitorització requerix l'ocupació de ferramentes estadístiques i de comparació de solucions òptimes en problemes multiobjectius. / Rinaudo, P. (2015). Estudio del encapsulado de sensores de fibra óptica para la medida de muy altas temperaturas y de pautas para su aplicación en la monitorización de túneles sometidos a fuego [Tesis doctoral]. Editorial Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/54124 / TESIS

The structure and composition of denim jeans is complex. In addition to cotton, which is the dominating type of textile fibre, there may be up to about 20 % synthetic fibres. The synthetic fibres are found in the sewing thread and in the elastic yarns that are used to make stretch denim jeans. In total it was found that up to six different types of textile fibres may be present in the material. To be able to recycle cotton in jeans by producing regenerated cellulose fibres a very high purity with respect to cotton is required. The purpose with this project was to investigate the possibility to fractionate the textile material found in denim jeans to obtain a pure cotton fraction that can be used in the viscose process to produce regenerated cellulose fibres, which then can be used to manufacture new clothes. In this project traditional wet mechanical separation equipment found in the pulp and paper industry, in the form of a laboratory screen (used as a model for a pressure screen) and hydrocyclone, was used to fractionate the textile material from cut and shredded denim jeans. The degree of separation of synthetic fibres from cotton fibres was quantitatively evaluated by measuring the glucose content after acid hydrolysis. The results from the experimental work showed that there were runnability problems both regarding disintegration and fractionation. Regarding the fractionation, plugging was found to be a problem and no significant separation of synthetic fibres from cotton fibres was obtained with the conditions of the experiment. / Strukturen och sammansättningen i denimjeans är komplex. Utöver bomull, vilken är den dominerande typen av textilfiber, kan de innehålla upp till 20 % syntetiska fibrer i tyget. De syntetiska fibrerna finns i sytråden och i elastiska garner som används för att tillverka stretchdenimjeans. Den här studien visade att upp till sex olika typer av textilfibrer kan förekomma i materialet. För att kunna återvinna bomull i denimjeans genom att producera regenererade cellulosafibrer krävs en mycket hög renhet med avseende på bomull. Syftet med projektet var att undersöka möjligheten att fraktionera textilmaterialet i denimjeans för att erhålla en ren bomullsfraktion som kan användas i viskosprocessen för att tillverka regenererade textilfibrer, vilka sedan kan användas för att tillverka nya kläder. I projektet användes, inom massa och pappersindustrin traditionell våtmekanisk separationsutrustning i form av en laboratoriesil (här använd som en modell av en trycksil) och en hydrocyklon, för att fraktionera textilmaterialet från klippta och sönderslitna denimjeans. Separationsgraden av syntetiska fibrer från bomullsfibrer bestämdes kvantitativt genom att mäta glukoshalten efter sur hydrolys. Resultatet från det experimentella arbetet visade att det finns körbarhetsproblem både gällande uppslagning och fraktionering. För fraktioneringen visade sig pluggning vara ett problem och ingen signifikant separation av syntetiska fibrer från bomullsfibrer erhölls med förhållandena i experimentet.

[ES] La fibra óptica ha supuesto una gran revolución en el mundo de las telecomunicaciones debido a su alta capacidad de transmisión y sus bajas pérdidas. Hoy en día no sería posible transportar la cantidad de tráfico que se genera en internet si no fuera por sis- temas de comunicaciones basados en fibras ópticas. Sin embargo, el número de dispo- sitivos conectados a internet es cada vez mayor, por lo que la capacidad de la fibra óptica estándar de un solo núcleo se puede ver limitada en un futuro no muy lejano. Una forma de aumentar dicha capacidad es utilizar fibras ópticas con varios núcleos. Actualmente existe un gran interés sobre la investigación en este tipo de fibras para aplicaciones de telecomunicaciones, por lo que no es difícil encontrar fibras multinú- cleo comerciales. Aunque el uso más común de la fibra óptica es para telecomunicaciones, también se puede utilizar como sensor. Uno de los métodos más comunes para la implementa- ción de sensores es la inscripción de redes de difracción en fibras ópticas de un solo núcleo. Sin embargo, la inscripción de redes de dirección en fibras de múltiples núcleos abre nuevas líneas de investigación para el desarrollo de sensores avanzados. En esta tesis se ha estudiado distintos tipos de redes de difracción inscritas en una fibra de siete núcleos para su aplicación en la implementación de sensores. En primer lugar, se describe el sistema de fabricación que permite inscribir distintos tipos de redes de difracción en la fibra multinúcleo de forma selectiva, es decir, permite seleccionar en que núcleos se va a inscribir la red. Mediante este sistema se han inscrito redes de periodo largo y posteriormente se han caracterizado como sensor de deformación, tor- sión y curvatura. Después, se han inscrito redes de Bragg inclinadas para aumentar de forma intencionada la diafonía entre los núcleos de la fibra mediante el acoplo de luz entre ellos. Además, se ha demostrado experimentalmente que esta diafonía es sensible a la deformación de la fibra, a la curvatura, a la temperatura y al índice de refracción que rodea la fibra. Por otro lado, se ha demostrado que las redes de Bragg inscritas en fibras multinúcleo se pueden utilizar para implementar sensores de curvatura capaces de operar en entornos radioactivos. Finalmente se han fabricado redes de Bragg rege- neradas capaces de operar a altas temperaturas, estas redes se han caracterizado como sensor de temperatura, deformación y curvatura. / [CAT] La fibra òptica ha suposat una gran revolució en el món de les telecomunicacions a causa de la seua alta capacitat de transmissió i les seues baixes pèrdues. Hui en dia no seria possible transportar la quantitat d'informació que es genera en internet si no fos pels sistemes de comunicacions basats en fibres òptiques. No obstant això, el nombre de dispositius connectats a internet es cada vegada més gran, per la qual cosa la capacitat de la fibra òptica estàndard d'un sol nucli es pot veure limitada en un futur no gaire llunyà. Una manera d'augmentar aquesta capacitat es utilitzar fibres òptiques amb diversos nuclis. Actualment existeix un gran interès sobre la investigació en aquesta mena de fibres per a aplicacions de telecomunicacions, per la qual cosa no es difícil trobar fibres de múltiples nuclis comercials. Encara que l'ús mes comú de la fibra òptica es per a telecomunicacions, també es pot utilitzar com a sensor. Un dels mètodes més comuns per a la implementació de sensors es la inscripció de xarxes de difracció en fibres òptiques d'un sol nucli. No obstant això, la inscripció de xarxes de difracció en fibres de múltiples nuclis obri noves línies d'investigació per al desenvolupament de sensors més complexos. En aquesta tesi s'ha estudiat diferents tipus de xarxes de difracció inscrites en una fibra de set nuclis per a la seua aplicació en la implementació de sensors en fibra òptica. En primer lloc, es descriu el sistema de fabricació de xarxes de difracció que permet inscriure diferents tipus de xarxes de difracció en la fibra de múltiples nuclis de manera selectiva, es a dir, permet seleccionar en que nuclis s'inscriurà la xarxa. Mitjançant aquest sistema s'han inscrit xarxes de període llarg i posteriorment s'han caracteritzat com a sensor de deformació, torsió i curvatura. Després, s'han inscrit xarxes de Bragg inclinades per a augmentar de manera intencionada la diafonia entre els nuclis de la fibra mitjançant l'acoblament de llum entre ells. A més d'això, s'ha demostrat experimentalment que aquesta diafonia es sensible a la deformació de la fibra, a la curvatura, a la temperatura i a l'índex de refracció que envolta la fibra. D'altra banda, s'ha demostrat que les xarxes de Bragg inscrites en fibres múltiples nuclis es poden utilitzar per a implementar sensors de curvatura que poden operar en entorns radioactius. Finalment s'han fabricat xarxes de Bragg regenerades que suporten altes temperatures, aquestes xarxes s'han caracteritzat com a sensor de temperatura, deformació i curvatura. / [EN] Optical fiber has been a great revolution in the world of telecommunications due to its high transmission capacity and low attenuation. Today it would not be possible to transport the amount of traffic that is generated on the Internet without communication systems based on optical fibers. However, the number of devices connected to the Internet is increasing, so the capacity of standard single-core fiber optics may be limited so far in the future. One way to increase this capacity is to use multi-core optical fibers. Nowadays is a great interest in research in this type of fibers for telecommunications applications, so it is not difficult to find commercial multicore fibers. Although the most common use of fiber optics is for telecommunications, it can also be used as a sensor. One of the most common methods for sensor implementation is the inscription of diffraction gratings on single-core optical fibers. However, the enrollment of steering networks in multi-core fibers opens new lines of research for the development of advanced sensors. In this thesis, different types of diffraction gratings inscribed in a seven-core fiber have been studied for their application in the implementation of sensors. In the first place, the diffraction grating manufacturing system is described that allows to inscribe different types of diffraction gratings in the multicore fiber selectively, that is, it allows to select in which cores the grating is going to be inscribed. By means of this system, long-period networks have been inscribed and subsequently they have been characterized as a deformation, torsion, and curvature sensor. Then, slanted Bragg gratings have been inscribed to intentionally increase the crosstalk between the fiber cores by coupling light between them. Furthermore, this crosstalk has been experimentally shown to be sensitive to fiber deformation, curvature, temperature, and the index of refraction surrounding the fiber. On the other hand, it has been shown that Bragg networks inscribed in multicore fibers can be used to implement curvature sensors capable of operating in radioactive environments. Finally, regenerated Bragg nets capable of operating at high temperatures have been manufactured. These nets have been characterized as a temperature, deformation, and curvature sensor. / Agradezco a la Universitat Politècnica de València la beca FPI (PAID-01-18) que me fue concedida para realizar está tesis. / Madrigal Madrigal, J. (2022). Diseño, fabricación y caracterización de sensores basados en fibras ópticas de múltiples núcleos [Tesis doctoral]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/180806 / TESIS

Syftet med studien är att undersöka hur TencelTM och merinoull bäst kombineras i en stickad frottéstruktur ämnad för en lager-2 produkt. Den stickade strukturen har funktionella krav gällande god fukttransport, nötningsbeständighet och antipilling. Funktionskraven kommer att prövas med standardiserade tester. Ytterligare kommer studien undersöka om hållbarheten för lager-2-tyg skulle kunna förbättras. En design research method används för att skapa tre frottéstickade trikåstrukturer, alla med olika kombinationer av lyocell och merinoull. Resultaten visade att alla strukturer hade relativt goda förmåga att transportera fukt, dock stod S-M-T ut som bäst, tätt följt av T-M. Bra nötningsbeständighet utmärktes i M-T och T-M, medan S-M-T presterade sämst. Slutligen visade ett pillingstest ett jämnt resultat mellan alla stickade strukturer, T-M fick dock ett något högre snitt än de andra två. Resultaten i relation till hållbarhet visade att ingen av de stickade strukturerna var ensamt signifikant bättre än de andra. Däremot ger studien ett förslag för framtida forskning när det gäller att samspunna garnet placeras på ena sidan, medan merinoull på den andra. / This study aims to investigate how TencelTM and merino wool are best combined in a knitted terry structure modified for layer-2. The knitted structure has functional requirements, which are in regards to good moisture transport (wicking) capacity, abrasion resistances and anti-pilling. The functional requirements will be tested and with the help of the result the study will further investigate if the sustainability of layer-2 fabric could improve. A design research method is applied to create three terry knitted fabric structures, all with different combinations of lyocell and merino wool. The three fabric structures are then assets for the functional requirements through ISO Standards and AATCC tests. The results showed that all structures had relatively good wicking properties, however S-M-T stood out as the best, closely followed by T-M. Good abrasion resistance was noticeable mostly in M-T and T-M, whereas S-M-T performed worst. Lastly, a pilling test showed an even result between all knitted structures, T-M received however a slightly higher average than the other two. The results in relation to sustainability showed that none of the knitted structures were significantly better than the others alone. However, a suggestion for future research is made in regards to the co-spun yarn being placed on one side, while merino wool on the other.