In step with development of advanced, cost effective semiconductors and electrical motor drive components, the Switched Reluctance Machine (SRM) has become the center of public attention. Interest in a single-phase SRM has arisen in many places, especially because of its low cost applications. However, some drawbacks have plagued single-phase SRM: the lack of self-starting capability and restricted operation conditions. This thesis presents a four-quadrant operation SRM drive system with a single controllable switch for two phase configuration. The SRM's configuration has four main stator poles, four rotor poles, and four auxiliary stator poles. Because of this special arrangement, a four-quadrant operation with a given power converter topology and proposed control algorithms has been realized. The focus of the paper is to realize a four-quadrant operation with a single-switch converter based SRM. In addition, this research resulted in a new self-starting scheme without adding permanent magnets. Simulation results and experimental results utilizing the control algorithm verify the performance of the system. / Master of Science

Thesis (PhD)--Stellenbosch University, 2014. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The position sensorless controllability of the reluctance synchronous machine (RSM) is investigated in this thesis with the focus on industry applications where variable and dynamic torque is required from startup up to rated speed. Two low speed as well as one medium to high speed position sensorless control (PSC) method for RSMs are investigated. These methods are extended to operate in the entire rated speed region with a hybrid PSC structure that makes use of phase locked-loop synchronisation and a hysteresis changeover method. It is shown in this thesis that PSC of the lateral rib rotor RSM is not possible from zero up to ± 0.2 p.u current. It is shown through finite element (FE) simulations that PSC of the ideal rotor RSM however, is possible at zero reference current. A novel construction method is used to build two ideal rotor RSMs. Measured flux linkage curve results of the ideal rotor RSMs correlate well with simulation results and it is shown that the electrical angle of the machine can be tracked successfully at zero reference current. The FE simulation package is used to compare the saliency of the RSM on a per-unit scale to three types of field intensified permanent magnet (FI-PM) synchronous machines and a field weakening interior permanent magnet synchronous machine. It is shown that the saliency of the RSM is larger than that of the investigated PM machines from zero up to rated load. It is thus concluded that the RSM is well suited to saliency-based PSC (SB-PSC) methods, which are used to control synchronous machines at startup and low speeds. The hybrid PSC methods developed in this thesis, are tested and evaluated on three proposed industry applications. The first is a reluctance synchronous wind generator with an inverter output LC filter. The LC filter allows long cables to be used and reduces the voltage stress on the stator windings of the machine. The combination of the LC filter and hybrid PSC method allows the power electronics and controller to be stationed in the base of the turbine tower. A new stator quantity estimation method is derived to omit the need of current and voltage sensors on the machine side of the LC filter. Good maximum power point tracking laboratory results are shown with the high frequency injection-assisted hybrid PSC method. The second application investigated is a position sensorless controlled variable gear electric vehicle (EV) RSM drive. Simulation and measured results show good torque capabilities of the position sensorless controlled EV RSM. It is shown through simulation results that the fundamental current harmonic is dominant in the demodulation scheme of the high frequency injection position sensorless control (HFIPSC) method due to the high current rating of the proposed RSM. The HFI-PSC method is extended to reduce the effect of the fundamental current harmonic in the demodulation scheme without adding any additional filters. The final investigated application is a novel mine scraper winch, which uses two position sensorless controlled RSMs to retrieve ore from the blast site underground. The new design improves on the safety, efficiency and durability of the current scraper winch design. Measured results show that the position sensorless controlled winch RSM is able to deliver rated startup torque with both investigated SB-PSC methods. Finally an automation method is implemented and tested to limited the applied force on the scraper and automatically free itself when stuck. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die posisie sensorlose beheer eienskappe van die reluktansie sinchroonmasjien (RSM) word in hierdie tesis ondersoek met die fokus op industriële toepassings waar varierende dinamiese draaimoment vereis word vanaf stilstand tot by ken spoed. Twee lae spoed- en een ho¨e spoed posisie sensorlose beheer (PSB) metodes vir RSMe is ondersoek. Hierdie metodes is uitgebrei om twee hibriede PSB metodes to skep wat die RSM van stilstand tot by kenspoed posisie sensorloos kan beheer. Die ontwikkelde hibriede metodes maak gebruik van ’n histerese oorskakelings skema en fase geslote lus sinchronisasie Daar word in hierdie tesis bevestig dat die laterale rib RSM nie beheer kan word met die geondersoekte PSB metodes by nul stroom nie. Eindige element simulasie resultate wys egter daarop dat die ideale rotor RSM wel beheer kan word met die geondersoekte metodes by nul stroom. ’n Nuwe konstruksie metode is voorgestel om twee ideale rotor RSMe to bou. Gemete vloed omsluiting kurwes resultate korreleer baie goed met dié van die eindige element simulasies. Gemete resultate wys ook daarop dat PSB van die nuwe masjiene moontlik is by nul stroom. ’n Eindige element pakket is gebruik om die speek-koëffissiënt van die RSM te vergelyk met drie tipes veld-versterkte permanent magneet masjiene, asook een veld verswakte permanent magneet versinkte masjien. Die simulasie resultate wys dat die RSM se speek-koëffissiënt hoër is as die van die geondersoekte permanent magneet masjiene. Die RSM is dus geskik vir speek-koëffissiënt georienteerde PSB metodes, wat hoofsaaklik by stilstand en lae spoed gebruik word. Die ontwikkelde hibried PSB metodes is getoets en geëvalueer met drie voorgestelde industriële toepassings. Die eerste is ’n reluktansie sinchroon wind generator met ’n omsetter uittree laagdeurlaat filter. Die laagdeurlaat filter laat toe dat langer kabels vanaf die omsetter na die generator gebruik kan word. Die kombinasie van die laagdeurlaat filter en die PSB metodes laat toe dat die drywingselektronika en die beheerders in die toring basis geplaas kan word. Dit kan die gewig van die nasel verminder. Goeie maksimum drywingspunt volging laboratorium resultate word getoon met die hoë frekwensie ondersteunde hibried PSB metode. Die tweede geondersoekte toepassing is ’n posisie sensorlose beheerde, varierende ratkas elektriese voertuig RSM. Goeie simulasie en gemete draaimoment resultate van die RSM word getoon. Simulasie resultate toon dat die fundamentele q-as stroom harmoniek dominant is in die demodulasie skema van die hoë frekwensie PSB metode, as gevolg van die hoë ken stroom van die motor. Die hoë frekwensie PSB metode is uitgebrei om die fundamentele stroom harmoniek te onderdruk in die demodulasie skema sonder om enige filters by te voeg. Die finale toepassing is ’n nuwe myn windas wat van twee posisie sensorlose beheerde RSMe gebruik maak om klippe ondergronds te verplaas vanaf die ontploffings area. Die voorgestelde ontwerp verbeter die huidige ontwerp ten opsigte van die veiligheid, energie effektiwiteit en robuustheid. Gemete resultate wys dat ken draaimoment moontlik is met altwee speek-koëffissiënt metodes. ’n Automasie metode, wat die maksimum draaimoment op die windas beperk en automaties homself bevry indien hy vasval, is voorgestel en geëvalueer.

Pour certaines applications de positionnement dans les systèmes embarqués la puissance ou les couples mis jeu en peuvent être faibles. Les actionneurs utilisés pour ces applications sont équipés de machines pas à pas telles que les machines réluctance variable excitées ou non, ou encore des machines synchrones à aimants permanents. En aéronautique, ces actionneurs doivent être les plus compacts possibles et la continuité de service est exigée. La redondance partielle ou totale de l'actionneur est solution permettant d'assurer la continuité de service. Nous avons étudiés plusieurs structures de machines notamment les machines à deux voies d'enroulement pour leurs compacité telles les machines à reluctance variable à excitation homopolaire (MRVH-2C) et les machines synchrones à aimants permanent (MSAP-DE). Dans le but faciliter ou motiver le choix de l'une ou l'autre des structures, nous avons développé des modèles de machines capables de fournir des informations sur les grandeurs mesurables ou non, et sur le comportement des actionneurs. Ainsi à partir d'un calcul éléments finis 2D nous avons mis au point plusieurs modèles couplés EF 2D réseau de perméances de la MRVH-2C qui tiennent compte de l'état de saturation magnétique et du caractère tridimensionnel de cette machine. Ceux-ci ont été utilisés pour simuler le comportement de l'actionneur dans différents situations. Toujours pour une application de positionnement à faibles puissance et basse vitesse, nous avons dimensionné, modélisé et simulé une MSAP-DE commandée en boucle fermée et qui, de façon intrinsèque tolère le défaut de court-circuit triphasé grâce à sa résistance de phase qui est élevée / For certain applications of positioning in embedded systems power or torque needed can be low. Actuators used for these applications can be equipped with stepper machinery such as variable reluctance machines excited (or not) or permanent magnets synchronous machine. In aeronautic these actuators should be as compact as possible and continuity of service is required. Partial or total redundancy of the actuator can ensure the continuity of service. We have studied various structures of machines particularly double channel machines for their compactness such as two channels hybrid variable reluctance machines (2C-HVRM) and double channel permanent magnets synchronous machines (DC-PMSM). In the aim of facilitating or of justifying the choice of one or the other of these structures, we have developed models of able to provide information on measurable (or non measurable) features, and the behavior of the actuators. So from a 2D finite element calculation we have developed several coupled 2D FE permeances network models of a 2C-HVRM tacking account of the magnetic saturation state of this machine and its three-dimensional character. These models were used to simulate the behavior of the actuator in different situations. Always for positioning application with low power and low speed, we sized, modeled and simulated a DC-PMSM close loop controlled. That machine is intrinsically tolerant to phase short-circuit fault, thanks to its high phase resistance

Cette thèse propose une nouvelle structure de machine à courant continu pouvant être utilisée dans une application démarreur Stop-Start automobile. Une structure tridimensionnelle à griffes est proposée pour remplacer le stator à plots actuel dans le but de réduire son coût de fabrication. La structure de la machine à griffes est modélisée par un réseau de réluctances permettant la prise en compte de la saturation et de la réaction magnétique d'induit. Grâce à sa rapidité et précision, ce modèle est ensuite intégré dans un processus d’optimisation afin d'obtenir rapidement une machine optimale. Enfin, un prototype de machine à courant continu à griffes est réalisé, montrant ainsi la faisabilité de cette topologie. Par ailleurs, un modèle original combinant réseaux de réluctances et résolution de l'équation de Laplace a été développé pour lever certaines difficultés liées à la modélisation par réseau de réluctances des machines électriques tout en prenant en compte la rotation / This thesis deals with a new DC machine structure that can be used in an automotive Stop-Start starter application. A three-dimensional claw pole stator is proposed to replace the current stator in order to reduce its manufacturing cost. The claw pole machine topology is modeled by a reluctance network to take into account the saturation and the magnetic armature reaction. Thanks to its speed and precision, this model is then integrated in an optimization process to obtain an optimal machine. Finally, a prototype of a machine with DC claws is manufactured to show the feasibility of this topology. Moreover, an original model combining reluctance networks and solving the Laplace equation has been developed to overtake some difficulties related to modeling by reluctance network of electrical machines while taking into account the rotation

Cette thèse de doctorat s'inscrit dans un projet pour le développement du véhicule électrique piloté par la société Renault. Il répond aux prévisions d’exploitation de véhicules électriques pour des déplacements interurbains et urbains afin d’améliorer les aspects environnementaux. L'objectif de nos travaux a été de développer un outil capable de prédire le bruit d'origine électromagnétique produit par des machines à rotor passifs : machine à réluctance variable, sur une large plage de vitesse. Pour cela, le développement d’un modèle vibro-acoustique reposant sur les équations aux dérivées partielles permet d’obtenir une bonne estimation des vibrations et du bruit de la machine pour une force donnée. Cette modélisation analytique couplée à un outil éléments finis, permettant ainsi d’estimer précisément les pressions radiales d’origine magnétique, fournit sous forme de sonagramme le bruit de la machine sur une large plage de vitesse. Cette approche dite hybride « numérique et analytique » offre l’avantage d’un très bon compromis temps de calcul – précision afin de concevoir des machines peu bruyantes. Enfin une analyse des effets de la saturation de ces machines ainsi qu’une analyse harmonique par produit de convolution sont fournis. / This thesis is related to the development of an electric car by Renault. This vehicle respects the constraints in order to improve environmental aspects. The aim of this work is to develop a tool capable of predicting electromagnetic noise generated by motors with passive rotor: switched reluctance machine, for a large range of speed.For that, a vibro-acoustic model based on an analytical approach was developed. It gives a good estimation of the vibrations and noise of the machine for a given force. This analytical model is coupled with Finite Element models which allows accurate estimation of radial Maxwell pressure and gives the sonogram of the radiated noise regarding a large range of speed.The advantage of this “hybrid” approach (Finite Element and analytical) is the very good compromise accuracy/computational time in order to design less noisy motors. Finally, an analysis of the saturation effect and harmonic analysis using convolution were performed.

Cette thèse traite de la modélisation, conception, optimisation ainsi que de la validation expérimentale d'une machine à reluctance variable à double alimentation (BDFRM-Brushless Doubly-Fed Reluctance Machine) destinée aux éoliennes. La BDFRM est notamment considérée comme une alternative viable à la Machine Asynchrone à Double Alimentation (MASDA) dans les systèmes éoliens à vitesse variable. Elle maintient les avantages de coût de la MASDA tout en permettant l'utilisation d'un convertisseur de puissance réduit ainsi que la diminution des coûts d'entretien en raison de son fonctionnement sans balais. Une revue de la littérature fait apparaitre un manque de recherches concernant la définition de procédures de conception pour rendre cette machine plus populaire en général, et dans l'éolien en particulier. L'objectif principal de cette thèse est de contribuer à la maîtrise du processus de conception optimale de la BDFRM en proposant une approche méthodologique basée sur différents niveaux de modélisation et sur l'optimisation. Elle examine comment l'optimisation pourrait être appliquée à toutes les étapes de développement avec des objectifs distincts à évaluer. Plus précisément, elle se focalise sur la définition du problème d'optimisation sous contraintes et sur sa solution itérative en utilisant un algorithme déterministe couplé à des modèles semi-analytiques de différents niveaux. Les activités effectuées au cours de cette thèse peuvent être divisées en cinq parties principales. La première se réfère à l'étude de la BDFRM et de son principe de fonctionnement dans le contexte de l'énergie éolienne. La seconde partie examine les aspects de modélisation électromagnétique de la BDFRM en utilisant différentes approches. Deux modèles orientés pour l'optimisation ont été développés: le Modèle Semi-Analytique (SAM-Semi Analytical Model ) et le modèle multistatique de réseau de reluctances (MSRN-Multi-Static Reluctance Network). La mise en œuvre des modèles axés sur l'optimisation déterministe et leurs vérifications par des simulations utilisant la méthode des éléments finis (MEF) constituent la troisième partie. Il est possible de conclure qu'à partir des résultats de simulation que le SAM a un niveau de précision limité et qu'il est alors recommandé de l'utiliser dans les étapes de prédimensionnement, où le concepteur est plus intéressé par l'acquisition de résultats avec des temps de calcul rapides que par l'obtention d'une plus grande précision. Le MSRN, au contraire, présente des résultats d'une précision remarquable par rapport à la MEF, ce qui donne un compromis très intéressant entre précision et temps de calcul. Cette thèse a permis aussi de spécifier et réaliser un prototype de BDFRM en utilisant une approche d'optimisation présenté en quatrième partie. Ensuite, les données expérimentales obtenues à partir du prototype ont été confrontées aux résultats de la simulation pour valider les modèles, mettant l'accent sur le processus de modulation de flux par le rotor à réluctance, en particulier l'inductance mutuelle entre les enroulements. Bien que les résultats soient dans un sens satisfaisant pour la validation des modèles, il y a des différences qui ont exigés un examen plus approfondie. Une discussion sur les hypothèses les plus probables a donc été effectuée, celle-ci a souligné le rôle important du processus de fabrication de la machine sur ses performances. La cinquième partie explore à travers une étude de cas l'utilisation de la procédure de conception de la BDFRM proposée dans cette thèse pour les éoliennes. En conclusion générale, on peut affirmer que la BDFRM est potentiellement une bonne candidate pour être utilisée dans les systèmes éoliens. Toutefois, les aspects techniques et économiques sur ce choix doivent être encore évalués, en analysant et en comparant la solution globale du système dans le même cadre de recherche avec d'autres solutions alternatives. / This thesis addresses the modeling, design and optimization with experimental validation of the Brushless Doubly-Fed Reluctance Machine (BDFRM) for wind power systems. The BDFRM is being considered as a viable alternative to the Doubly Fed Induction Machine (DFIG) in variable speed wind energy conversion systems. It keeps the cost advantages of the DFIG by allowing the use of a fractionally rated power converter and it has the advantage of reduced maintenance costs due to its brushless operation. A literature review shows that there is still a lack of researches to define a design procedure to make this machine widely used in general and in such application in particular. The main goal of this thesis is to contribute on mastering the BDFRM optimized design by proposing a methodological approach based on different modeling levels and on optimization. It discusses how optimization could be applied in all development stages with distinct objectives to be assessed. More precisely, it draws its attention on setting the optimization problem and on the iterative solution of a constrained inputs/outputs problem by using a deterministic algorithm coupled to analytical-based modeling levels. The activities performed during this thesis can be divided in five main topics. The first refers to the study of the BDFRM and its operating principles in the context of wind power. The second discusses the BDFRM electromagnetic modeling aspects using different approaches. Two optimization-oriented models have been developed: the Semi-Analytical Model (SAM) and the Multi-Static Reluctance Network model (MSRN). The implementation of the models focusing on deterministic optimization and their verification through simulations using Finite Element Analysis (FEA) are considered the third topic. It can be concluded from the simulation results that the SAM has a limited accuracy level and it is recommended to be used in early design stages, where the designer is most interested in fast computation times to test many design variation than in obtaining the results with the highest possible accuracy. The MSRN, on the contrary, presents remarkably precise results when compared to FEA, yielding a very interesting trade-off among accuracy and computation time. This thesis has also allowed to specify and realize a BDFRM prototype using an optimization approach, presented in the fourth part. Then, the experimental data obtained from the prototype has been confronted to the simulation results to validate the models, focusing on the investigation of the flux modulation process by the reluctance rotor, especially the mutual inductance among the windings. Although the results were in a sense satisfactory to validate the models, there have been differences that demanded further investigation. A discussion on the most likely hypothesis for that has been performed, indicating the significant role of the manufacturing process on machine performance. The fifth topic explores through a case study the use of the proposed BDFRM design procedure for wind power applications. As a general conclusion, it can be stated that the BDFRM is potentially a good candidate to be used in wind power systems. However, the technical and economic aspects on this choice must be still assessed, analyzing and comparing the overall system solution of distinct topologies within the same framework. / Esta tese aborda a modelagem, o projeto e a otimização, com validaçãoexperimental, de máquinas de relutância duplamente alimentadas sem escovas (BDFRM)para sistemas de geração de energia eólica.A BDFRM é considerada como uma alternativa viável para o gerador de indução duplamentealimentado (DFIG) em sistemas de geração de energia eólica com variação develocidade. Ela mantém as vantagens de custo da solução com o DFIG, permitindo autilização de um conversor de frequência de potência nominal reduzida, e tem a vantagemadicional de custos de manutenção mais baixos devido a sua operação sem escovas. Umarevisão da literatura evidencia que ainda há uma necessidade de pesquisas na área parade_nir um procedimento de projeto desta máquina para torná-la amplamente utilizada emaplicações em geral e, em particular, para geração eólica.O objetivo principal desta tese é de contribuir para o domínio de técnicas de projetootimizado para a BDFRM através da proposição de uma metodologia baseada em diferentesníveis de modelagem e em otimização. Discute-se como técnicas de otimização podem seraplicadas em todas as fases de desenvolvimento com objetivos distintos. Especi_camente,a metodologia proposta se concentra na de_nição e na solução iterativa de problemas deotimização com restrições nas saídas utilizando um algoritmo determinístico acoplado amodelos semi-analíticos de diferentes níveis.As atividades realizadas durante esta tese podem ser divididas em cinco tópicos principais.O primeiro refere-se ao estudo da BDFRM e seu princípio de funcionamento no contextode geração de energia eólica. O segundo trata dos aspectos de modelagem eletromagnética da BDFRM utilizando diferentes abordagens. Dois modelos orientados à otimizaçãoforam desenvolvidos: o modelo semi-analítico (SAM) e o modelo multi-estático de redes derelutâncias (MSRN). A implementação dos modelos com foco na otimização e a veri_caçãodeles através de simulações com o método de elementos _nitos (FEA) são consideradas aterceira parte. Pode-se concluir, a partir dos resultados de simulação, que o SAM tem umaprecisão limitada e é recomendado para ser utilizado em estágios iniciais de projeto, emque o projetista está mais interessado em cálculos rápidos para testar diversas variações deprojeto do que na obtenção de resultados com a maior precisão possível. O MSRN, ao contrário, apresenta resultados precisos quando comparado aos obtidos com o FEA, resultandonum interessante custo-benefício entre precisão e tempo de cálculo. Nesta tese, fabricou-setambém um protótipo da BDFRM, o qual foi especi_cado utilizando-se otimização e osdetalhes sobre ele são introduzidos na quarta parte. Os dados experimentais obtidos com oprotótipo foram confrontados com os resultados de simulação para validação dos modelos,focando-se na investigação do processo de modulação de _uxo pelo rotor relutância, especialmentea indutância mútua entre os enrolamentos. Embora os resultados obtidos sejamsatisfatórios para validar os modelos, encontraram-se diferenças que exigiram uma investigação mais detalhada. As hipóteses mais prováveis foram investigadas e as conclusõesindicam o papel determinante do processo de fabricação no desempenho da máquina. Oquinto tópico explora através de um estudo de caso a utilização do procedimento de projetoproposto da BDFRM para aplicações de geração de energia eólica.Como conclusão geral, pode-se a_rmar que a BDFRM é potencialmente uma boa candidatapara ser utilizada em sistemas de geração de energia eólica. Contudo, aspectostécnicos e econômicos sobre essa escolha devem ainda ser avaliados, comparando-se asdiferentes topologias existentes sob o mesmo enfoque metodológico.

Orientador: Prof. Dr. José Luis Azcue Puma / Coorientador: Prof. Dr. José Alberto Torrico Altuna / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal do ABC, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Engenharia Elétrica, Santo André, 2018. / Este trabalho apresenta o controle de potência do gerador de relutância variável de 12/8 utilizando o controlador Fuzzy PI auto-ajustável e o controlador P+ressonante para o conversor conectado à rede elétrica. Inicialmente são estudados os princípios de operação da máquina e a topologia do conversor eletrônico de potência. Usando o software de simulação Matlab/Simulink é implementado o modelo da máquina de relutância variável utilizando as curvas características de corrente e de torque. Com o objetivo de controlar a potência gerada pela máquina e utilizando seu modelo matemático dinâmico projeta-se o controlador PI, e implementa-se o controlador Fuzzy PI auto-ajustável para atingir o mesmo objetivo. Assim, projeta-se também um controlador PI para o controle da tensão CC além de um controlador P+ressonante com o objetivo de melhorar a resposta em regime permanente da potência injetada na rede elétrica. Para este propósito é utilizado um conversor monofásico de dois níveis. Os resultados das simulações mostram o bom desempenho do sistema proposto e o controlador de potência é validado também através de resultados experimentais. / This work presents the power control of the 12/8 variable reluctance generator using Fuzzy self-tuning PI controller and the P+resonant controller for the converter connected to the electric network. Initially are studied the principles of operation of the machine and power electronic converter topology. Using the Matlab/Simulink simulation software is implemented the model of switched reluctance machine using the current and its torque characteristic curves. With the purpose of controlling the power generated by the machine and using his dynamic mathematical model is designed the PI controller, and the Fuzzy self-tuning PI controller is implemented to achieve the same objective. So, also is designed a PI controller for control of the link DC, in addition to the P+resonant controller with the objective of improving the response to its steady state of the injected power into the electric network. For this purpose it is used a single-phase two-level converter. The results of the simulations show the good performance of the proposed system and the power controller is validated by experimental results.

La machine à réluctance variable peut être utilisée dans les véhicules électriques où pour des considérations d’autonomie, le rendement est crucial. En raison du fort champ de fuite dans la région de l’entrefer de la machine à réluctance variable due à sa géométrie particulière à pôles saillants, les pertes « cuivre » peuvent devenir conséquentes. Il est alors recommandé de ne pas placer les conducteurs au voisinage de l’entrefer. Cependant, des instructions concrètes pour la conception d’un enroulement optimal sont manquantes. Généralement, les pertes « cuivre » dans les machines électriques sont la somme des pertes Ohm DC classiques et des pertes additionnelles dites par courants de Foucault. Les pertes DC étant constantes à un point de fonctionnement donné, l’optimisation est axée alors sur la réduction des pertes par courants de Foucault en jouant sur la configuration géométrique de l’enroulement. Dans le cas de calculs répétitifs fastidieux, rencontrés par exemple lors des processus de conception et d’optimisation du bobinage des machines électriques, il y a un intérêt significatif à réduire le temps de calcul. Dans ce travail, on présente trois techniques de réduction du modèle et leurs applications dans les analyses par la méthode des éléments finis. Outre l’influence de la fréquence d’alimentation et de la section du conducteur, plusieurs facteurs liés à la configuration de l’enroulement influent sur les pertes additionnelles par courants de Foucault :i) la position du conducteur dans l’encoche au voisinage de la dent du stator ou de la zone de l’entrefer .ii) la disposition des conducteurs envers les lignes du champ magnétique bidimensionnelles de l’encoche .iii) l’utilisation d’un conducteur massif ou multi filamentaire; les filaments sont connectés en parallèle et peuvent permuter leurs positions périodiquement au sein du conducteur tout au long du bobinage. Dans cette thèse, on étudie principalement l’influence de la disposition géométrique des spires dans l’encoche et du type du conducteur utilisé s’il s’agit d’un conducteur massif, en fils de Litz ou en fils torsadés. Les pertes par courants de Foucault sont la conséquence d’un couplage fort électrique-magnétique entre la densité du courant et la variation en fonction du temps du champ magnétique. En utilisant le modèle de Maxwell, ce couplage est décrit par une équation différentielle à dérivée partielle qui ne peut être résolue simplement. La résolution de cette équation utilisant l’approche analytique n’est possible que sous certaines hypothèses simplificatrices qui peuvent dégrader la fiabilité de la solution. La modélisation par la méthode des éléments finis permet quant à elle de prendre en compte le mouvement du rotor et la non-linéarité du circuit magnétique garantissant ainsi une meilleure précision. Néanmoins, cela conduit à une large capacité de stockage et à un temps de calcul substantiel qui peut entraver tout processus de conception ou d’optimisation. Pour surmonter ce problème, on propose dans ce manuscrit trois techniques de réduction du modèle. Ces techniques assurent une réduction efficace de la taille du système matriciel associé à la modélisation par la méthode des éléments finis et diminuent par conséquent le temps de calcul : i) une réduction spatiale qui évite une modélisation en 3D des conducteurs complexes en fils torsadés et en fils de Litz et propose une modélisation 2D satisfaisante .ii) la technique de la perturbation. iii) la réduction de l’ordre du modèle utilisant la méthode de la décomposition orthogonale aux valeurs propres combinée à la méthode d’interpolation empirique discrète. La comparaison du modèle réduit à un modèle complet de référence montre l’efficacité de la réduction du modèle à réduire le temps de calcul tout en restant en deçà d’une erreur de précision acceptable. / The switched reluctance machine can be used in hybrid or electric vehicle where, for autonomy considerations, energy efficiency is crucial. Because of the strong stray field in the air-gap region of the switched reluctance machine due to its salient pole geometry, the copper losses can become substantial. It is firmly recommended therefore not to place the coil conductors near the air-gap region. Nevertheless, concrete instructions for optimal winding design are missing. The copper losses in electrical machines are subdivided into classical DC ohmic losses and additional eddy current losses occurring due to the time varying magnetic fields penetrating the copper conductors. Based on the fact that the DC losses are constant at a given operating point, the optimization is focused on reducing the eddy current losses by modifying the winding geometry configuration. In the case of tedious repetitive calculations, met for example during design and optimization processes of electrical machine windings, there is a significant interest in reducing the computation time. This work suggests three model reduction techniques and their applications in the finite element analyses.Besides the frequency of the excitation current and the cross section of the coil conductors, several factors related to the winding configuration can affect the addition al eddy current losses:i) the coil conductor position in the winding slot especially near the stator pole or close to the air gapii) the disposition of the coil conductor against the two-dimensional flux lines in the slot windingiii) the subdivision of the solid conductor into multiple parallel strands swapping their positions periodically in the conductor cross section throughout the length of the machine winding.This thesis mainly studies the influence of the geometric coils disposition in the slot windings and the type of the conductor used whether it is solid or stranded, with Litz or twisted wires.The eddy current losses exit through the strong electro-magnetic coupling between the electric current density and the time dependent magnetic flux lines penetrating the conductors; it is described mathematically by a partial differential equation that cannot be solved easily. The analytical approach, which is used practically for a quick resolution of the strong electro-magnetic coupling equation, is only possible under certain simplifying assumptions that deteriorate brutally the reliability of the copper losses calculation. The finite element modeling as for it, allows taking into account the rotor motion and the non-linear behavior of the magnetic circuit, thus ensuring a higher accuracy. However, it leads under these conditions to a substantial calculation time and requires large storage capacity. These constraints are critical and may hinder therefore any process of conception or optimization. In this thesis, we suggest three different model reduction techniques that can be effective in reducing the size of large scale complete finite element models and enable therefore to shorten the computational time:i) the spatial reduction avoiding the 3D modeling which seems required in the case of twisted and Litz wires and suggesting an alternative satisfactory 2D modeling.ii) the perturbation technique.iii) the model order reduction using the proper orthogonal decomposition combined with the discrete empirical interpolation method.The comparison between the reduced model solutions to that of the complete finite element model has proved the effectiveness of the proposed model reduction techniques; they allow shrinking the required computational time while staying below an acceptable error of accuracy.

QC 20111214

Thesis (MScEng (Electrical and Electronic Engineering))--University of Stellenbosch, 2006. / This thesis is about the dynamic control of a permanent magnet assisted reluctance synchronous machine (PMA RSM). The PMA RSM in this thesis is a 110 kW traction machine and is ideal for the use in electrical rail vehicles. An application of the dynamic control of the PMA RSM in electrical rail vehicles is to reduce wheel slip. The mathematical model of the PMA RSM is derived and explained in physical terms. Two methods of current control for the PMA RSM are investigated, namely constant field current control (CFCC) and constant current angle control (CCAC). It is shown that CCAC is more appropriate for the PMA RSM. A current controller for the PMA RSM that guarantees stability is derived and given as an analytic formula. This current controller can be used for any method of current control, i.e. CFCC or CCAC. An accurate simulation model for the PMA RSM is obtained using results from finite element analysis (FEA). The accurate model is used in a simulation to verify CCAC. A normal proportional integral speed controller for the PMA RSM is designed and the design is also verified by simulation. Practical implementation of the current and speed controllers is considered along with a general description of the entire drive system. The operation of the resolver (for position measurement) is given in detail. Important safety measures and the design of the electronic circuitry to give protection are shown. Practical results concerning current and speed control are then shown. To improve the dynamic performance of the PMA RSM, a load torque observer with compensation current feedback is investigated. Two observer structures are considered, namely the reduced state observer and the full state observer. The derivation of the full state observer and the detail designs of the observer elements are given. The accurate simulation model of the PMA RSM is used to verify the operation of the observer structures and to evaluate the dynamic performance. Both observer structures are implemented practically and practical results are shown. One method of position sensorless control, namely the high frequency voltage injection method, is discussed in terms of the PMA RSM. This work is additional to the thesis but it is shown, because it raises some interesting questions regarding the dynamic control of the PMA RSM.