Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T15:01:35Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 PedroHSO_DISSERT.pdf: 2680953 bytes, checksum: 2a5742ac4e3d4679d06b09232988727f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-07-24 / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior / In wastewater treatment, activated sludge systems have been a technology widely applied as secondary treatment. During this step, which has a strong biological aspect, it is necessary to introduce oxygen supply for the maintenance of metabolic activity of the bacteria through the aerators. Aeration devices are responsible for most of the energy consumption in this stage. In this background, the influence of three aeration intensities (atmospheric air flow 3.5, 7.0 and 10.5 L.min-1) and the concentration of dissolved oxygen (DO) on the dimension of activated sludge flocs as well as on the efficiency of organic matter removal were assessed using a traditional activated sludge system which was fed with synthetic domestic wastewater. Samples were taken weekly from the three units that make up the system feed, aeration and storage tank in order to verify the Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD). It was established the process efficiency through a comparison between the initial and final COD. Besides the parameters already mentioned, this monitoring work on activated sludge batch system was also observed by Mixed Liquor Suspend Solids (MLSS), Volatile Suspend Solids (VSS), pH and temperature measures. The results have showed a maximum removal efficiency around 75% in the first aeration sequence and approximately 85% for the second and third one. For the first aeration, the DO concentration remained higher than 3.0 mg.L-1 and a diameter range from 10 to 60 μm was observed. In the second e third sequence, the DO concentration remained higher than 4.0 mg.L-1 with a diameter range of 10 until 200 μm. Although the sequence 1 and 2 have presented similar performances for organic matter removal, the sequence 2 promoted a regular floc size distribution and with lower values of Sludge Volumetric Index (SVI) meaning a better flocculating ability. In addition, the results reaffirmed what the literature has reported: higher DO concentrations produce flocs with greater dimensions / No tratamento de ?guas residu?rias, os sistemas de lodos ativados t?m sido uma tecnologia largamente aplicada como tratamento secund?rio. Durante essa etapa, a qual possui uma caracter?stica fortemente biol?gica, ? necess?rio o fornecimento de oxig?nio para a manuten??o da atividade metab?lica das bact?rias atrav?s de aeradores. Os dispositivos de aera??o s?o respons?veis pela maior parte do consumo de energia ao longo dessa fase. Nesse contexto, a influ?ncia de tr?s intensidades de aera??o (vaz?o de ar atmosf?rico de 3,5, 7,0 e 10, 5 L.min-1) e a concentra??o de oxig?nio dissolvido (OD) sobre a dimens?o de flocos de lodo ativado, e bem como sobre a efici?ncia de remo??o foram avaliadas utilizando um sistema tradicional de lodos ativados alimentado com efluente dom?stico sint?tico. Amostras foram retiradas semanalmente das tr?s unidades que compunham o sistema tanque de alimenta??o, de aera??o e de armazenamento para verificar a Demanda Qu?mica de Oxig?nio (DQO). A efici?ncia do processo foi estabelecida atrav?s da compara??o entre a DQO inicial e final. Al?m dos par?metros j? mencionados, este trabalho de monitoramento do sistema de lodos ativados de bancada foi observado tamb?m por meio de medi??es de S?lidos em Suspens?o Totais (SST) e Vol?teis (SSV), pH e temperatura. Os resultados mostraram uma efici?ncia m?xima de remo??o de quase 75% na primeira sequ?ncia de aera??o e aproximadamente 85% para a segunda e terceira sequ?ncias. Para a primeira aera??o, a concentra??o de OD manteve-se maior que 3,0 mg.L-1 e uma faixa de di?metro de 10 a 60 μm foi observada, enquanto que na segunda e terceira sequ?ncia, a concentra??o de OD permaneceu superior a 4,0 mg.L-1 com uma faixa de di?metro de 10 a 200 μm. Embora a sequ?ncia 2 e 3 tenham apresentado, ambas, desempenhos similares para remo??o de mat?ria org?nica, a sequ?ncia 3 promoveu uma distribui??o de tamanho de flocos mais regular e com baixos valores de ?ndices Volum?tricos do Lodo (IVL), configurando em uma melhor habilidade de sedimenta??o. Em adi??o, os resultados reafirmam o que literatura tem relatado, maiores concentra??es de OD produzem flocos com maiores dimens?es

Les estrogènes et les bêtabloquants transitent quotidiennement par les réseaux d’assainissement et les stations d’épuration des eaux résiduaires urbaines. Une première partie de ce travail a consisté à développer des méthodes pour analyser ces micropolluants émergents dans les boues de station d’épuration et les matières en suspension. L’efficacité des traitements épuratoires a ensuite été évaluée vis-à-vis de l’élimination de ces molécules. En règle générale, les 5 estrogènes étudiés (estrone, 17α- et 17β-estradiol, estriol, 17α-éthinylestradiol) sont plutôt bien éliminés par les stations d’épuration avec des efficacités d’élimination généralement supérieures à 90%. Pour les 10bêtabloquants analysés (acébutolol, aténolol, bêtaxolol, bisoprolol, métoprolol, nadolol, oxprénolol,propranolol, sotalol et timolol), des comportements différents ont été observés. Alors que l’acébutololet le nadolol sont éliminés (abattements moyens supérieurs à 80%), d’autres molécules comme lesotalol et le propranolol ne sont que peu impactées par les traitements épuratoires (abattements moyens inférieurs à 20%). Pour les autres bêtabloquants étudiés, des abattements intermédiaires (entre 40 et 70%) sont observés. Excepté le propranolol, qui est le plus hydrophobe des bêtabloquants étudiés, les molécules ciblées dans cette étude s’adsorbent peu sur les matières en suspension (en moyenne 90% des molécules se trouvent dans la phase dissoute) et ne sont pas concentrées dans les boues ; les abattements mesurés correspondent donc, sauf pour le propranolol,à une biodégradation et pas à un transfert des micropolluants vers les boues. Les molécules résiduelles non éliminées par le traitement épuratoire rejoignent le milieu aquatique récepteur. Les rejets de station d’épuration représentent en effet une source de contamination pour les milieux aquatiques et l’impact de ces rejets est visible, notamment en termes d’augmentation des concentrations de micropolluants mesurées dans le milieu. Néanmoins, les faibles concentrations mesurées ne semblent pas individuellement représenter de risque environnemental majeur ; seul le propranolol a présenté sur 4 des 15 sites étudiés un quotient de risque supérieur à 1 ce qui indique un risque environnemental probable. Cependant, même si le risque associé à une molécule est faible,chaque molécule présente dans l’environnement contribue au potentiel toxique global des substances présentes dans l’environnement. / Estrogens and beta blockers are daily excreted by human beings and wastewater treatmentplants are recognised as the main pathway of these emerging micropollutants to the aquaticenvironment. This study aims at analyzing 5 estrogens (estrone, 17α- and 17β-estradiol, estriol, 17α-ethynylestradiol) and 10 beta blockers (acebutolol, atenolol, betaxolol, bisoprolol, metoprolol, nadolol, oxprenolol, propranolol, sotalol et timolol) in urban wastewater treatment plants and surface waters.First of all, methods were developed for the analysis of target molecules in sewage sludge and suspended particulate matters. Then, estrogens and beta blockers were studied in urban wastewater treatment plants. Generally, wastewater treatments are efficients to remove estrogens fromwastewater with mean removal rates above 90%. For beta blockers, acebutolol and nadolol areefficiently removed (mean removal rates of about 80%), while sotalol and propranolol are hardlyimpacted by wastewater treatment (mean removal rates below 20%). Other studied beta blockerspresent intermediate removal rates (between 40 and 70%). Except propranolol which is the lesshydrophilic molecule among the different studied beta blockers, target molecules are not adsorbed onsuspended particulate matters (mean proportion of 90% of the target molecules are present in the dissolved phase) and are not concentrated into sludge. So, calculated removal rates correspond,except for propranolol, to biodegradation and not to transfer into sludge. Residual molecules which are not removed by wastewater treatment reach the aquatic environment. The impact of wastewater treatment plants on the receiving rivers was studied showing a clear increase of target molecules concentrations near the wastewater treatment plants outfall. However, only propranolol presented an environmental risk ratio in the range or above 1 showing a possible environmental risk in 4 studied receiving waters out of 15. Never the less, even if no specific toxic effects are pointed out, each molecule contributes to the overall toxic potential of the substances present in the aquatic environment.

In the introductory part of this diploma thesis the pesticidal substances and their legislative requirements in drinking water are described. This is followed by a description of technologies in which pesticides can be removed and used in water treatment plants. In the practical part of the thesis is described description of the experimental procedure of the removal of pesticides on two selected adsorption materials (Filtrasorb F100 and Bayoxide E33) and subsequently this experiment is evaluated.

M. Tech. (Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Applied and Computer Sciences) Vaal University of Technology. / Pollution of aquatic systems by wastewater containing pathogens, heavy metals and high concentrations of nutrients is of great concern due the ecological risks they impose. The toxic effects of metals may occur even at low concentrations because of potential bio magnification in the food chain. Excessive nutrients cause algal blooms which depletes oxygen and prevents sunlight from penetrating into the water, thereby killing fish and other aquatic organisms. This study investigated the pollutant removal efficiency of a riparian wetland located in Sebokeng, Emfuleni local municipality, South Africa. The study was carried out to assess the water quality of a wetland located downstream of the Sebokeng wastewater treatment plant by monitoring and analysing the physico-chemical parameters which included pH, temperature, electrical conductivity, nutrient levels (nitrates, phosphates, nitrites) and heavy metals. The water samples were collected from the effluent discharge of the treatment plant, upstream and downstream of the wetland. Plant uptake of heavy metals in a riparian wetland, nitrification as well as denitrification processes have been historically recorded as the main processes that contribute to the high removal of pollutants in a wetland. The contaminant concentrations of the influent and the effluent were used to estimate the wetland efficiency in improving the water quality that passes through it and its potential effects on improving the quality of irrigation waters. The heavy metals of interest included Al, Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Pb, Mn and Zn. Most heavy metals within the wetland occurred at low concentrations (lower than detectable limits and within the discharge limits for irrigation purposes). The results indicate that the average removal efficiencies for Electrical Conductivity (EC), Total coliforms (TC), E. coli, BOD5, COD, TSS, carbonate hardness, aluminium, iron, manganese, copper, nitrite, nitrate, sulfate and ortho-phosphate were 43 %, 51%, 85%, 60%, 61%, 61%, 21%, 67%, 52%, 51%, 83%, 56%, 89%, 49% and 54% respectively. The study showed that this wetland can provide up to 89% removal efficiency of pollutants. Of particular significance was the high pathogen and nutrient removal efficiency. A t-test was performed in order to determine the statistical significance of the wetland pollutant removal efficiencies. All p-values calculated were well below 0.05 and the removal efficiencies are therefore considered statistically significant. For this particular ecosystem the findings show that there is no great concern about metal pollution since most of the metals tested for were below the minimum limit for irrigation stipulated by the South African water regulation department (DWAF 1996a). Therefore, the wetland effluent water qualifies for both agriculture and landscape irrigation. Future considerations in choosing to use wetlands as a polishing facility for wastewater treatment systems are highlighted in the study.

This study was carried out to evaluate the performance of Soil Aquifer Treatment (SAT) under different loading regimes, using wastewater of much higher strength than usually encountered in SAT systems, and also to investigate the removal of the endocrine disruptors triclocarban (TCC), estrone (E1), 17¿-estradiol (E2) and 17¿- ethinylestradiol (EE2). SAT was simulated in the laboratory using a series of soil columns under saturated and unsaturated conditions. Investigation of the removal of Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD), Dissolved Organic Carbon (DOC), nitrogen and phosphate in a 2 meter long saturated soil column under a combination of constant hydraulic loading rates (HLRs) and variable COD concentrations as well as variable HLR under constant COD showed that at fixed HLR, a decrease in the influent concentrations of DOC, BOD, total nitrogen and phosphate improved their removal efficiencies. It was found that COD mass loading applied as low COD wastewater infiltrated over short residence times would provide better effluent quality than the same mass applied as a COD with higher concentration at long residence times. On the other hand relatively high concentrations coupled with long residence time gave better removal efficiency for organic nitrogen. Phosphate removal though poor under all experimental conditions, was better at low HLRs. In 1 meter saturated and unsaturated soil columns, E2 was the most easily removed estrogen, while EE2 was the least removed. Reducing the thickness of the unsaturated zone had a negative impact on removal efficiencies of the estrogens whereas increased DOC improved the removal in the saturated columns. Better removal efficiencies were also obtained at lower HLRs and in the presence of silt and clay. Sorption and biodegradation were found to be responsible for TCC removal in a 300 mm long saturated soil column, the latter mechanism however being unsustainable. TCC removal efficiency was dependent on the applied concentration and decreased over time and increased with column depth. Within the duration of the experimental run, TCC negatively impacted on treatment performance, possibly due to its antibacterial property, as evidenced by a reduction in COD removals in the column. COD in the 2 meter column under saturated conditions was modelled successfully with the advection dispersion equation with coupled Monod kinetics. Empirical models were also developed for the removal of TCC and EE2 under saturated and unsaturated conditions respectively. The empirical models predicted the TCC and EE2 removal profiles well. There is however the need for validation of the models developed / Netherlands Organisation for International Cooperation in Higher Education (Nuffic) / The Appendix files for this thesis are unavailable online via Bradford Scholars.

Per- and polyfluorinated substances (PFAS) are used in many areas of application due to their many beneficial properties such as heat resistance. insulator and water- and oil repellent. PFAS containing products can often be found in landfills and their leachate. This study compares the two common treatment techniques granulated activated carbon (GAC) and anion exchange (AIX) for treating groundwater at a landfill site. The removal efficiencies of the PFAS found at the site were determined for both methods as well as the cost of treatment for removal efficiencies at 99, 95, 90, 85, 80 and 50 % for one cubic metre of groundwater. Twenty different PFAS were found and the removal efficiency of ∑PFAS ranged between 4 – 90 % for two stage GAC and 30 – 100% for AIX. Within the groups perfluoroalkyl carboxylic acid (PFCA) and perfluorosulfonic acid (PFSA), both methods were most efficient in removing long chains. PFSA generally had a higher removal efficiency than PFCA. The cost of removing PFAS was related to the removal efficiency. Since AIX had a higher removal efficiency the cost became lower, despite the filter media costing nearly seven times more than GAC’s. The costs of removing PFCA and PFSA were 3.1 – 32 and 2.3 – 6.5 euros/m3 groundwater for removal of 50 – 99% using AIX. For GAC, the cost could not be calculated for 99 % removal since the removal efficiencies were too low for the Lin and Huang adsorption model to work. For 50 – 95% removal the costs for PFCA and PFSA were 2.9 – 23.1 and 2.8 – 6.9 euros/m3 groundwater.

Large and ever-increasing numbers of chemicals, including large quantities of a broad spectrum of organic compounds are used in modern society. More than 30 000 of the more than 100 000 chemical substances registered in the EU are estimated to be daily used, of which many will be discharged into the waste-streams handled by municipal sewage treatment plants (STPs). The main objective of the work underlying this thesis was to improve understanding of the relationships between the characteristics of sewage contaminants and their sewage treatment efficiency. Further objectives were to examine the relationships between socio-economic uses of chemicals and sludge quality, and the effects of regulatory actions on sludge quality. The quality of the sewage sludge and the levels and distribution patterns of the sludge contaminants, both within and between the STPs, seem to remain quite constant over time. The overall findings indicate that the levels of contaminants in sewage sludge seem to be largely independent of the location, size and treatment techniques applied at the STPs, and generally, of the types of human activity connected to them. The total and relative concentrations of the sludge contaminants were found to be fairly constant on a dry weight basis, with some exceptions, indicating that the pollutants originate from broad usage and diffuse dispersion rather than (industrial) point sources. The proportion of cyclic methylsiloxanes recovered in sludge seems to strongly depend on their vapour pressure, which decreases with the number of siloxane units. The higher water solubility and biodegradability of organophosphorus flame retardants and plasticizers than polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) were also reflected in lower percentages (relative to their national use) found in sludge. Significant time-trends in levels of a-third of the sludge contaminants included in the annual national measurement program were detected over a period of seven years. The levels of compounds displaying significant time-trends generally decreased following declines in the quantities used nationally. However, a quarter of these compounds showed increasing trends, of which the linear methylsiloxanes followed the same trend as used quantities. The decaBDE was also found to be increasing in sludge, probably as a result of the phase-out of pentaBDE and octaBDE. The results indicate that the STP removal efficiency of anthropogenic substances, in Sweden, is generally good and that STPs, at least those in cold climates, do not efficiently remove certain polar contaminants. A non-targeted screening (by use of environmetrics and GCxGC-TOFMS) was performed and found to fulfil the objective to assess the STP removal efficiency, with emphasis to systematically analyse which compound classes that are not efficiently removed using the current STP technology. Many polar aromatic compounds were identified to be poorly removed. The acquired data on levels, profiles and variations in sludge contaminants (sludge quality) extend both the available information and understanding of the degree and nature of sludge contamination, which should help attempts to track changes in its contaminants and revisions, if necessary, of guideline values. This thesis also contributes to improve the knowledge base for the development of future STP technologies, and that archived sewage sludge can be used in retrospective analysis of new and emerging pollutants.

Submitted by Marilene Donadel (marilene.donadel@unioeste.br) on 2018-04-26T20:42:12Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Caroline_Ribeiro_2018.pdf: 4186138 bytes, checksum: e15fcfac07f7fe535fcafad4cba066dd (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-04-26T20:42:12Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Caroline_Ribeiro_2018.pdf: 4186138 bytes, checksum: e15fcfac07f7fe535fcafad4cba066dd (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-02-27 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / This work focused on the characterization of an effluent of a recycling and recovery industry of automotive batteries and on the feasibility evaluation of different materials, a biosorbent (fish scales - FS), a mineral (dolomite - DL) and a commercial material (cationic resin - CR) combined use in the removal of heavy metals. The studied materials were physico-chemically and morphologically characterized (pHpzc, MEV-EDS, FTIR and XRD) before and after their use in the removal processes in order to understand the structural modifications of the materials. In addition, the elemental composition of the liquid and solid phases after the treatment process were evaluated by TXRF analysis. The effluent presented an extremely acidic characteristic (pH = 1) and the incidence of heavy metals above the legislation discharging limits (Fe, Zn and Pb). Due to the structural characteristics and its respective functional groups, each adsorbent material presented different functional groups and different behavior in solution, which led to different removal and neutralization capacities. The CR presented the highest removal capacity of the metallic ions, mainly governed by an ion exchange process. Whilst the FS and DL presented lower removal capacities following complex simultaneous phenomena such as dissolution, complexation, precipitation and adsorption. On spite of that, the FS and DL presented a great neutralization capacity (i.e. pH elevation of the extremely acidic medium), related to the leaching of its alkaline constituents. By considering the generation of chemical sludge as a key factor in the work, aiming its mitigation and the better quality of the treated effluent, it was verified that the sequential application of these materials in hybrid process could be a promising and feasible alternative, by taking advantage of the particular characteristics of each material both in the neutralization and heavy metals’ removal. In this way, the use of DL, FS and CR in combined hybrid processes was evaluated, initially in batch system. Amongst the evaluated ones, the DL-CR hybrid process, in which the dolomite was used for the effluent neutralization up to pH = 5 followed by CR for the metallic ions removal presented better results. Therefore, the DL-CR hybrid process showed the highest percentages of metal removal (99, 73 and 100%, respectively, for Fe, Zn and Pb), as well as the lowest generation of chemical sludge by the end of the processes. In addition, the pre-neutralization (pH = 5 achieved by the DL) provided greater chemical stability of the CR. Subsequently, the DL-RC hybrid process was employed in fixed bed, evaluating the possibility of adsorption-desorption cycles aiming at the resin reuse and recovery of heavy metals. Different affinities of each metal ions by the RC for the multicomponent system (Pb> Fe> Zn) were identified, which were associated with the properties of each species as radius of hydration, valence and electron affinity. The possibility of the RC use in recycle was verified, in which similar removal capacities to the previous cycle and compatible with the levels of disposal of legislation - in terms of concentration of heavy metals as well as pH - was reached. These results demonstrate the potential of the hybrid treatment process, however, the fixed bed operating conditions such as bed height and volumetric flow still can be optimized in order to maximize mass transfer efficiency in the bed. Therefore, considering that the DL-RC hybrid process was able to overcome the treatment drawbacks of such type of effluent, due to its extremely acidic character and the complex multicomponent composition of heavy metals in solution, the process can be considered viable in technical and operational terms. In general, the cooperative use between DL and RC in hybrid process presents a remarkable potential in the neutralization and treatment of heavy metals from the battery recycling industry. / Este trabalho enfocou na caracterização de um efluente de uma indústria de reciclagem-recuperação de baterias automotivas e na avaliação de viabilidade de utilização combinada de diferentes materiais, um biossorvente (escamas de peixe - ES), um mineral (dolomita - DL) e uma material comercial (resina catiônica - RC) na remoção de metais pesados. Os materiais estudados foram caracterizados físico-química e morfologicamente (pHpzc, MEV-EDS, FTIR e DRX) antes e após sua utilização nos processos de remoção visando compreender as modificações ocorridas na sua estrutura. Além disso, a composição elementar das fases líquida e sólida após o processo de tratamento foram avaliadas por análise TXRF. O efluente apresentou caráter extremamente ácido (pH=1) e presença de metais pesados acima dos limites da legislação de descarte (Fe, Zn e Pb). Devido às características estruturais e seus respectivos grupos funcionais, cada material adsorvente apresentou comportamentos distintos em solução, o que levou a diferentes capacidades de remoção e neutralização. A RC apresentou a maior capacidade de remoção dos íons metálicos, governada majoritariamente por um processo de troca iônica. enquanto que a ES e a DL apresentaram menores capacidades de remoção seguindo fenômenos simultâneos complexos como dissolução, complexação, precipitação e adsorção. Por outro lado, a ES e a DL, apresentaram uma grande capacidade de elevação do pH dos meios extremamente ácidos, relacionado à lixiviação dos seus constituintes alcalinos. Ao considerar a geração de lama química como um fator chave no trabalho, visando sua mitigação e o a melhor qualidade do efluente tratado, verificou-se que a aplicação desses materiais de forma sequencial em processo híbrido poderia ser viável e promissora, considerando as características particulares de cada um desses materiais, tanto na neutralização quanto para remoção de metais pesados. Neste sentido, avaliou-se o uso da DL, ES e RC em processos híbridos combinados em sistema batelada, sendo o processo híbrido DL-RC, o qual empregou a dolomita na neutralização do efluente até o pH = 5 seguido pela RC para remoção dos íons metálicos a combinação que apresentou melhores resultados. O processo híbrido DL-RC apresentou as maiores porcentagens de remoção dos metais (99, 73 e 100%, respectivamente, para Fe, Zn e Pb), bem como a menor geração de lama química ao final dos processos. Além disso, a pré-neutralização (pH = 5 alcançado pela DL) proporcionou uma maior estabilidade química da RC. Posteriormente, empregou-se o processo híbrido DL-RC em leito fixo avaliando-se, ainda, a possibilidade de ciclos de adsorção-dessorção visando a reutilização da resina e recuperação dos metais pesados. Identificou-se diferentes afinidades de cada íon metálico com a RC para o sistema multicomponente (Pb > Fe > Zn), associadas às propriedades de cada espécie como raio de hidratação, valência e eletroafinidade. Verificou-se a possibilidade do uso da RC em reciclo, atingindo-se capacidades de remoção similares ao ciclo anterior e compatíveis com os níveis de descarte de legislação em termos de concentração de metais pesados bem como de pH. Tais resultados evidenciam o potencial do processo híbrido de tratamento, no entanto, as condições operacionais do leito fixo como a altura do leito e vazão volumétrica ainda podem ser otimizadas visando a maximização da eficiência de transferência de massa no leito. Desta forma, considerando-se que o processo híbrido DL-RC foi capaz de contornar a problemática do tratamento de tais efluentes dado seu caráter extremamente ácido e a complexa composição multicomponente de metais pesados em solução o processo pode ser considerado viável em termos técnico-operacionais. No geral, o uso cooperativo entre DL e RC em processo híbrido apresenta notável potencial na neutralização e tratamento de metais pesados provenientes da indústria de reciclagem de baterias.

Dagvatten kallas det regn- och smältvatten som rinner av från hårdgjorda ytor i stadsmiljön. Detta vatten för ofta med sig stora mängder av föroreningar som tungmetaller, näringsämnen och oljerelaterade ämnen, vilka kan göra stor skada om de når recipienter. För att rena dagvattnet och därmed minska föroreningsbelastningen byggs det allt fler öppna dagvattensystem som t.ex. våtmarker och dammar. Studier har visat att dessa system har hög reningseffekt och dessutom är de kostnadseffektiva. Kunskapen om hur avskiljningen i dessa system fungerar och om hur de bäst utvärderas är dock begränsad. Kungsängsdammen utanför Uppsala är en nybyggd dagvattenanläggning som är avsedd att rena och fördröja dagvattnet från industri- och handelsområdet Boländerna. Detta examensarbete syftar till att utreda reningsfunktionen av anläggningen. Framför allt genomfördes flödesproportionell provtagning vid inlopp och utlopp under 8 veckor. Ämnen som analyserades var näringsämnena P och N, suspenderat material, tungmetallerna As, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Mo, Ni, Pb, V, Zn och oljekolväten. Vid några tillfällen analyserades också de oljerelaterade organiska föreningarna PAH:er, oktyl- och nonylfenoler samt tributyltenn. Flödesproportionell provtagning rekommenderas för att säkert avgöra avskiljningseffektiviteten av en damm, men nackdelen är att den tar mycket tid och stora resurser i anspråk. Utöver denna metod genomfördes kompletterande mätningar med sedimentfällor samt en beräkning av föroreningsbelastning vid inloppet med programmet StormTac. Den flödesproportionella provtagningen visade att Kungsängsdammen fungerar väl som avskiljningsanläggning för föroreningar. Suspenderat material, näringsämnen och tungmetaller avskiljs effektivt och utloppshalterna understiger föreslagna riktvärden för dagvatten. Detta trots att både zink, koppar, kväve och suspenderat material hade inloppshalter som låg över riktvärdena. Flödesberäkningar visade att andelen av flödet som bräddas i bypass-diket förbi dammen är viktig vid bedömning av avskiljningseffektiviteten. För organiska föreningar uppmättes tributyltenn i halter över miljökvalitetsnormen för ytvatten både vid inlopp och vid utlopp. Inloppskoncentrationer framräknade i StormTac gav överensstämmande resultat med den flödesproportionella provtagningen för tungmetaller och näringsämnen. Vidare visade undersökningen av sediment att sedimentationen sker främst i fördiket och i inloppet till dammen. Fördiket är i stort behov av rensning, då sediment riskerar att spolas bort vid höga flöden. / Stormwater is the name for rainwater and snowmelt runoff from impervious surfaces in the urban environment. This water often carries large amounts of pollutants such as heavy metals, nutrients, and oil-related substances, which can cause great damage if they reach the receiving waters. To clean the storm water and thus reduce the pollution load, more and more open storm water systems are being built, such as wetlands and ponds. Studies have shown that these systems have high pollutant removal efficiency and are cost effective. Knowledge of how these systems work and how they best are evaluated is limited. “Kungsängsdammen” near Uppsala is a newly constructed stormwater facility that is designed to clean and retard stormwater from the industrial and commercial area Boländerna. This thesis aims to investigate the purification function of the facility. Flow proportional sampling was carried out at the inlet and outlet for 8 weeks. Substances that were analyzed were nutrients P and N, suspended solids, heavy metals As, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Mo, Ni, Pb, V, Zn and petroleum hydrocarbons. On some occasions, the petroleum-related organic parameters PAHs, octyl and nonylphenols and tributyltin were analyzed. Flow proportional sampling is recommended to determine the efficiency of a stormwater pond, but the problem is that it takes much time and considerable resources. In addition to this method, additional measurements were carried out with sediment traps, and a calculation of pollution load at the inlet with the program StormTac. The flow proportional sampling showed that the “Kungsängsdammen” pond-, functions well as a treatment facility for pollutions. Suspended solids, nutrients and heavy metals are separated effectively and the outlet concentrations for these substances were below proposed guideline values. This is observed, despite the fact that zinc, copper, nitrogen and suspended solids had intake concentrations above the guideline values. Flow calculations showed that the bypass flow is important when estimating the pollutant removal efficiency. For organic compounds, tributyltin was measured at concentrations above the Environmental Quality Standards (EQS) for surface water both at the inlet and outlet. The inlet concentrations that were calculated in StormTac were consistent with the results of the flow proportional sampling for heavy metals and nutrients. Moreover, the investigation of sediments showed that sedimentation occurs mainly in the ditch before the pond and at the inlet to the pond. The ditch is in need of cleansing, because of the risk of sediment being washed away during high flows. The flow proportional sampling showed that the “Kungsängsdammen” pond-, functions wellas a treatment facility for pollutions. Suspended solids, nutrients and heavy metals are separated effectively and the outlet concentrations for these substances were below proposedguideline values. This is observed, despite the fact that zinc, copper, nitrogen and suspended solids had intake concentrations above the guideline values. Flow calculations showed that the bypass flow is important when estimating the pollutant removal efficiency. For organiccompounds, tributyltin was measured at concentrations above the Environmental Quality Standards (EQS) for surface water both at the inlet and outlet. The inlet concentrations that were calculated in StormTac were consistent with the results of the flow proportional sampling for heavy metals and nutrients. Moreover, the investigation of sediments showedthat sedimentation occurs mainly in the ditch before the pond and at the inlet to the pond. The ditch is in need of cleansing, because of the risk of sediment being washed away during high flows.

Antibiotics are biologically active and are globally used in humans and animal medicine for treatment and in sub-therapeutic amounts as growth promoters in animal husbandry, aquaculture and agriculture. After excretion, inappropriate disposal and discharge from drug production facilities they enter into water bodies either as intact drugs, metabolites or transformed products. In water environments they promote development of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) which could serve as a reservoir and be horizontally transferred to human-associated bacteria and thus contribute to AR proliferation. Measurement of antibiotics has been revolutionized with the usage of solid phase extraction (SPE) for enrichment followed by Liquid chromatography mass spectrometry (LC-MS). On-line SPE coupled to LC-MS/MS has the advantages of high sample throughput, low sample preparation time and minimal solvent utilization.  Constructed wetlands (CWs) are potential alternatives to conventional treatment plants to remove organic pollutants. A study at Plönninge, Halmstad was performed to assess the impact of bacterial community pattern and development of resistance in spiked (n=4) and control (n=4). CWs were spiked with antibiotics at environmentally relevant concentrations continuously for 25 days. Shannon Index (H’) were used to determine the bacterial diversity and real-time PCR detected and quantified antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) sulI, tetA, tetB, erm, dfrA1, qnrS and vanB and class 1 integrons intI1. No significant differences in bacterial compositions or in ARGs or integron concentrations could be discerned between exposed and control wetlands. A study conducted in Northern Pakistan showed that the antibiotic levels in most studied rivers were comparable to surface water measurements in unpolluted sites in Europe and the US. However, high levels of antibiotics were detected in the river in close vicinity of the 10 million city Lahore, e.g. 4600 ng L−1 sulfamethoxazole. Highest detected levels were at one of the drug formulation facilities, with measured levels up to 49000 ng L−1 of sulfamethoxazole for example. The highest levels of ARGs detected, sul1 and dfrA1, were directly associated with the antibiotics detected at the highest concentrations, sulfamethoxazole and trimethoprim. In the study in UK, sewage epidemiology surveillance is used to measure the oseltamivir carboxylate (OC), metabolite of oseltamivir (parent drug) in twenty four time proportional hourly influent samples from two WWTPs and then back-calculations were made to assess the compliance of drug.  Predicted users of oseltamivir, based on measured OC in waste water, ranged from 3-4 and 120-154 people for the two WWTP catchments, respectively, which are consistent with the projected use from national antiviral allocation statistics, 3-8 and 108-270, respectively. Scenario analysis suggests compliance was likely between 45-60% in the study regions.