本文主要考察社会主义中国的文化政策经历了怎样的发展变化，并试图回答自1949年以来中国共产党是如何介入与领导当代中国的文化，其文化治理的理论与实践又是如何发展与转变，对文化领域又产生了怎样的影响。 / 与只对政策文件进行解读的传统政策研究不同，本研究采用文化的政治经济学和文化社会学取经，结合宏观与微观、观念与实践两个层面，对上述问题进行考察与分析，从而梳理出中国文化政策发展变化的历史脉络。除了对中共制订的政策文件及主要思想理论进行梳理与分析外，本文选取了代表中国社会主义国家特色的上海市工人文化宮及其话剧生产为个案研究对象，通过文献研究、实地考察、深度访谈、历史比较分析等方法，具体深入地考察文化主体与文化政策之间的关系，尤其是在后毛泽东时代的发展变化，以此勾勒出社会主义中国文化政策从思维到实践的运动轨迹。 / 本文希望通过这一研究可以在以下三个方面有所贡献：（1）梳理出一种社会主义中国的文化政策的历史脉络；（2）试图通过个体深访和个体口述史，来考察社会主义中国文化政策与个体的关系，从而在微观上提供关于社会主义中国文化政策的重要实证数据。并且，（3）在中观和宏观的层面上建议一种关于社会主义中国文化政策研究的理论框架，作为今后这一研究课题发展的一个基础；（4）通过比较中国与西方发达资本主义国家之间文化政策发展与运动趋势的异同，反思中国文化政策的转型，从而为推进中国文化政策的发展与进步建言。最后，希望本论文可以对社会主义国家或发展中国家的文化政策研究提供中国经验的参考与启发。需要强调的是，本文并非急于给社会主义中国文化政策的历史变迁下定论，限于历史资料收集的有限性和文化政策历时研究的复杂性，本文主要是通过现有的史料和相关数据，来做一项关于社会主义中国文化政策领域的开拓性的基础研究，也是为日后中国文化政策研究的发展做一种铺垫。 / The thesis project attempts to answer the questions about how the Chinese Communist Party governs the cultural domain in Contemporary China, and how the cultural governance develops and influences cultural production in China since 1949. / This research tries systematically explores the development of the cultural policy of Socialist China by focusing on Shanghai Municipal Workers Palace of Culture and its cultural production, which is an understudied topic in Chinese Studies. Through investigating the CCP’s theories, thoughts and policies in cultural sphere, the ways and rules of producing literature and art, it will systematically analyze the relationship of the Chinese party-state and culture in different historical periods, and illustrate the development of the CCP’s cultural policy from theory to practice. / The study mainly adopts Cultural Political Economy and Sociology of Culture approaches. Different from traditional cultural policy studies, it is a historical and comparative empirical inquiry with an integrated macro and micro perspective. The study introduces qualitative methods including archive analysis, field study, in-depth interview, oral history, participant observation, and historical comparative analysis and etc, to answer the research questions and support the thesis arguments. / The purpose of the thesis is (1) to map the historical path of cultural policy in the People’s Republic of China; (2) to provide empirical data of Socialist China’ cultural policy from micro perspective through subject’s in-depth interview and oral history; and (3) to suggest a theoretical framework for Chinese cultural policy studies at a meso- and macro-level; and (4) to bring critical reflection on the transition of cultural policy in today’s China, through comparing it with the shift and trend of the Western. Furthermore, the line of research also aims provide the Chinese model as a reference for cultural policy studies on socialist states or developing countries. To be noted, our goal is not to draw a hasty conclusion about the transformation of cultural policy in PRC or to predict its future directions. Instead, our humble task is, to do an exploratory study through the Shanghai case study and based on the limited materials that we collect, and, to pave the way for the future development of Chinese Cultural Policy Stuies. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / 胡霽荣. / "2013年3月". / "2013 nian 3 yue". / Thesis (Ph.D.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2013. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 348-359). / Electronic reproduction. Hong Kong : Chinese University of Hong Kong, [2012] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Abstract in Chinese and English. / Hu Jirong. / 导言 --- p.1 / Chapter 一、 --- 选题由来 --- p.1 / Chapter 二、 --- 研究视角与分析框架 --- p.7 / Chapter 1、 --- 文化政策研究 --- p.7 / Chapter 2、 --- 本文的研究视角：政治经济学与文化社会学 --- p.11 / Chapter 三、 --- 研究方法 --- p.12 / Chapter 1、 --- 分析框架 --- p.12 / Chapter 2、 --- 研究方法 --- p.13 / Chapter 四、 --- 研究目的 --- p.22 / Chapter 五、 --- 行文结构 --- p.23 / Chapter 第一章 --- 工人阶级的政治影响与社会主义中国文化政策的关系 --- p.25 / Chapter 一、 --- 工人阶级与中国共产党的关系 --- p.25 / Chapter 二、 --- 中共的革命斗争与工人运动 --- p.27 / Chapter 三、 --- 中共的文化政策理论与社会主义中国文化政策的形成 --- p.30 / Chapter 1、 --- 中共文化治理思想的理论基础与本土化发展 --- p.31 / Chapter 2、 --- 中共文艺意识形态的原则与标准 --- p.33 / Chapter 3、 --- 共产党的文化领导权与新中国文化格局的确立 --- p.35 / Chapter 小结 --- p.39 / Chapter 第一部分 --- 上海市工人文化宮：文化组织的历史与转型 --- p.41 / Chapter 第一章 --- 毛时代的工人文化宮 --- p.41 / Chapter 一、 --- 工人文化宮的建立 --- p.41 / Chapter 1、 --- 工会立法及政策文件出台 --- p.43 / Chapter 2、 --- 行政管理结构与制度设计 --- p.49 / Chapter 3、 --- 经济结构与经费资产管理 --- p.51 / Chapter 4、 --- 服务对象与主体 --- p.53 / Chapter 二、 --- 工人文化宮的定位与功能 --- p.55 / Chapter 1、 --- 文化启蒙 --- p.56 / Chapter 2、 --- 提供文化体育休闲服务 --- p.59 / Chapter 3、 --- 组织业余文艺活动与培养工人文艺人才 --- p.60 / Chapter 4、 --- 文化交流与对外展示 --- p.64 / Chapter 5、 --- 毛时代工人文化宮功能的变动 --- p.65 / Chapter 三、 --- 工人文化宮与城市空间生产 --- p.69 / Chapter 1、 --- 上海市工人文化宮的建宮史 --- p.70 / Chapter 2、 --- 毛时代上海市宮的集体记忆 --- p.75 / Chapter 小结 --- p.83 / Chapter 第二章 --- 市场经济条件下的工人文化宮 --- p.84 / Chapter 一、 --- 体制基础与政策环境的变化 --- p.85 / Chapter 1、 --- 国家文化政策的市场化导向 --- p.86 / Chapter 2、 --- 工会对工人文化宮的政策导向 --- p.87 / Chapter 二、 --- 工人文化宮的市场化转型 --- p.89 / Chapter 1、 --- 经济结构转型与经费来源的改变 --- p.89 / Chapter 2、 --- 权力结构的变化与企业化自主发展 --- p.92 / Chapter 三、 --- 工人文化宮空间的异化与工人主体的消逝 --- p.98 / Chapter 1、 --- 被掏空和异化的工人文化宮 --- p.98 / Chapter 2、 --- 工人文化宮社会认同感的消逝 --- p.102 / Chapter 3、 --- 被遗忘和被取代的工人文化宮 --- p.104 / Chapter 四、 --- 文化宮的职能失范与主要原因 --- p.106 / Chapter 1、 --- 经济独立、收租为生与重商主义 --- p.107 / Chapter 2、 --- 权力结构松散、体制资源匮乏与政治地位下降 --- p.110 / Chapter 3、 --- 精英主义、形式主义与公益性丧失 --- p.115 / Chapter 4、 --- 法律约束力薄弱、社会监管缺乏与滥用职权 --- p.122 / Chapter 本部分小结 --- p.126 / Chapter 第二部分 --- “工人文艺生产的沿革与嬗变：以上海市工人文化宮的话剧生产为例 --- p.128 / Chapter 第一章 --- 毛时代的“工人文艺生产 --- p.130 / Chapter 一、 --- “工人文艺生产的文化政策与文化体制保障 --- p.131 / Chapter 1、 --- “工人文艺的政策要求与发展 --- p.131 / Chapter 2、 --- “工人文艺生产的文化制度保障 --- p.135 / Chapter 二、 --- “工人文艺的生产逻辑与文化景观：以1958年至1960年上海工人话剧运动为例 --- p.138 / Chapter 1、 --- 由上而下的意识形态动员机制 --- p.138 / Chapter 2、 --- “工人文艺的生产机制与方法 --- p.141 / Chapter 3、 --- 作为意识形态审查机制的“工人文艺 --- p.146 / Chapter 4、 --- “工人文艺生产中的矛盾与问题 --- p.149 / Chapter 三、 --- 上海工人文艺经验的自述 --- p.154 / Chapter 小结 --- p.163 / Chapter 第二章 --- 国家文艺政策转折与上海市宮话剧生产的新开端 --- p.166 / Chapter 一、 --- 话剧《于无声处》与国家转折 --- p.167 / Chapter 二、 --- 《于无声处》的成功与后毛时代上海市宮话剧生产的关系 --- p.177 / Chapter 第三章 --- 走向八十年代：政策变动中“工人话剧的变 --- p.180 / Chapter 一、 --- 两种文艺治理观的冲突与阶级话语被取消 --- p.181 / Chapter 二、 --- 由计划到市场过渡时期的“工人话剧生产 --- p.188 / Chapter 1、 --- 文艺生产机制的通变与守循 --- p.189 / Chapter 2、 --- 文艺意识形态的分歧与裂痕 --- p.197 / Chapter 小结 --- p.201 / Chapter 第四章 --- 文化宮转型以来的“工人话剧生产 --- p.202 / Chapter 一、 --- 新的文艺政策环境 --- p.203 / Chapter 1、 --- 国家文艺政策的新目标 --- p.204 / Chapter 2、 --- 国家文艺资助方式的转变 --- p.205 / Chapter 3、 --- 国家对主流价值观的维护与诱导机制 --- p.207 / Chapter 二、 --- 市场经济条件下“工人话剧生产的转型与边缘化 --- p.210 / Chapter 1、 --- 市宮话剧生产的新定位 --- p.210 / Chapter 2、 --- “工人话剧生产方式的变革 --- p.212 / Chapter 3、 --- 创作主体的转型与文化精神被颠覆 --- p.220 / Chapter 本部分小结 --- p.223 / Chapter 第三部分 --- 转型后的问题：工人文化宮如何走向公共文化? --- p.226 / Chapter 第一章 --- 新的政策要求与工人文化宮发展的新方向 --- p.226 / Chapter 一、 --- 走向“公益性文化事业：工人文化宮发展的新政策要求 --- p.227 / Chapter 二、 --- 上海市工人文化宮的新变化与新目标 --- p.229 / Chapter 1、 --- “职工艺术博览汇展馆的新建 --- p.229 / Chapter 2、 --- 上海市宮未来的初步规划与憧憬 --- p.231 / Chapter 3、 --- 对“职工艺术博览汇的实地考察：以“黄浦区职工书画 --- p.234 / Chapter 第二章 --- 重新思考工人文化宮：走向以工人为主体的公共参与 --- p.247 / Chapter 一、 --- 工人文化宮应该去向何方？ --- p.248 / Chapter 二、 --- 今后工人文化宮的构建主体是谁？ --- p.250 / Chapter 讨论与总结 --- p.259 / Chapter 一、 --- 研究发现 --- p.259 / Chapter 二、 --- 社会主义中国文化政策发展的历史脉络与思维逻辑 --- p.266 / Chapter 三、 --- 解读社会主义中国文化政策的发展与转型 --- p.282 / Chapter 四、 --- 走向“文化政策生产的研究 --- p.286 / Chapter 附录1： --- “工人剧作家的个人口述史 --- p.289 / Chapter 一、 --- 宗福先 --- p.290 / Chapter 二、 --- 贾鸿源 --- p.316 / Chapter 三、 --- 曲信先 --- p.336 / Chapter 附录2： --- 上海市工人文化宮历届和现任主任名单 --- p.347 / Chapter 图示1： --- 毛时代工人文化宮的工人阶级文化与空间生产 --- p.260 / Chapter 图示2： --- 市场经济至现阶段工人文化宮的文化与空间生产 --- p.262 / Chapter 图示3： --- 今后文化宮的文化与空间生产有可能的发展趋势 --- p.264 / Chapter 图1： --- 社会主义中国文化政策的场域与思维逻辑 --- p.267 / Chapter 图2： --- 社会主义中国成立之前的中共文化政策理念 --- p.269 / Chapter 图3： --- 计划经济时期中国文化政策的思维逻辑 --- p.271 / Chapter 图4： --- 市场经济时期（至现阶段）中国文化政策的思维逻辑 --- p.276 / Chapter 图5： --- 市场经济条件下中国文化政策潜在与可能的发展趋势 --- p.278 / 参考文献 --- p.348

Revisorerna upprätthåller en viktig funktion som oberoende bedömare av ekonomisk information som regleras genom lagar och förordningar. I dagens samhälle är det viktigt för företag att upprätta pålitliga årsredovisningar för sina intressenter. Det är ett komplext uppdrag för revisorer att göra en adekvat bedömning av företagets fortsatta drift om going concern-varningar skall utfärdads som inte får leda till felbedömningar. Detta eftersom effekterna av sådana medför stora konsekvenser för både företagen och revisionsbyråerna. Utfärdandet av going concern-varningar kan i sin tur resultera i så väl stora intäktsbortfall för revisionsföretagen som negativa signaler till företagets intressenter som kan medföra stora konsekvenser. Exempel på åtgärder är att företaget byter ut sina revisorer eller att företaget begärs i konkurs, det vill säga att den självuppfyllande profetian går i uppfyllelse. Uppsatsens syfte är att visa om det finns ett samband mellan de förlorade revisionsarvodena vid utfärdandet av en första going concern-varning av svenska revisorer. Dessutom skall uppsatsen visa om det existerar ett samband mellan utfärdandet av going concern-varningar och sannolikheten för konkurs för de reviderade företagen.  Uppsatsen tillämpar en kvantitativ metod för att förklara sambanden. Detta sker genom att en testgrupp på 169 företag har selekterats som erhållit en första going concern-varning för bokslutsåret 2009. Testgruppen har jämförts med en kontrollgrupp på 169 företag som är lika finansiellt stressade men inte erhållit en going concern-varning. För att bevisa huruvida något samband existerar tillämpas statistiska beräkningar. Uppsatsens resultat fastställer att ett samband existerar mellan utfärdandet av en första going concern-varning och revisorsbyte. Ju längre ett revisorsuppdrag har pågått desto mindre är sannolikheten för att en going concern-varning skall utfärdas. Däremot visar undersökningen att det inte finns något samband mellan utfärdandet av going concern-varningar och företagskonkurser vilket också tyder på att det inte finns stöd för den självuppfyllande profetians existens. / The auditors maintain an essential roll as an independent authority for control of financial information governed by rules and regulations. In the modern society it’s crucial for the companies to present correct information within annual reports for the stakeholders. It’s a complex task for the auditors to make an adequate judgment of the companies ongoing business if an audit modified opinion should be issued which may not lead to any misjudgements. As the results of such a misjudgement will have huge consequences for both client and auditor. Issuing a going concern modified audit opinion may result in large loss of revenues for the auditors as well as negative information to the stakeholders of the company which may lead to serious consequences for the business of the company. As example on measures taken by the company is to replace their auditors or that the company files for bankruptcy, which means that the self-fulfilling prophecy is accomplished. The purpose of this paper is to show if it exists a correlation between the losses of auditors revenues when issuing a first going concern modified audit opinion by Swedish auditors. In addition this paper will prove if it exists a correlation between issuing a going concern modified audit opinion and the probability of bankruptcy for the revised company. This paper applies a quantitative method to explain the correlations. This analysis is made by the selection of a test group of 169 companies which have received a first going concern modified audit opinion during the financial year of 2009. The test group has been compared by a control group of 169 companies which are financial distressed but have not received a going concern modified audit opinion. To prove whether if it exist any correlations statistical calculations is applied. The results of this paper determine the existence of a correlation between issuing a first going concern modified audit opinion and audit switch. The longer the audit tenure has lasted the lesser is the probability that a going concern modified audit opinion to be issued. However this paper finds no evidence of any correlation between issuing of a going concern modified audit opinion and company bankruptcy which reject the existence of self-fulfilling prophecy.

Among those who interpreted the poetry of Li Shang-Yin in the early Qing Dynasty, Zhu He-Ling was the one that took the lead. He interpreted the poetry of Li Shang-Yin on Qian Qian-Yi¡¦s instructions. It was a time of dynasty changes and literary inquisition, similar to the late Tang Dynasty. The poetry of Li Shang-Yin, poet of the late Tang, was ambiguous and obscure, which provided an opportunity for Zhu who was in the same situation as Li-Shang-Yin to display his commentary ability. Zhu adopted the method of ¡§zhi ren lun shi¡¨ to interpret Li¡¦s poems, which is a method of understanding a person by researching the historical background. After ¡§Explanatory Notes of the Poetry Collection of Li Yi-Shan¡¨ was published, it evoked resonance among readers. Therefore, it is now an important book for studying Li¡¦s poems. If the process of how Zhu finished the book could be understood and the essence and features of the book could be outlined and summarized, it would be beneficial for researching the poet Li Shang-Yin and his poems. This dissertation is composed of five chapters. The first chapter- introduction- contains the purpose and method of the study. The life and characteristics of Zhu and the gist of ¡§Explanatory Notes of the Poetry Collection of Li Yi-Shan¡¨ were also introduced. The second chapter-the historical background of Zhu He-ling¡¦s interpretation of Li Yi-Shan¡¦s poems-indicates that the author wrote and developed the concept of shishi (¸Ö¥v) and bixin (¤ñ¿³) under the influence of the political and social environment and the academic atmosphere at that time. This chapter also discusses the process of how Zhu finished the book and compares the differences in different versions in order to highlight the outcomes of Zhu¡¦s studies. In chapter three-the style and structure of ¡§Explanatory notes of the poetry collection of Li-Yi-Shan¡¨- the style and structure of the explanation, interpretation and quotation in the book were analyzed. By doing this, Zhu¡¦s devotion to interpreting Li¡¦s poems and to preserving predecessors¡¦ works could be easily seen. Chapter four-the contribution and defect of ¡§Explanatory notes of the poetry collection of Li-Yi-Shan¡¨-depicts the contribution and defect of the book for those who study Li Shang-Yin¡¦s poems. Chapter five-conclusion- summarizes the main ideas from chapter two to four in the hope that the whole picture of ¡§Explanatory notes of the poetry collection of Li-Yi-Shan¡¨ could be understood.

This study is based on a comparison of the spatial choices of two middle class groups residing in &Ccedil / ayyolu and Ke&ccedil / i&ouml / ren in Ankara. Spatial choices include the residences and neighborhood, the consumption of various places and activities in urban space and evaluations of the urban space. To search for the effects of alternative factors on the spatial choices along with well-known economic capital, two upper middle class groups are chosen as the basis of comparison. In line with the effects of Bourdieu&amp / #8217 / s cultural capital and social and symbolic capital on the differentiation of middle class / the location choice, spatial use and evaluation differences of the two groups at hand are investigated. Based on the effects of consumption sphere in class formation, the influence of the concept of &amp / #8216 / taste&amp / #8217 / and the differentiating aspect of lifestyle is discussed and how the resulting spatial tastes and choices may affect the development of urban space is presented in the case of Ankara. The importance of considering theoretically the local variations in studies conducted in urban space based on the daily practices of urbanites is revealed by the discussions of cultural factors that are special to Ankara and Turkey.

Problem solving is a central activity of mathematics and has been throughout its history. Recognizing the problem of problem solving, however, seems to be less explicit in the historical record. In studying three principal contributors to the study of problem solving-Rene Descartes, John Dewey, and George Polya-I have found that problems arise in two broad categories. Mathematics itself generates more mathematical problems, and problems embedded in a wider context can generate mathematics. Recognizing a mathematical problem in a rich context-problem finding-has received much less attention. John Dewey recognized the importance of problem finding and emphasized its role in problem solving. Descartes and Polya spent less time on problem finding, Polya the least of all. / Department of Mathematical Sciences

The aim of this thesis is to examine the emissions from the Swedish truck fleet between 2007- 2014. By descriptive analysis the emissions of NOx, PM, HC and CO are found to decrease at the truck level, the firm level and municipal level. A difference-in-difference analysis is performed to Stockholm municipality where a low emissions zone (LEZ) is located. Heavy trucks in the transportation sector are examined. Emissions are found to decrease more outside of the LEZ than within. This contrasts to other studies on LEZs and to the political goal of the zone. These results indicate that a green transition is occurring in the Swedish truck fleet. Moreover, the adjustment to the LEZ appears to mainly force the firms with dirty trucks located outside of Stockholm municipality to switch to cleaner vehicles / Målet med denna uppsats är att undersöka utsläpp från den svenska lastbilsflottan mellan 2007- 2014. Med hjälp av deskriptiv analys, visas att utsläppen av NOx, PM, HC och CO minskar på lastbils, företags, och kommunnivå. En difference-in-differences analys görs på Stockholms kommun där en miljözon (LEZ) finns. Tunga lastbilar i transportsektorn är undersökta. Utsläpp minskar mer utanför miljözonen än inuti. Detta står i kontrast till andra studier, samt till det politiska målet med miljözonen. Dessa resultat indikerar att en grön övergång sker i den svenska lastbilssektorn. Dessutom är anpassningen till miljözonen verkar främst påverka företag med smutsiga lastbilar som är lokaliserade utanför Stockholms kommun att byta till renare fordon.

Dès le sixième siècle avant J.-C. l’homme a été défini comme un « être d’une certaine hauteur, dont la forme de la main est différente de celle du pied, qui possède des cheveux et des dents, et qui peut se déplacer vite et debout ». Il prit alors deux formes de statut : celui de ren pour désigner un homme de vertu ou qui exerce une fonction publique ou privée ; et celui de min pour désigner celui qui n’exerce aucune fonction publique. La société chinoise s’est construite sur cette séparation : les ren, encadré par leur vertu, doivent rendre service aux min et à la société ; et les min disposent de certains droits fondamentaux vis-à-vis des ren. De ce fait, la Chine traditionnelle a mis en place deux mécanismes de protection de ceux-ci : la requête individuelle que les min peuvent utiliser pour valoir leurs droits fondamentaux contre des actes ou des hommes public qui leur ont porté atteinte, et le zuiji zhao par lequel les empereurs s’auto-punissent. Avec le temps, trois formes du contrôle de conformité des actes publics ont été successivement mise en place. A la fin de la dynastie des Qing les droits humains fondamentaux chinois seront confrontés aux droits de l'homme occidentaux auxquels les chinois s’identifièrent parce qu’ils correspondaient à leur tradition temporairement écartée. Trois réformes politico-juridiques principales furent engagées successivement par les Chinois afin de la rétablir et de la concilier avec les théories et les expériences occidentales dans ce domaine. Le point culminant de cette rencontre fut la participation chinoise àl’élaboration de la DUDH et la nomination de son représentant comme vice-président de son comité d’élaboration. En 1949 la République populaire de Chine remplaça la République de Chine. Dans un premier temps ses dirigeants se montrèrent assez sensibles aux droits de l'homme et à leur protection ; mais la Révolution culturelle anéantit cette démarche, créant une situation dont la Chine d’aujourd’hui souffre encore. Ces dernières années, les droits de l'homme connaissent en Chine une forme de renaissance qui se traduit dans les domaines législatif, éducatif, administratif et judiciaire. Le caractère encourageant et constructif de ce mouvement, qui s’appuie sur les exemples étrangers et sur certains progrès régionaux, mais qui se fonde sur les traditions principalement confucéennes chinoises, laisse envisager une protection des droits de l’homme dans le pays analogue à celle qui est garantie dans les pays les plus avancés. / The concept of human being was defined in China since the sixth century B.C. as "a living organism which has a certain height, its hands are different from its feet,covered by hair and has developed teeth, capable of moving quickly in an uprightposture". Since then, two categories of men were defined: the ren, to designate a virtuous man or somebody who xercises public or private functions; and the min, to designate men who have no public power. The Chinese society was built on thisdistinction: the ren, known by their virtuosity, might offer their services to the min and the society itself, and the min have some fundamental rights towards ren population. For that reason, ancient China set up two protection mechanisms: min’sindividual queries to request the respect of their fundamental rights against actions from public agents, and the zuiji zhao, mechanism used by the emperors to punish themselves. Over time, three compliance control mechanisms were developed. By the end of the Qing Dynasty, this Chinese approach to fundamental human rights was compared to Western approach to human rights by the Chinese population, who recognized themselves in the western approach, following the disturbance in the Chinese tradition led by the Manchu. For the re-establishment of Chinese tradition, three main political and legal reforms were carried out by the Chinese in order to restore their tradition, abandoned by the Manchus, and to conciliate Western theories and experiences with Chinese approach. A turning point was achieved with thecontribution of China in the development of UDHR, and the nomination of the Chinese representative as vice president of the redaction committee.

Dagens samhälle har fått en explosiv utveckling som förverkligar mycket som för bara några år sedan var inte mer än fantasier.  Dagens utvecklingsförsprång ställer oss, byggnadskonstruktörer, inför rejäla utmaningar. Den globala folktillväxten ökar väsentligt vilket leder till tätbefolkade städer. Detta utvecklar ett stort utrymmesbehov hos många av oss. Allt detta resulterar i att efterfrågan på stora och öppna planlösningar ökar markant. En av dagens tendenser är att beställare och arkitekter har en benägenhet att tänja på gränserna på maximala spännvidder mellan bärande betongväggar, för bjälklagstjockleken 250 mm. Detta är ett tillfredsställande mått för att klara ljudklass B. Dessutom är det opraktiskt att variera bjälklagstjocklekar inom ett projekt, därför vill man ha uniformitet med samma tjocklek över projektet. För att vi ska kunna förverkliga vårt uppdrag har vi varit tvungna att genomgå en lång beräknings- och undersökningsprocess. I våra beräkningar har vi lagt fokus på två upplagsfall. Det första upplagsfallet ”fri-inspänd” och det andra fallet ”inspänd-yttre gavelvägg”. Första fallet har varit det värsta fallet i och med att vi bara har ett stöd som måste bära hela betongbjälklaget, vilket har varit en stor utmaning. Andra fallet var dock betydligt enklare på grund av de två stöden som utgjorde en stor del av ”arbetet” och lyfter upp bjälklaget, hela tyngden vilade inte på armeringen som i föregående fall. Inte bara spännvidden skall klaras utan även angiven sprickvidd på 0,3 mm. Examensarbetet består av förklarande fakta som är strikt relaterad till efterföljande beräkningar. Alla beräkningar har utförts för hand, utan programstöd. / Today's society has received a degenerate development embodying much that just a few years ago was no more than fantasies. This development sets us, structural engineers, facing real challenges. The global population growth increases significantly leading to densely populated cities. This develops a large space need for many of us. All this results in the increasing demand for large and open floor plans significantly. One of the current trends is that the clients and architects have a tendency to push the limits on maximum spans between bearing concrete walls, slabs for thickness 250 mm. This is a satisfactory measure of the concrete content to manage audio class B. Moreover, it is impractical to vary the slab thickness within a project, so he wants to have uniformity with the same thickness over the project. For us to be able to realize these long spans between bearing walls, we have been forced to undergo a long calculation and examination process. To begin with, we have studied the company's requirements and preferences, based on that, we started joists analysis. In our calculations, we have laid emphasis on two cases. The first circulation fall "free - clamped" and the second, "clamped- outer end wall." The first case has been the worst case, in that we only have one support that must bear the entire concrete slab, which has been a major challenge. Second case was considerably easier due to the two supports which made a large part of "work" and lifts the slab, the full weight rested not on the reinforcement as in the previous case. Not just the span must be met, but also given crack width of 0.3 mm. The thesis consists of explanatory facts that are strictly related to the subsequent calculations. All calculations have been performed by hand, without program support.

本文以賓組的卜旬卜辭作為論題。先就卜辭的字體與句式兩部份做分類與整理，接著討論其驗辭的內容與所載貞人之關係，最後綜合討論以上成果。 　　第一章「緒論」說明研究動機與方法，以及目前學者和卜辭字體類型相關及卜旬卜辭驗辭內容相關的研究成果。第二章整理賓組卜旬卜辭的句式與字體，並嘗試透過整理成果來回應前輩學者的分期之說。第三章至第四章討論賓組卜旬卜辭的驗辭內容，並與字體整理成果對照研究。第五章主要整理於賓組中曾參與卜旬貞問的貞人，並觀察與之配合的字體類型，藉此排列出貞人間的相對時序。第六章則概述前述四章的研究成果，並說明本文透過賓組卜旬卜辭研究所得的結論。 / The purpose of this thesis is to study the content of Oracle Bone Script, constrained in Bu-Xun(卜旬),the record of the ancient psychic augury every half-decade, of Collection Bin(賓組). We carefully assorted all the pieces available by its ways of writing and its exterior forms in this range. Later, we present the connection between Zen-Ren(貞人) the ancient official psychics and Yen-Tzu(驗辭) of certain augury of Bu-Xun of Oracle Bone Scripts which note whether the prediction was found to be true or false. In chapter one we explain the research methods used and the context of the study. In the second chapter, text of Bu-Xun in the Oracle Bone Scripts assorted by its form and font will respond to predecessors’ assortments which have been a controversy between the researchers. In chapter three and four we further study the retained Yen-Tzu, the proven and disproven notes engraved on, of the text on Bu-Xun in Collection Bin, and then figuring out the correlation between the content of it and our assortment. In the fifth chapter, in the study of known psychics, we further discover a new chronological order by pointing out the relations between the specific font and the names of these official psychics The final chapter summarizes the four chapters above, and concluded the result of our research on Bu-xun Oracle Bone scripts in the large Collection Bin and explained how this study develop the field of research.

Résumé La démonstration qui est ici à l’œuvre s’apparente, dans une certaine mesure, à celle qu’élabore Amartya Kumar Sen dans 'The Argumentative Indian'. Dans cet ouvrage, Sen discute de l’héritage intellectuel et politique de l’Inde et de la manière dont cette tradition est essentielle pour le succès de la démocratie et des politiques séculières de l’État indien. Pour notre part, nous ne nous intéressons point à l’Inde, mais à la Chine, notamment à l’héritage intellectuel, politique et moral des lettrés confucéens de l’Antiquité chinoise et à la pertinence de revisiter, aujourd’hui, la réflexion confucéenne classique pour mieux penser et fonder les droits humains en Chine. Plus précisément, notre réflexion s’inscrit au sein du débat contemporain, qui a lieu à l’échelle internationale, entourant les soi-disant valeurs asiatiques et les droits humains. Pour les partisans de la thèse des valeurs asiatiques, les valeurs asiatiques seraient associées au modèle de développement dit asiatique, lequel se distinguerait du modèle « occidental » en étant en outre réfractaire aux droits humains. Ces droits ayant une origine occidentale et étant, à maints égards, en rupture avec les valeurs asiatiques, ils ne seraient ni souhaitables en Asie (notamment en Chine) ni compatibles avec les valeurs asiatiques (spécialement avec les valeurs confucéennes). Dans notre thèse, nous réfutons ce point de vue. Par l’entremise d’une analyse de la 'Déclaration universelle des droits de l’homme' de 1948 et d’un examen des quatre textes fondateurs du confucianisme classique que sont : les 'Entretiens' (Lunyu), le 'Mencius' (Mengzi), la 'Grande Étude' (Daxue) et la 'Pratique du Milieu' (Zhongyong), nous démontrons que cette compréhension des choses s’avère injustifiée. Les droits humains ne sont pas incompatibles avec les valeurs confucéennes et leur adoption est souhaitable en Asie (notamment en Chine), tout comme elle l’est en Occident. De fait, la philosophie des droits humains et la pensée confucéenne classique ont de nombreuses affinités conceptuelles, axiologiques et normatives. Loin d’être en rupture, ces univers théoriques convergent, car ils ont tous deux à cœur l’être humain, ses besoins vitaux et son épanouissement au sein de la communauté. Notre démonstration s’appuie, pour une large part, sur l’analyse d’un concept phare de la pensée éthique et politique confucéenne, soit la notion d’humanité ou du sens de l’humain (ren) ainsi que d’une autre notion qui lui est étroitement liée, soit celle de l’homme de bien ou de la personne moralement noble (junzi). / Abstract The demonstration elaborated here is similar, to a certain extent, to the one developed by Amartya Kumar Sen in The 'Argumentative Indian'. In his work, Sen discusses India’s intellectual and political inheritance, and the way this tradition is essential for the success of the democracy and secular politics of the Indian State. For our part, our interest lies not with India, but with China, quite particularly with the intellectual, political and moral legacy of the early Confucian scholars, and the relevancy to revisit, nowadays, Classical Confucian teachings in order to conceive and establish human rights in China. More precisely, our reflection lies within the contemporary debate, which takes place on an international scale, surrounding the so-called Asian values and human rights. For the advocates of the Asian values thesis, Asian values would be associated with the so-called Asian development model, which would distinguish itself from the « Western » model by resisting for instance human rights. These rights, having a western origin and being, in many respects, in breach with Asian values, would be neither desirable in Asia (particularly in China) nor compatible with Asian values (specifically with Confucian values). In our thesis, we refute this point of view. By the intervention of an analysis of the 'Universal Declaration of Human Rights' of 1948 and an examination of four texts founders of the Classical Confucianism who are: the 'Analects' (Lunyu), the 'Mencius' (Mengzi), the 'Great Learning' (Daxue), and the 'Practice of the Mean' (Zhongyong), we demonstrate that this understanding of things is unjustified. Human rights are not incompatible with Confucian values and their adoption is desirable in Asia (including China), quite as it is in Western countries. Actually, the philosophy of human rights and the Classic Confucian thought have numerous conceptual, axiological and normative affinities. Far from being in opposition, these theoretical views converge, because they both care about the human being, his vital needs, and his self-fulfillment within the community. Our demonstration leans, for the most part, on the analysis of a key concept of the Confucian ethical and political thought that is the notion of humanity, or humaneness (ren) and the closely related notion of gentleman, or morally noble person (junzi).