Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-29T15:08:22Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 tese_4106_Descartes-mente.pdf: 486839 bytes, checksum: bb5fd48b1a015ebe31e5a6474804785f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-12-02 / Esta dissertação tem como propósito a investigação a respeito das concepções contemporâneas sobre a mente, usando como referência filosófica René Descartes o pensador que inaugura as inquirições sobre o tema com suas obras Meditações Metafísicas e Tratado das Paixões da Alma. A pesquisa procurou identificar as principais implicações da metafísica cartesiana sobre a filosofia da mente, bem como demonstrar que esta última se constituiu, enquanto área de estudos distinta de outros campos filosóficos, a partir das críticas em relação ao cartesianismo. Na primeira seção é realizada uma ampla exposição do pensamento de René Descartes, com especial ênfase em suas concepções a respeito da alma (ou mente, em termos contemporâneos). Na segunda, são abordadas as primeiras críticas ao dualismo, bem como as objeções contidas nos trabalhos de Gilbert Ryle e Daniel Dennett. Na terceira seção são apresentadas abordagens não-dualistas e não-eliminativistas, tendo como foco os posicionamentos de John Searle e António Damásio. Concluiu-se que filosofia da mente seguiu um desenvolvimento linear, gradual, e, de certo modo, inevitável neste último caso, tendo em vista principalmente a forma como se originou a partir das categorias postuladas inicialmente por Descartes. Adicionalmente, foi possível concluir que o caminho de maior sucesso e com mais amplo potencial para o avanço das ciências cognitivas reside na união entre dados empíricos e conhecimento filosófico, de forma semelhante à metodologia empregada por Damásio.

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This thesis will engage with the relationship between justice and suffering in order to more clearly understand what being just entails and how we can theorise justice as demanding in a desirable way. Theorising this relationship will focus on the role of various conceptions of self and community to show how justice, as contextual and communal, can be demanding in a way that does not drive the self that suffers apart from those that benefit from justice. Methodologically the thesis will follow in the tradition of self-reflection in the way it was described by Alan Blum and Peter McHugh. This means that the thesis will try to understand justice and suffering by looking at the foundations of justice, or, put differently, by trying to theorise what it is that makes some instances of suffering just. To this end the argument will begin by outlining a concept of community and of justice to then begin looking at various arguments that relate justice with suffering, either explicitly or implicitly and describe this relationship as desirable. Understanding community in a way that is based on Jean-Luc Nancy’s idea of being-with-others the thesis already sets out a way of conceptualising a social actor that is essentially related to other actors. This is then used as the foundation of a community in what will be called a place. This placing of the social self will also be used to place justice and move away from justice as relying on universal principles. The thesis challenges three main arguments: a) René Girard’s justification of excessive spectacular violence against a scapegoat as a means of controlling the violent desires of a community by performing sacred and public acts of violence; b) universal principles using individualist theories of justice by John Rawls and Immanuel Kant; c) benevolence as an alternative to justice as presented by virtue ethicists and also communitarians (specifically Michael Sandel). These three theories are shown not to appreciate various aspects of justice as fairness and a community (in Nancy’s sense); particularly the silencing of difference in Girard’s false utilitarianism, the ignorance of existing injustice and suffering in Rawls’ universalism and the antagonism between the self and the universal interest in virtue ethic’s benevolence (Christine Swanton and Aristotle in particular). The thesis concludes that, in order for justice to be demanding in a way that does not disrupt a community, and in order for members of the community to suffer as part of the demands of justice, the community needs to be able to engage with itself theoretically, allowing it to commit itself to achieving justice. In this process of recognizing injustice and then pursuing fairness, a community has to be able to bind itself to its commitment in such a way that it can affirm itself as a community that is committed to justice, even if this commitment will cause some members of that community to suffer.

The study attempts to bring together the mimetic theory of René Girard and the theology of Raymund Schwager to address questions inherent in the contemporary notion of human rights. The impetus derives from the phenomenon of human violence, the universal presence of which points to a problematic that seems to defy conventional explanations and political solutions. In dialogue with Girard and Schwager, the project seeks to shed light on the causes not only of the apparent fragility of the human rights system, but also of the persistence with which large-scale human rights violations recur despite the proliferation of human rights norms. It argues that the human rights crisis is neither an accident nor a shortfall in techniques of implementation, but reflects the subconscious and collective structure of civilization. Following a description of the crisis, this investigation examines the nature of human violence, especially the contagious manner in which it works at the root of the crisis, offering understanding where conventional anthropological reflections fall short. The study argues with Girard that vengeance and retribution resonate deeply with the human psyche and easily evoke an archaic image of the divine. While this arouses moral protest in the post-modern mind, we meet here one of the fundamental issues mimetic theory elucidates, namely that it is on account of such an unconscious image of the “sacred” that vengeful violence has remained for so long a determining element in human history. In a theological key, the study presents human mimesis as a divinely constituted structure that makes possible divine/human intimacy and reciprocity. However, this exalted capacity is perverted. Human sin casts God into the image of an envious rival which corrupts the personal and structural dimensions of human sociality of which the so-called “human rights crisis” is but a contemporary manifestation. What rules the social order is not the true image of God but a resentful human projection that deceptively demands victims in exchange for peace and security. Thus “mimetic victimage” is the essential clue to the fallenness of nations and their institutions, including the institution of human rights, as well as to the fallenness of individuals in their profound alienation from God, from themselves and from one another. Nonetheless, mimesis is also a structure of hope and transcendent longing. So understood, it opens the way to a profound and practical appropriation of the meaning of Christ as the restoration of the image of God in humanity whereby rivalistic resentment, the epicenter of the human predicament, is undone through forgiveness. While there is an enabling aspect to violence when it restrains and coerces us for our benefit as we rightly fear the greater violence that might ensue in its absence, the study also argues that because mimetic human agents carry out the “deed of the law”, the human rights system cannot overcome the mimetic impulse. As a judicial system, human rights belong structurally to the same order as the system they seek to correct. This ambiguity takes on special significance in the “age of annihilation”. For the first time in history limitless violence has become feasible through weapons capable of planetary destruction so that humanity not only faces its own complicity with violence, but also the relative powerlessness of the human rights project to keep its mimetic escalation in check. This raises the central question of the study. If the institution of human rights cannot offer a rigorous critique of structural violence, let alone free humanity from complicity with it, where shall the world place its hope for a more humane future? It concludes that such a hope is not to be found in the proliferation of rights norms and their enforcement but in the transformation of human desire through the restoration of the true image of God as revealed in the Christ-event. This revelation judges as futile all attempts at human sociality that retain violence as their hidden core. Thus God’s freedom granting action in history is both revelatory and “political”: in its prophetic stance against the powers of human sin and domination, it calls humanity to its true vocation to be the image of God grounded in a new pacific mimesis that resonates freely and unflinchingly with the self-giving love of God in Christ.

La tesi investiga la relació entre l'art de René Magritte i la publicitat actual. Es vol esbrinar si durant un determinat període de temps es detecta una permanència de l'art magrittià en peces gràfiques actuals i per tant es pot determinar l'existència de "publicitat magrittiana". Per tal d'acotar aquest objectiu s'empra la metodologia de l'anàlisi de contingut amb una mostra de 6.360 anuncis editats en la publicitat impresa del dominical espanyol d'"El País Semanal" (El País). A la vegada, es realitza un recorregut comparatiu entre les etapes pictòriques i publicitàries de l'artista belga, fent una especial menció a les etapes i els objectes recurrents que formen part de l'anomenat abecedari magrittià. / This thesis makes a research on the relationship between René Magritte's art and the nowadays advertising. The main aim is to discover whether, during a certain period of time, some magrittian art influences can be detected in ads and, therefore, it can be said that the existence of the "magrittian advertising" as specific technique. To confirm this claim, the content analysis method is used with a sample of 6.360 advertisings published in the Spanish Sunday magazine "El País Semanal" (newspaper, El País). At the same time, a comparative research of the different pictorial and advertising stages of the Belgian artist has been carried out.

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Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-29T15:08:30Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 tese_9093_Dissertação versão final para UFES.pdf: 1064236 bytes, checksum: 7b1d593ecb284432921bd70e03dc507a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-08-27 / Este trabalho apresenta um estudo sobre o argumento ontológico desenvolvido por René Descartes e encontrado no texto da Meditação Quinta, das Meditações Metafísicas obra publicada em 1641 e que representa um marco dentro do universo filosófico por exercer grande influência nos pensadores de sua época e naqueles que lhes sucederam. Nosso estudo pretende apresentar a noção cartesiana do argumento ontológico e suas implicações na demonstração da existência das coisas materiais, e ainda, as objeções que foram realizadas contra essas ideias. Almejamos concluir que Deus é o fundamento de toda a filosofia proposta por René Descartes, visto que, para ele, a veracidade divina é condição sine qua non para validar toda e qualquer certeza que se possa adquirir. Palavras-chave: Argumento ontológico. René Descartes. Meditações Metafísicas. Deus.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-09-19T02:01:38Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 000461384-Texto+Completo-0.pdf: 621735 bytes, checksum: b8a7467d592d45d8f1c362fd57ba9624 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014 / Dans ce travail, on montre la cause de l’utilization d’une méthode pour Descartes, les préceptes de cette méthode et la relation de la même avec la vérité. Pour la recherche de la vérité, c’est un instrument et un moyen indispensable, quand existent obscurités, complexités à la resolution des problèmes, il faut qu’il intervienne. C’est à travers d’elle qu’on arrive aux évidences, idées claires et distinctes. On a l’évidence seulement à travers de l’intuition et de la deduction, c’est sont les deux voies pour arriver à la vraie science. Sont operations de l’entendement claires et distinctes. Elles n’a pas besoin de la méthode parce qu’elles sont antérieures à lui, sont à priori et sont justifiées par si mêmes. Elles seulement interviennent à la méthode quand elles sont nécessaires. On présente les quatres préceptes de la méthode, mais pour Descartes, le précept qui démontre, qui montre comment on arrive à la vérité, c’est l’analytique. La descendence méthodologique de l’auteur c’est de l’analyse des anciens géomètres et l’algèbre des modernes. C’est que l’auteur veut c’est l’évidence et la première qu’il a arrivée, a été le Cogito. Celui est obtenu par la méthode. C’est la première vérité claire et distincte. A partir de ce là, toutes les outres vérités émergent du Cogito. Selon Descartes la connaissance va du subjectif au l’objectif, Dieu, mais on défend que c’est qui fondement le Cogito c’est Dieu. On a fait un étude critique-comparatif entre le Discours de la Méthode et les Méditations Métaphysiques pour montrer que les oeuvres ce différencient selon l’objectif de Descartes. fre / Neste trabalho, mostra-se o porquê da utilização de um método por Descartes, os preceitos do mesmo e a relação do método com a verdade. Para a procura da verdade é um instrumento e meio imprescindível, quando existem obscuridades, complexidades na resolução de problemas, é necessário que ele intervenha. É através dele que se chega às evidências, ideias claras e distintas. Só se tem evidência através da intuição e dedução, as duas vias para se chegar à ciência verdadeira. São operações do entendimento claras e distintas. Elas não precisam do método porque são anteriores a ele, são à priori, justificadas por si próprias. Elas intervêm no método quando é necessário. Apresenta-se os quatro preceitos do método, mas o preceito que demonstra, que mostra como se chega à verdade é o analítico. A descendência metodológica do autor é da análise dos antigos geômetras e da álgebra dos modernos. O que o autor quer é evidência, e a primeira a que chegou foi o Cogito. Este foi obtido pelo método. É a primeira verdade clara e distinta. A partir de então todas as outras verdades emergem do Cogito. Segundo Descartes, o conhecimento vai do subjetivo ao objetivo, Deus, mas defende-se que quem fundamenta o Cogito é Deus. Fez-se um estudo críticocomparativo entre o Discurso do Método e as Meditações Metafísicas, para mostrar que as obras se diferenciam segundo o objetivo de Descartes.

Orientador: Newton Aquiles Von Zuben / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Educação / Made available in DSpace on 2018-07-24T21:09:48Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Feller_Waldemar_D.pdf: 431763 bytes, checksum: cf9ae85d94616e7a1c5709297429efc3 (MD5) Previous issue date: 1998 / Doutorado