In a energy scenario moving fast towards the deployment of renewable energy technologies and the need of reducing CO2 emissions, hybrid energy systems for rural electrification are a feasible alternative solution to the utilization of conventional Diesel generators. The project focuses on the design and optimization of an off-grid hybrid energy system for a village of around 250 inhabitants in Gujarat, India. The energy system is part of a bigger project, “G.I.V.E. Center of Excellence”, which has an innovative concept on a more sustainable rural lifestyle. The system, which has to depend mainly on locally available resources, intends to serve three main services: electrical demand, water purification and thermal energy for cooking. Two system configurations were designed and optimized to supply the estimated demand. The main outcome is a techno-economic analysis of the different system performances, which leads to a conclusion: dealing with the services individually has lower costs of implementation, less than half if compared to the implementation of a conventional Diesel generator. Furthermore, CO2 emissions are drastically reduced. A sensitivity analysis was performed to address the different uncertainties such as the cost of the fuel. The result shows that if enough biomass resource would be available, a system based only on renewable energy technologies is economically profitable. / G.I.V.E. Scandinavia

The objective of this thesis is the definition and development of a comprehensive methodology of energy planning for areas isolated from the mains, considering not only the energy context of the country and its development towards a sustainable scenario, but also studying the potential of renewable generation in the remote area under study, the ability for demand management and the socio-economic aspects involved in the final decision on what renewable energy solution would be the most appropriate in accordance with the characteristics of the location. The research work is organized into three major phases. The first one defines the algorithm of analysis of the context energy of the country and its evolution towards a future energy scenario based on renewable energies. A second phase which analyzes the best configurations of hybrid renewable systems capable of responding to energy needs in the area, sorting them based on their net present value. And a third one introducing the method of multi-criteria analysis which allows to select, from among all possible configurations identified in the previous stage, the most appropriate to the needs and characteristics of the area to study, taking into account not only economic or technical aspects, but also sociological, political, and environmental criteria. Finally, the developed methodology is applied to a case concrete as example of its potential. An isolated community in the Democratic Republic of the Congo has been selected since 90% of the population living in areas isolated from the mains, and being one of the African countries with the greatest potential for renewable energy generation. / El objetivo de esta tesis es la definición y desarrollo de una metodología integral de planificación energética para zonas aisladas de la red eléctrica que considere no solo el contexto energético del país y su desarrollo hacia un escenario sostenible, sino también el estudio del potencial de generación renovable en la zona remota a estudiar, la capacidad de gestión de la demanda y los aspectos socio-económicos que intervienen en la decisión final sobre qué solución energética renovable sería la más apropiada de acuerdo con las características de la ubicación. El trabajo de investigación se organiza en tres grandes etapas. La primera donde se define el algoritmo de análisis del contexto energético del país y su evolución hacia un escenario energético futuro basado en energías renovables. Una segunda fase donde se analizan las mejores configuraciones de sistemas renovables híbridos capaces de responder a las necesidades energéticas de la zona, clasificándolas en base a su valor neto actual. Y una tercera donde se describe el método de análisis multi-criterio que permite seleccionar, de entre todas las posibles configuraciones identificadas en la etapa anterior, la más adecuada para las necesidades y características de la zona a estudiar, teniendo en cuenta no solo aspectos económicos o técnicos, sino también criterios sociológicos, políticos y medioambientales. Finalmente, se aplica la metodología a un caso concreto en la República Democrática del Congo como ejemplo de su aplicación. Para el análisis del caso de estudio, se ha seleccionado una comunidad aislada en la República Democrática del Congo ya que el 90% de la población vive en zonas aisladas de la red eléctrica, y es uno de los países de África con mayor potencial de generación con energías renovables. / L'objectiu d'aquesta tesi és la definició i desenvolupament d'una metodologia integral de planificació energètica per a zones aïllades de la xarxa elèctrica que considere no solament el context energètic del país i el seu desenvolupament cap a un escenari sostenible, sinó també l'estudi del potencial de generació renovable en la zona remota a estudiar, la capacitat de gestió de la demanda i els aspectes soci-econòmics que intervenen en la decisió final sobre quina solució energètica renovable seria la més apropiada d'acord amb les característiques de la ubicació. El treball de recerca s'organitza en tres grans etapes. La primera on es defineix l'algorisme d'anàlisi del context energètic del país i la seua evolució cap a un escenari energètic futur basat en energies renovables. Una segona fase on s'analitzen les millors configuracions de sistemes renovables híbrids capaços de respondre a les necessitats energètiques de la zona, classificant-les sobre la base del seu valor net actual. I una tercera on es descriu el mètode d'anàlisi multi-criteri que permet seleccionar, d'entre totes les possibles configuracions identificades en l'etapa anterior, la més adequada per a les necessitats i característiques de la zona a estudiar, tenint en compte no sol aspectes econòmics o tècnics, sinó també criteris sociològics, polítics i mediambientals. Finalment, s'aplica la metodologia a un cas concret en la República Democràtica del Congo com a exemple de la seua aplicació. Per a l'anàlisi del cas d'estudi, s'ha seleccionat una comunitat aïllada en la República Democràtica del Congo ja que el 90% de la població viu en zones aïllades de la xarxa elèctrica, i és un dels països d'Àfrica amb major potencial de generació amb energies renovable. / Peñalvo López, E. (2017). Metodología de Evaluación y Optimización de Sistemas Renovables Híbridos para Electrificación de Zonas Aisladas de la Red [Tesis doctoral no publicada]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/82308 / TESIS

L'augmentation de la contribution des énergies renouvelables (solaire ou éolien) et une évolution majeure du parc électrique français et s'inscrit dans le cadre de la transition énergétique. Il est prévu que la part de ces énergies dans le mix passe de 6% actuellement à 30% d'ici à 2030. Cette augmentation en revanche laisse entrevoir d'importants déséquilibres entre l'offre et la demande, et les autres moyens de production, l'énergie nucléaire en tête, devront donc s'adapter. Ce travail vise à augmenter la disponibilité de suivi de charge des centrales, en améliorant leur pilotage durant tout le cycle d'exploitation. Parmi l'ensemble des réacteurs du parc nucléaire français, les réacteurs à eau pressurisées d'une puissance électrique de $1300$ MW sont choisis en raison de leur capacité de suivi de charge déjà accrue. Dans un premier temps, un modèle multi-physique et de type simulateur de la centrale est développé, permettant de prendre en arguments les paramètres principaux des barres de commande, et permettant de déterminer en quelques dizaines de minutes de calcul, les critères d'intérêt dont le premier est en lien avec le diagramme de pilotage et le second avec le volume d'effluents. Le problème d'optimisation est alors résolu grâce à des algorithmes évolutionnaires parallèles asynchronesde type maître-esclave, et les mode de pilotage obtenus sont commentés. / The increase of the renewable energies contribution (as wind farms, solar energy) is a major issue in the actual context of energetic transition. The part of intermittent renewable energies is indeed forecast to be around 30% of the total production in 2030, against 6% today. On the other hand, their intermittent production may lead to an important imbalance between production and consumption. Consequently, the other ways of power production must adapt to those variations, especially nuclear energy which is the most important in France. This work aims at increasing the availability of thepower plants to load-follow, by optimizing their manageability all along their operation cycle. Among the French nuclear fleet, the pressurized water reactors(PWR) producing $1300$ electrical MW and operated in the "G" mode are considered as they show the higher capability to load-follow. In a first step, a multi-physics PWR model is designed taking as inputs the main parameters of the control rods, and computing in few minutes the criteria of interest whichare linked to the control diagram and to the effluents volume. The optimization problem which consists in minimizing those two values of interest is then solved thanks to a parallel asynchronous master-worker evolutionary algorithm. Finally, the efficient operating modes are discussed.

Brazil started the Luz Para Todos (Light for all - LPT) program in 2003 aiming at universalization of electricity access in the country. The program uses three technological solutions to reach this goal: grid extension, decentralized power generation with isolated grids and stand-alone systems. This master thesis analyzes the role of decentralized renewable energy technologies in the Luz Para Todos program in the state of Minas Gerais. The factors that lead to the use of such technologies in the specific case of CEMIG (Energy Company of Minas Gerais) are considered. The study showed that regulatory framework and energy policy mechanisms are the most important determinants of the method of attendance in rural electrification. It is concluded that decentralized renewable energy technologies emerge as a strong alternative when it is not technologically and/or financially feasible to extend the grid.

Energy generation and use is one of the main contributors to climate change, as it is responsible for two thirds of the global greenhouse gas emissions (IEA 2015). In this context, renewable energies (RE) are increasingly gaining momentum as a key driver for the transition towards a low-carbon society (REN21 2016) and a source of technological and social innovation. The deployment of RE and its integration in large-scale power generation systems has been progressively driven by supportive policy frameworks adopted by pioneering countries such as Germany, Spain and France. This has subsequently fostered a process of learning and spreading of policies between leading countries and other governments willing to implement RE support schemes. Within the field of comparative public policy, different but interrelated approaches of the phenomenon of policy spreading have been developed, among which the most rehearsed are policy diffusion, policy transfer, policy convergence and lesson-drawing. The present study addresses a specific case of policy transfer between Germany-Spain and Peru for the implementation in the latter of a policy framework to foster the development of RE technologies (Legislative Decree 1002) in 2008, and the subsequent adoption of a support policy mechanism, Renewable Auctions (RA) in 2009. The assessment of the policy transfer process has been carried out by applying the Dolowitz and Marsh Model (Dolowitz and Marsh 1996, 2000). Furthermore, an exploratory analysis of the impacts of the policy transfer process in the development of the Peruvian Solar PV technology innovation system has been conducted in order to assess the outcomes of the policy transfer process in terms of RE technological deployment in the country, tackling Solar PV as the RE technology in focus. For this purpose, a simplified adaptation of the technology innovation system framework (TIS) developed by Hekkert et al. 2007 and Bergek et al 2008 has been employed. The results of the study show that the transfer of knowledge related to RE policy-making involved both voluntary and coercive causes. The drivers for the occurrence of policy transfer were the pressure exerted by a foreigner actor (US) for the enforcement of the RE policy framework (LD 1002) in Peru and the institutional support provided by a “convinced bureaucrat” (the former Vice Minister of Energy). The choice of adopting RA instead of other instruments such as  Feed-in-tariffs or Feed-in-premiums is related to the know-how of the country in terms of infrastructure investments and its traditional “modus-operandi”, the availability of natural and financial resources within the country, the perception of technical and financial risks, the negative lessons drawn from the experiences of Spain and Germany regarding the implementation of FITs, and the current state of development of the global RE sector. The policy transfer process has contributed to the development of some components of the Peruvian Solar PV innovation system. From a structural point of view, it has triggered a diversification of the actors involved, mainly driven by the incorporation of large foreign companies specialized in RE, as well as conventional energy companies that have diversified their core activities towards RE. From a dynamic perspective, the implementation of RA has promoted the increase in Solar PV installed capacity and its contribution to the electricity mix, promoting chiefly the function of market formation.

Si lors de l'introduction des éoliennes dans le paysage de Midi Pyrénées, les acteurs des politiques destinées à développer les énergies renouvelables étaient plutôt novices quant à leur mise en oeuvre, cela a bien changé à l'heure du photovoltaïque. Les conflits et difficultés qu'ils ont expérimentés dans la réalisation de projets d'éoliennes (contestation), de bois énergie (prégnance des industriels du bois), ou de photovoltaïque (préservation des terres agricoles), leur ont permit de se forger une expérience qui les a peu a peu mené à une autre perception des enjeux inhérents. Les coalitions menées au départ de ces politiques entre les experts techniques et les acteurs publics se délient peu à peu et de fait traduisent l'inscription de ces derniers sur le chemin de l'autonomie. Divisée entre différents type de savoirs, les ressources qui permettent cette progressive indépendance des acteurs publics face à ceux émanant des sphères scientifiques et techniques, ne sont pour autant pas réductibles à cette même dimension technique. En effet, la connaissance des référentiels locaux mais aussi celle relative à l'ingénierie des projets font peu à peu concurrence aux savoirs techniques. Une évolution qui modifie finalement le système institutionnel dans lequel émerge les énergies renouvelables. La dynamique, mais aussi les éléments qui composent ce dernier, changent au fil de l'expérimentation des acteurs, ce qui se traduit finalement par l'émergence d'une nouvelle réalité. C'est la mise en perspective de ce processus sur l'ensemble des départements de Midi Pyrénées et concernant les trois types d'énergies renouvelables qui feront l'objet de notre attention dans cette thèse. Nous constaterons via les différences existantes entre les territoires considérés et les similarités prenant forme parmi les trois secteurs étudiés, que les politiques publiques, si elles sont le résultat d'interactions entre des acteurs, des ressources, des règles et des discours, résultent également des caractéristiques du territoire dans lesquels elles s'inscrivent ainsi que de l'action d'acteurs intermédiaires. / Even though energy policymakers were novices when wind power was introduced in the Midi Pyrenees region, the situation had changed when the photovoltaic was implemented. The new challenges policymakers experimented about the wind power and their opponents, the wood energy and the primacy of the wood's industrials, the photovoltaic and the preservation of the agricultural lands, fostered their learning and gradually lead them to change their perception of inherent issues. The coalitions forged between technical experts and policymakers unbind along the progressive empowerment of the formers. Shared between different forms of knowledge, however, the resources needed to implement renewable energies projects cannot be reduced to the technical dimension. Local knowledge and engineering knowledge increasingly compete with expert knowledge. This evolution corresponds to a policy arrangement change. Since the dynamic but also the elements that compose this political system change, a new reality gradually emerges. This whole process will be the main concern of this thesis. We will finally notice that there are some differences between the implementation of these renewable energies among the territories but also among the three forms of renewable energies we analyze. This means that although renewable energy policy are based on interactions between actors' resources, discourse and rules, they also emerge from the action of intermediates actors, and from the characteristic of each territories in which they are implemented.

Submitted by Rosivalda Pereira (mrs.pereira@ufma.br) on 2017-06-01T19:01:21Z No. of bitstreams: 1 RafaelMendoncaOliveira.pdf: 2075889 bytes, checksum: 9a87800d10facd20512342f1e6275efe (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-06-01T19:01:21Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 RafaelMendoncaOliveira.pdf: 2075889 bytes, checksum: 9a87800d10facd20512342f1e6275efe (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-06-24 / This study aims to investigate the regulatory, political and legal challenges to the development of renewable energy from ocean sources in Brazil, identifying barriers to introducing this type of generation, taking into account the current legal framework, making a parallel with countries at a more advanced stage of maturity both in terms of technology as well as industrial development policies and to encourage oceanic resources. This research explores the records of the potential of marine energy on Brazilian coast for generation of electricity, considering environmental, regulatory, infrastructure and financial constraints. It also highlights the progress and technological challenges relevant to the economic feasibility for the development of an industry-based and long-term sustainability. From the compilation and analysis of data and experience from various countries in the world and the concatenation of the most successful models, it presents a projection on a timeline which establishes a relationship between the development of the market of oceanic generation and the inclusion of new public policies. / Este trabalho tem como objetivo investigar os desafios regulatórios, políticos e jurídicos para o desenvolvimento da energia renovável de fontes oceânicas no Brasil, identificando os entraves para a introdução deste tipo de geração, levando em consideração o arcabouço jurídico atual, fazendo um paralelo com países que se encontram num estágio mais avançado de maturidade, tanto em termos tecnológicos bem como em políticas de desenvolvimento industrial e de incentivo a fontes oceânicas. Esta investigação explora os registros das potencialidades das energias marinhas na costa brasileira para geração de energia elétrica, considerando as restrições ambientais, regulatórias, de infraestrutura e financeiras. Também se destacará a evolução e os desafios tecnológicos pertinentes à viabilidade econômica para o desenvolvimento de uma indústria de base e sustentabilidade em longo prazo. A partir da compilação e análise de dados e experiências obtidas em diversos países no mundo e da concatenação dos modelos mais exitosos, apresenta-se uma projeção em uma linha de tempo em que se estabelece uma relação entre o desenvolvimento do mercado da geração oceânica e a inserção de novas políticas públicas.

Dans un contexte de changement climatique, l'intégration des énergies renouvelables aux systèmes électriques est un enjeu majeur des décennies à venir. Les énergies liées au climat (photovoltaïque, éolien et hydro-électricité) peuvent contribuer à une réduction des émissions de gaz à effet de serre. Cependant, elles sont fortement intermittentes et la production électrique associée peine à répondre à la demande.Cette étude vise à évaluer la faisabilité météorologique du développement d'un système de production électrique basé sur les sources d'énergie liées au climat (CRE - Climate-Related Energy). Nous considérons uniquement leurs variations spatiotemporelles et supposons un équilibre entre production et demande moyennes. Nous avons développé CRE-Mix, une chaîne de modèles permettant de convertir les variables météorologiques en chroniques énergétiques. Cet outil permet l'estimation des fluctuations spatiotemporelles de production et de demande énergétiques résultant de la variabilité hydro-climatique. Pour une sélection de régions en Europe, nous évaluons la facilité d'intégration des CRE en fonctions de leur cohérence temporelle avec la demande. Pour chaque source d'énergie et de multiples mix énergétiques nous estimons successivement (i) le taux de pénétration moyen (PE), qui quantifie la proportion de demande satisfaite sur une longue période et (ii) les caractéristiques des périodes de faible pénétration pour lesquelles le taux journalier de demande satisfaite reste bas pendant plusieurs jours consécutifs. Les résultats montrent que les systèmes basés sur une seule source ont du mal à répondre à la demande et souffrent de longues périodes de faible PE, en raison de leur variabilité temporelle. Cependant, une combinaison d'énergies, l'utilisation de systèmes de stockage ou l'échange d'énergie entre régions, permettent d'augmenter fortement la fiabilité des CRE (PE proche de 100% et rares/courtes périodes de faible pénétration). Cette étude, basée sur 30 ans, a été étendue à l'ensemble de XXème siècle afin d'évaluer les fluctuations basse fréquence des CRE résultant de la variabilité interne du climat. De longues chroniques régionales de production et de demande ont été générées grâce au développement d'une méthode de descente d'échelle statistique basée sur les analogues atmosphériques (SCAMP). Cet outil génère des scénarios météorologiques multivariés physiquement cohérents. Les résultats montrent que les variations basse fréquence des CRE sont influencées par les grandes oscillations océano-climatiques. De plus, on montre que les variations multi-décennales de l'hydro-électricité sont particulièrement importantes avec notamment une différence en PE supérieure à 15% d'une décade à l'autre et des périodes de faible pénétration aux caractéristiques très irrégulières.Enfin, nous évaluons la pertinence de systèmes électriques basés sur les CRE en climat futur. SCAMP permet de produire des scénarios régionaux de variables météorologiques à partir des modèles climatiques issus des simulations CMPI5. Pour les précipitations, les tendances simulées par SCAMP sont en désaccord avec de nombreuses études. L'application de SCAMP en "modèle parfait" semble indiquer que le lien entre les situations atmosphériques de grande échelle et les précipitations totales, mais également convectives et stratiformes, change en climat futur. / In the context of climate change, the integration of renewables in electric power systems is one of the main challenges of the coming decades. Climate-Related-Energy sources (CRE - solar, wind and hydro power) can contribute to reduce the greenhouse gas emissions. However, they exhibit large spatio-temporal fluctuations and the associated intermittent electricity generation often leads to an incomplete supply-demand balance. This study aims to evaluate the meteorological feasibility of developing an electric power system that would only rely on CRE sources. We focus on the multi-scale spatio-temporal fluctuations of these renewables by assuming a balance between mean electricity production and mean energy load. We develop and use CRE-mix, a suite of models able to convert meteorological conditions into CRE time series. It gives an assessment the spatio-temporal fluctuations of power production and energy demand, resulting from the multi-scale hydro-climatic variability. For a set of European regions, we assess the ease of integration of CRE sources, regarding their temporal consistency with energy demand. For each CRE source and multiple CRE mixes, we consider in turn (i) the mean penetration rate (PE), which quantifies the proportion of satisfied demand over a long period and (ii) the characteristics of low penetration periods, defined as sequences of days for which the penetration rate is lower than a given threshold. This study proves that single CRE sources have difficulty to meet the energy demand and suffer from long low penetration periods, due to their multi-scale temporal variations. However, using some integrating factors (multi-sources, storage systems, inter-regions electric power transmission), efficiently improves the reliability of CRE-based power systems with PE rates close to 100% and rare low penetration periods.These analyses, based on a 30-yr period, are extended to the entire 20th century in order to assess the low frequency fluctuations of CRE sources resulting from the internal variability of climate. Long regional series of production and demand, were generated thanks to the development of a statistical downscaling method based on atmospheric analogues (SCAMP). It simulates physically-consistent multivariate series of meteorological parameters. The results demonstrate that these fluctuations are related to some large scale oceano-climatic oscillations. Moreover, the multi-decennial variations of hydro power are particularly large: changes in PE rates exceeding 15% from one decade to the other and uneven energy droughts characteristics.Finally, we evaluate the relevance of the CRE sources under future climate conditions. SCAMP is used to produce downscaled projections of meteorological drivers of CRE sources for the 21st century from a selection of CMIP5 climate models. The resulting scenarios for precipitation are not consistent with other studies focusing of the future modifications of this variable in Europe. The application of SCAMP in a perfect-model approach seems to indicate that the large-scale-meteorology/local-precipitation relationship is changing in the course of the 21st century, for all total, convective and stratiform precipitation.

This research aims to develop solutions to relieve system stress conditions in electric grids. The approach adopted in this research is based on a new concept in the Smart Grid, namely, demand response optimization. A number of demand response programs with energy storage systems are designed to enable a community to achieve optimal demand side energy management. The proposed models aim to improve the utilization of the demand side energy through load management programs including peak shaving, load shifting, and valley lling. First, a model is proposed to nd the optimal capacity of the battery energy storage system (BESS) to be installed in a power system. This model also aims to design optimal switchable loads programs for a community. The penetration of the switchable loads versus the size of the BESS is investigated. Another model is developed to design an optimal load operation scheduling of a residential heating ventilation and air-conditioning system (HVACs). This model investigates the ability of HVACs to provide optimal demand response. The model also proposes a comfort/cost trade-os formulation for end users. A third model is proposed to incorporate the uncertainty of the photovoltaic power in a residential model. The model would nd the optimal utilization of the PV-output to supply the residential loads. In the first part of this research, mixed integer programming (MIP) formulations are proposed to obtain the optimal capacity of the (BESS) in a power system. Two optimization problems are investigated: (i) When the BESS is owned by a utility, the operation cost of generators and cost of battery will be minimized. Generator on/o states, dispatch level and battery power dispatch level will be determined for a 24-hour period. (ii) When the BESS is owned by a community for peak shaving, the objective function will have a penalty component for the deviation of the importing power from the scheduled power. MIP problems are formulated and solved by CPLEX.The simulation results present the effect of switchable load penetration level on battery sizing parameters. In the second part, a mixed integer programming (MIP) based operation is proposed in this part for residential HVACs. The objective is to minimize the total cost of the HVAC energy consumption under varying electricity prices. A simplied model of a space cooling system considering thermal dynamics is adopted. The optimization problems consider 24-hour operation of HVAC. Comfort/cost trade-o is modeled by introducing a binary variable. The big-M technique is adopted to obtain linear constraints while considering this binary variable. The MIP problems are solved by CPLEX. Simulation results demonstrate the effectiveness of HVAC's ability to respond to varying electricity price. Then, in the final part of this research, two Benders Decomposition strategies are applied to solve a stochastic mixed integer programming (MIP) formulation to obtain the optimal sizing of a photovoltaic system (PV) and battery energy storage system (BESS) to power a residential HVACs. The uncertainty of PV output is modeled using stochastic scenarios with the probability of their occurrence. Total cost including HVAC energy consumption cost and PV/battery installation cost is to be minimized with the system at grid-connected mode over eight hours subject to a varying electricity price. The optimization problem will nd the optimal battery energy capacity, power limit, a number of PV to be installed, and expected HVAC on/o states and BESS charging/discharging states for the next eight hours. This optimization problem is a large-scale MIP problem with expensive computing cost.

Technische Neu- und Weiterentwicklungen sowie eine Änderung der Marktverhältnisse sind maßgebliche Motive für Investitionen. Im Bereich der Kleinwasserkraft sind Investitionen – quantitativ betrachtet – bedingt durch die aktuelle Konjunkturflaute nach der Finanzkrise gesunken. Auf der anderen Seite setzt die Politik verstärkt auf die Nutzung erneuerbarer Energien, um das Konzept der Nachhaltigkeit auf diesem Gebiet zu forcieren.