Rural development efforts in Third World countries often fail to meet the needs of the most disadvantaged members of society. The priviledged continue to get a disproportionate share of the fruits of development. This is so in spite of the fact that development thinking has changed from the days when the poor were expected to benefit from development through the "trickle down" effect. It is now widely recognised that development should be focused on people in their local communities (human development) and not on the economy per se. To achieve this type of development requires an appropriate strategy of development, and people's/community participation is such a strategy. People's participation in development takes place through community based organisations. The organisations faciiitate the development of the human potential of members. This study investigates the conditions under which rural community participation takes place in lesotho. The Thabana-Morena Integrated Rural Development Project is used as a case study. The first objective is to determine the appropriateness of the organisations through which community participation was promoted in the project. The second objective is to isolate the political and administrative factors which affected participation in the project. Thirdly, the study tries to identify factors at the village level which influenced participation in the project. Fourthly, the study evaluates the effectiveness of the project in experimenting with participatory approaches, given that development projects are basically mechanisms for testing the appropriateness of national policies before applying them on a wide scale. Finally, a set of principles is developed on the basis of which participatory development can be facilitated. / Development Studies / D. Litt. et Phil. (Development Administration)

In this work, our initial efforts have been directed to study the behavior of the magnetization as a function of temperature, calculated according to the approximate method of the anisotropy constants and the resolution of a Hamiltonian (that includes the crystal field) as exemplified for the DyAl2 compound. Furthermore, we investigated the magneto-thermal characteristics of some members of the RX2 series (R: rare earth, X: Al, Ni), including spin reorientation (SR), by using a model Hamiltonian, that consists of localized magnetic moments interacting via exchange and crystal field interaction, in the molecular-field approximation. We studied how the SR depends on the direction of the application of magnetic field, the intensity of this field and temperature. For the magnetic calculations, the problem of self-consistency was solved by using a computational routine developed in the Fortran 90 programming language. We emphasize that special attention was directed to the crystal field, because of its high relevance to the anisotropic characteristics of the RX2 studied compounds. Thus, in our attempts to study the peculiarities of the rare earth elements, due to crystal field effects, we have not only considered the intensity change, but the direction change of the applied field. In the cases of both Er+3 and Tb+3 compounds, we obtained second-order or continuous magnetization behavior along the polar angle axis. We stressed that the crystal field terms plays an important role in the first order spin reorientation for Dy+3 and Ho+3 compounds. First, it can be revealed by the discontinuity in the Cartesian components of the magnetization vector as a function of the polar angle. Second, the discontinuity is of great importance in the calculation of latent heat associated to the spin reorientation in the case where the first order transitions were observed. Finally, we were able to separate the first and second order contributions of the anisotropic magnetic entropy change, which is the main result of this work. / Neste trabalho, nossos esforços iniciais foram direcionados a estudar o comportamento da magnetização em função da temperatura, calculado segundo o método aproximativo das constantes de anisotropia e da resolução de um hamiltoniano (que inclui o campo cristalino) como exemplificado para o composto DyAl2. Além disto, investigamos as características magneto-térmicas de alguns integrantes da série RX2 (R: Terra rara; X: Al, Ni), incluindo a reorientação de spin (RS), usando um hamiltoniano modelo que consiste de momentos magnéticos localizados interagentes via interações de troca e de campo cristalino, na aproximação do campo molecular. Estudamos como a RS depende da direção de aplicação do campo magnético, da sua intensidade e da temperatura. Para os cálculos magnéticos, o problema da auto consistência foi solucionado utilizando uma rotina, computacional desenvolvida na linguagem computacional Fortran 90. Ressaltamos que, uma atenção especial foi direcionada ao campo cristalino, por conta da sua alta relevância sobre as características anisotrópicas dos compostos RX2 estudados. Portanto, em nossas tentativas para estudar as peculiaridades dos elementos terras raras, devido aos efeitos do campo cristalino, não consideramos somente a mudança na intensidade, mas a variação na direção do campo aplicado. No caso dos compostos Er+3 e Tb+3, obteve-se um comportamento da magnetização de segunda ordem ou contínuo face à mudança do ângulo polar. Salientamos que os termos de campo cristalino desempenham um papel fundamental na reorientação de spin de primeira ordem para Dy+3 e Ho+3. Primeiro, tal transição pode ser revelada por uma descontinuidade nas componentes cartesianas do vetor de magnetização em função do ângulo polar. Segundo, a descontinuidade é de grande importância para o cálculo do calor latente associado à reorientação spin nos casos em que foram observadas as transições de primeira ordem. Finalmente, foi possível separar as contribuições de primeira e segunda ordem da variação de entropia magnética anisotrópica, o qual é o principal resultado deste trabalho.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Samples of Bi 2Fe4O9 mullite and ReFe 0.5M0.5O3 (Re = Nd, Sm, Eu, Gd, Dy; M = Mn, Al) complex perovskites were successfully synthesized by using the combustion synthesis method. While the mullite was obtained after thermal treatment at temperatures below 1000ºC, complex perovskites are produced after thermal treatments between 1250ºC and 1500ºC for at most 24 h. The X-ray diffraction data analysis suggests the formation of single phase orthorhombic structure, after suitable heat treatment. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) revealed the formation of micrometric grain size, giving to the sample the relative density. EDS spectra confirmed the homogeneity and purity of complex perovskites. Magnetization measurements as a function of field and temperature showed the diversity of magnetic behavior of the samples. Among the behaviors we can highlight the reorientation of spin for ortoferritas ReFe0.5Mn0.5O3 (Re = Dy, Gd, Eu, Sm, Eu) and ReFe0.5Al0.5O3 (Re = Dy, Nd). Another interesting finding was the effect of magnetic reversal of the samples ReFe0.5Al0.5O3 (Re = Nd, Gd) and EuFe0.5Mn0.5O3. Raman spectra show anomalous bands of second order in the perovskite DyFe0.5Al0.5O3 with characteristics of resonant effects. The evolution of the band associated with the symmetric vibrational mode of the octahedron shows hardening at the temperature range of ordered magnetic phase, thus suggesting a possible spin-phonon coupling. Depolarization current measurements highlights a relaxation process due to charge carriers in the samples ReFe0.5Mn0.5O3 (Re = Dy, Gd). The application of magnetic field profoundly influences the depolarization current behavior of DyFe0.5Mn0.5O3. Dielectric permittivity measurements showed no anomalies between 10 K and 300 K, that could can be associated to a ferroelectric phase. / Amostras da mulita Bi2Fe4O9 e das perovskitas complexas ReFe0.5M0.5O3 (Re= Nd, Sm, Eu, Gd, Dy; M = Mn, Al) foram sintetizadas com sucesso utilizando o método de síntese por reação de combustão. Enquanto a mulita foi obtida após tratamento térmico com temperaturas abaixo de 1000ºC, as perovskitas complexas foram produzidas após tratamentos térmicos entre 1250ºC e 1500ºC por, no máximo, 24 h. A análise de dados de difração de raios X sugerem a formação de estruturas ortorrômbicas de fase única, após os tratamento térmico apropriado. Medidas de microscopia evidenciaram formação de grãos micrométricos conferindo às amostras relativa densidade. Os espectros EDS confirmaram a homogeneidade e pureza das perovskitas complexas. As medidas de magnetização em função do campo e da temperatura evidenciaram a diversidade de comportamentos magnéticos das amostras estudadas. Entre os comportamentos destacamos reorientação de spin para as ortoferritas ReFe0.5Mn0.5O3 (Re = Dy, Gd, Eu, Sm, Eu) e ReFe0.5Al0.5O3 (Re = Dy,Nd). Outro interessante achado foi o efeito de inversão magnética das amostras ReFe0.5Al0.5O3 (Re = Nd, Gd) e EuFe0.5Mn0.5O3. Espectros Raman demonstram bandas anômalas de segunda ordem na perovskita DyFe0.5Al0.5O3 com características de efeitos ressonantes. A evolução da banda associada ao modo vibracional simétrico do octaedro apresenta endurecimento em temperaturas na faixa da fase magnética ordenada, sugerindo assim, um possível acoplamento spin-f onon. Medidas de corrente de despolarização destaca um processo de relaxação devido aos portadores de cargas nas amostras ReFe0.5Mn0.5O3 (Re=Dy,Gd). A aplicação de campo magnético influencia profundamente o comportamento da corrente de despolarização do DyFe0.5Mn0.5O3. Medidas de permissividade dielétrica não exibiram anomalias entre 10 K e 300 K que possam a ser associadas a uma fase ferroelétrica.

In dieser Arbeit werden das Wachstum mittels Molekularstrahlepitaxie und die Eigenschaften der Ferromagneten Fe und Fe_3Si auf niedrig-symmetirschen GaAs(113)A-Substraten studiert. Drei wichtige Aspekte werden untersucht: (i) Wachstum und strukturelle Charakterisierung, (ii) magnetische Eigenschaften und (iii) Magnetotransporteigenschaften der Fe und Fe_3Si Schichten auf GaAs(113)A-Substraten. Das Wachstum der Fe- und Fe_3Si-Schichten wurde bei einer Wachstumstemperatur von = bzw. 250 °C optimiert. Bei diesen Wachstumstemperaturen zeigen die Schichten eine hohe Kristallperfektion und glatte Grenz- und Oberflächen analog zu [001]-orientierten Schichten. Weiterhin wurde die Stabilität der Fe_(3+x)Si_(1-x) Phase über einen weiten Kompositionsbereich innerhalb der Fe_3Si-Stoichiometry demonstriert. Die Abhängigkeit der magnetischen Anisotropie innerhalb der Schichtebene von der Schichtdicke weist zwei Bereiche auf: einen Beresich mit dominanter uniaxialer Anisotropie für Fe-Schichten = 70 MLs. Weiterhin wird eine magnetische Anisotropie senkrecht zur Schichtebene in sehr dünnen Schichten gefunden. Der Grenzflächenbeitrag sowohl der uniaxialen als auch der senkrechten Anisotropiekonstanten, die aus der Dickenabhängigkeit bestimmt wurden, sind unabhängig von der [113]-Orientierung und eine inhärente Eigenschaft der Fe/GaAs-Grenzfläche. Die anisotrope Bindungskonfiguration zwischen den Fe und den As- oder Ga-Atomen an der Grenzfläche wird als Ursache für die uniaxiale magnetische Anisotropie betrachtet. Die magnetische Anisotropie der Fe_3Si-Schichten auf GaAs(113)A-Substraten zeigt ein komplexe Abhängigkeit von der Wachstumsbedingungen und der Komposition der Schichten. In den Magnetotransportuntersuchungen tritt sowohl in Fe(113)- als auch in Fe_3Si(113)-Schichten eine antisymmetrische Komponente (ASC) im planaren Hall-Effekt (PHE) auf. Ein phänomenologisches Modell, dass auf der Kristallsymmetrie basiert, liefert ein gute Beschreibung sowohl der ASC im PHE als auch des symmetrischen, anisotropen Magnetowiderstandes. Das Modell zeigt, dass die beobachtete ASC als Hall-Effekt zweiter Ordnung beschreiben werden kann. / In this work, the molecular-beam epitaxial growth and properties of ferromagnets, namely Fe and Fe_3Si are studied on low-symmetric GaAs(113)A substrates. Three important aspects are investigated: (i) growth and structural characterization, (ii) magnetic properties, and (iii) magnetotransport properties of Fe and Fe_3Si films on GaAs(113)A substrates. The growth of Fe and Fe_3Si films is optimized at growth temperatures of 0 and 250 degree Celsius, respectively, where the layers exhibit high crystal quality and a smooth interface/surface similar to the [001]-oriented films. The stability of Fe_(3+x)Si_(1-x) phase over a range of composition around the Fe_3Si stoichiometry is also demonstrated. The evolution of the in-plane magnetic anisotropy with film thickness exhibits two regions: a uniaxial magnetic anisotropy (UMA) for Fe film thicknesses = 70 MLs. The existence of an out-of-plane perpendicular magnetic anisotropy is also detected in ultrathin Fe films. The interfacial contribution of both the uniaxial and the perpendicular anisotropy constants, derived from the thickness-dependent study, are found to be independent of the [113] orientation and are hence an inherent property of the Fe/GaAs interface. The origin of the UMA is attributed to anisotropic bonding between Fe and As or Ga at the interface, similarly to Fe/GaAs(001). The magnetic anisotropy in Fe_3Si on GaAs(113)A exhibits a complex dependence on the growth conditions and composition. Magnetotransport measurements of both Fe(113) and Fe_3Si(113) films shows the striking appearance of an antisymmetric component (ASC) in the planar Hall effect (PHE). A phenomenological model based on the symmetry of the crystal provides a good explanation to both the ASC in the PHE as well as the symmetric anisotropic magnetoresistance. The model shows that the observed ASC component can be ascribed to a second-order Hall effect.