Apresentamos a hipótese de que o modelo democrático representativo, quando aplicado a grupos e organizações, pode cumprir a função psíquica de intermediário entre o desejo dos membros de evitar o estabelecimento de um vínculo tirânico com o líder e, ao mesmo tempo, evitar os conflitos da convivência. Para abordar o tema, utilizamos o método de entrevista de história de vida, tendo como sujeito de pesquisa um sindicalista que, por 20 anos seguidos, atuou em um sindicato ligado à justiça federal do estado de São Paulo. A presente pesquisa tinha como objetivo refletir sobre o lugar do representante no grupo, em oposição ao lugar de líder. A partir dos dados obtidos, foi possível levantar a hipótese de que, enquanto o líder está investido em seu Eu Narcísico e onipotente, o representante identifica seu Ideal do Eu com os ideais do grupo, podendo postergar a satisfação de seus ideais em troca de ser reconhecido pelo grupo. Assim, o líder, ao receber uma transferência narcísica do grupo, pode pretender retomar o lugar do Pai da horda e, através da violência ou da sedução, exigir para si uma parcela quase total de poder. O representante, por outro lado, assume um lugar de tabu, recebendo uma transferência de poder para exercer funções típicas do papel de intermediário, mas, nesse caso, o grupo mantém o poder de destitui-lo de seu papel e massacrá-lo (mesmo que simbolicamente). No caso estudado, pudemos observar o sindicalista entrevistado exercendo esse papel de representante, a partir de posições que se repetiram ao longo de sua vida. Ocupou, a nosso ver, o papel de intermediário entre as pressões do momento democrático que o país viveu em 1988/1989 e os ideais autocráticos dos partidos de esquerda, que aqui representaram o grupo que buscava um vínculo tirânico em relação à categoria. O entrevistado viu-se enredado em uma trama de vínculos e na repetição de rituais que terminaram em uma crise que levou à sua ruptura com o grupo. Tal ruptura o levou a uma posição de ostracismo e lhe causou um intenso sofrimento, que o levou a uma depressão / We present the hypothesis that the representative democratic model, when applied to groups and organizations, can meet the psychic role of intermediary between the desire of members to avoid the establishment of a tyrannical relationship with the leader and, at the same time, avoid conflicts of coexistence. To address this issue, we used the method of life history interview, and as a research subject, a union trade representative that for 20 straight years, worked in a union linked to the federal courts of the state of São Paulo. This research aimed to reflect on the place of the representative in the group, as opposed to the place of leader. From the data obtained, it was possible to hypothesize that while the leader is invested in his narcissistic and omnipotent ego, the representative identifies his Ideal Ego with the ideals of the group, may postpone the fulfillment of his ideals in exchange for being recognized by the group. Thus, the leader receives a narcissistic transference from the group; he may want to regain the place of the Father of the horde, through violence or seduction, demanding for himself an almost total share of power. The representative , on the other hand, assumes a place of taboo , receiving a transfer of power to perform typical functions of an intermediary role , but in this case , the group has the power to depose him from his paper and slay him (even symbolically) . In our case, we observed the respondent exercising this role, from positions that were repeated throughout his life. He occupied, in our point of view, the role of intermediary between the pressures of democratic moment that the country experienced in 1988/1989 and the autocratic ideals of the Left parties, which represented here the group that seeks a tyrannical link with the category. The respondent found himself entangled in a web of bonds and the repetition of rituals that ended in a crisis that led to his departure from the group. This rupture led him to a position of ostracism and caused him intense suffering, which led to a depression

De acordo com a Comissão Nacional de Energia Nuclear (CNEN), a avaliação de impacto radiológico ambiental resultante da liberação de radionuclídeos para o meio ambiente, devido à operação normal de instalações nucleares, para propósito de proteção do público, é feita considerando o conceito de grupo crítico. Contudo, em 2006, a International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP), para o mesmo propósito, propôs a adoção do conceito de indivíduo representativo. Uma vez que, em algum momento, o Brasil possa adotar esse novo conceito, no presente trabalho são avaliadas as alterações, em termos de procedimentos de cálculo e dos consequentes resultados, decorrentes da aplicação da metodologia de indivíduo representativo em comparação com a metodologia de grupo crítico atualmente utilizada para o controle regulatório das instalações nucleares brasileiras. Como referência, utilizou-se as potenciais liberações de radionuclídeos previstas para a operação normal da Unidade de Produção de Hexafluoreto de Urânio (USEXA), localizada no Centro Experimental Aramar (CEA). De forma específica, os objetivos são: efetuar a avaliação de impacto radiológico ambiental para o CEA, utilizando as duas metodologias recomendadas (determinística e probabilística) para o indivíduo representativo, conforme descritas pela ICRP (2006); efetuar a comparação dos resultados obtidos com essas metodologias com os obtidos com a metodologia utilizada para o grupo crítico; e efetuar uma análise crítica da necessidade e da disponibilidade de dados para a aplicação dessas metodologias, bem como das suas consequências para o controle operacional do CEA. Com base nos resultados obtidos, destaca-se que a utilização da metodologia de cálculo de grupo crítico continua sendo uma maneira simples e eficiente para a avaliação de impacto radiológico ambiental, quando comparada à utilização da metodologia de indivíduo representativo, o que torna o estabelecimento de programas de monitoramento e, consequentemente, o controle radiológico ambiental, mais simples e objetivos. / According to the National Commission for Nuclear Energy (CNEN), the assessment of environmental radiological impact from the release of radionuclides to the environment due to normal operation of nuclear facilities, for protecting the public, considers the concept of critical group. In 2006, the International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP), for the same purpose, proposed the adoption of the concept of representative person. Once, at some point, this new concept probably will be adopted in Brazil, in this study the changes in terms of procedures for calculating and consequent results arising from the application of the representative person methodology are evaluated and compared to the critical group methodology currently used for regulatory control of Brazilian nuclear facilities. As a reference, it was used the predicted potential releases of radionuclides resulting from the normal operation of the Uranium Hexafluoride Production Plant (USEXA), located at Centro Experimental Aramar (CEA). Specifically, the objectives are: to carry out the environmental radiological impact for CEA, using the two recommended methods (deterministic and probabilistic) for the representative person, as described by the ICRP (2006); to make the comparison of results obtained with these methods with those obtained with the methodology used for the critical group; and, make a critical analysis of the need and the availability of data for the application of these methodologies, as well as its consequences for the operational control of CEA. Based on the results obtained, it is emphasized that the use of the methodology for calculating critical group remains a simple and efficient way to evaluate radiological environmental impact when compared to the use of the representative person methodology, which makes the establishment of monitoring programs, and therefore the environmental radiological control, simpler and objectives.

Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-21T20:31:39Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Izolde Hilbemberg de Oliveira.pdf: 748643 bytes, checksum: 7a25a15850a7635372d50e5e73d2664f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-06-30 / This research aims at analyzing the trajectory, structure and functioning of the Municipal Council of Education of Ponta Grossa City – Paraná State – Brazil, as well as investigating the extent to which this Council has been a tool for democratization in educational decision-making. The theoretical framework is based on authors who discuss the concepts of democracy and representative democracy, as well as the concepts of State and civil society (Bobbio, Held, Chauí, Carnoy and Gramsci, among others). The fieldwork comprises the following strategies of data collection: documentary analysis (laws, internal rules of the Council, meeting reports, official documents approved by the Council); non-participatory observations of the Council’s meetings; an interview with the town councilor who proposed the creation of the Municipal Council of Education; and interviews with 16 other councilors. The main findings are as follows: (a) although the Council investigated can be considered as an important means for the participation of civil society in education management, this Council has been legitimizing education policies formulated by the Municipal Secretariat of Education, rather than acting as a source of new proposals and their implementation; and (b) the contributions of the Municipal Council of Education of Ponta Grossa to the democratization of educational decision-making have, so far, been weak – and less than might have been expected. These conclusions must be understood in context, involving a range of factors (mediations), such as: the period of the Council’s existence; the conservative features of local society; the few opportunities for effective democratic and participatory experiments; the power relations inside the Municipal Secretariat of Education; the lack of councilor training; and the features of the process of democratic construction in Brazilian society. / Este estudo tem por objetivo analisar os principais aspectos da criação, da estrutura, do funcionamento e das contribuições do Conselho Municipal de Educação de Ponta Grossa - PR, bem como investigar em que medida esse Conselho tem sido um instrumento de democratização das decisões educacionais. O referencial teórico é constituído por autores que fundamentam os conceitos de democracia, democracia representativa e as concepções de Estado e sociedade civil (Bobbio, Held, Chauí, Carnoy, Gramsci entre outros). A metodologia adotada foi a investigação qualitativa, constituída por um estudo de caso. A pesquisa de campo envolveu as seguintes estratégias de coleta de dados: análise documental (leis de criação e regimento interno do CME, decretos, atas, deliberações), observação não-participante de reuniões do CME, entrevista com o vereador que propôs a lei do Conselho e com 16 conselheiros. As principais conclusões são as seguintes: a) embora o CME investigado constitua-se em um importante espaço de participação da sociedade civil na gestão educacional do município, o mesmo tem assumido um papel mais legitimador das políticas educacionais emanadas da Secretaria Municipal de Educação do que propriamente propositivo e mobilizador; b) as contribuições do CME para a democratização efetiva das decisões educacionais, bem como para a democratização da educação, até o presente, foram frágeis e muito aquém do que poderia ser esperado. Buscou-se compreender tais conclusões a partir de um sistema de mediações (locais e outras mais amplas) o qual tem determinado/configurado a atuação do CME: o tempo de existência do CME, o conservadorismo político que caracteriza a sociedade ponta-grossense, a falta de oportunidades de vivência democrática e participativa, as relações de poder e autoridade no âmbito da Secretaria Municipal de Educação, a ausência de mecanismos de formação de conselheiros e as características do processo de construção democrática na sociedade brasileira.

Definido em muitos estudos como uma tentativa frustrada de organização política na década de 1860 do Império do Brasil, nesta tese o Partido Progressista é interpretado como resultado de inovadoras práticas eleitorais e de articulação parlamentar. A pesquisa abrangeu a experiência de sua formação, entre a polêmica bancária de 1857 e a queda do primeiro gabinete de Zacarias de Góis e Vasconcelos, em maio de 1862. A análise dos discursos políticos desse período revela profundas transformações no debate partidário e na compreensão do funcionamento do sistema representativo brasileiro, um rearranjo que, a despeito de surpreender os coevos, foi capaz de manter a esfera do Parlamento distanciada daqueles que os haviam elegido. / In this dissertation contrary to most historiography, where the \"Liga Progressista\" is usually mentioned as a 1860s failured attempt of a new political organization we analyze the Partido Progressista as a direct result of innovative electoral practices and an important offspring of parliamentary reconfigurations. The research encompasses a period of five years, starting with the discussions regarding the new financial policy, in 1857, until the downfall of Zacarias de Goes e Vasconcelos first cabinet, in 1862. Discourses uttered in the period reveal the depth of disputes regarding not only transformations in the political-parties scenery at the time, but also parliamentary debates concerning the understanding of the Brazilian representative system itself. A discussion, with clear consequences, that despite astonishing many contemporaries, was, at the end, able to secure a sequestered sphere for the Legislative Power, maintaining its historical distance from those entitled to choose their representatives.

La place acquise par l’accord collectif d’entreprise dans le champ de la réglementation des conditions de travail et d’emploi et son positionnement en tant que vecteur préférentiel de déclinaison de dispositifs légaux interroge sur l’accessibilité de l’acte conventionnel dans l’entreprise. L’entreprise dépourvue de délégué syndical constitue à cet égard un foyer traditionnellement réfractaire à l’épanouissement conventionnel. Les dispositifs légaux se sont pourtant multipliés depuis plus de vingt ans afin de remédier à cette carence. Le législateur a créé puis développé des formes alternatives de représentation dans la négociation collective sans toutefois se soucier d’ancrer sa démarche dans un schéma clair. Il en résulte aujourd’hui un agrégat de dispositifs variés à la complexité attestée sollicitant de multiples références détournées à la volonté de la collectivité de travail. Davantage motivé par la propagation quantitative des accords collectifs d’entreprise en l’absence de délégué syndical plutôt que par un souci qualitatif de recréation du procédé conventionnel en dehors du référentiel syndical classique, le législateur livre aux utilisateurs de ce mode de négociation un système sans âme dont les malfaçons sont nombreuses. C’est à partir d’un tel constat que nous nous proposons de reprendre l’ouvrage légal en fondant la démarche sur l’exigence constitutionnelle de libre accès des salariés à la négociation collective et en reconstruisant la figure de l’acteur substitutif de négociation sur des exigences plus poussées de représentation de la collectivité de travail lors de la passation de l’acte collectif. / Non-union firms are normally excluded from collective bargaining and consequently from collective agreement. But company-level agreement had gained importance in such a way that the legislator was compelled to create some forms of alternative representation in collective bargaining. But after several evolutions, these forms are now complex and unable to satisfy constitutional principles. So this PhD work aims to rebuild the actual forms of non-union representation in collective bargaining process to give a legitimate and more attractive access to an efficient form of labour relations in spite of the unavailability of representative trade unions. The conventional activity of such substitute bargaining agent newly reconstructed needs even more to be canalized for the purposes of give an equivalent access to collective agreement to both union and non-union companies.

Liability of governing bodies of limited companies against third parties for a breach of duty in the course of performance of function from a comparative perspective The thesis deals with the legal liability of company representatives, an important theme for several reasons. One is the fact that companies are legal persons, or entities which do not exist in reality and whose intentions are realised through persons distinct from them, namely their representatives. Both legislation and the memorandum of association impose many duties on representatives which must be fulfilled. It may happen that these duties are breached, resulting in damage to a company, its associates, and other neutral parties, most often the company's creditors. We must consider if the legal order should pierce the veil around companies and allow the possibility of persons acting on a company's behalf to be directly sanctioned. The thesis attempts to analyse the circumstances under which company representatives should be directly liable for their actions. With regard to the fact that the legislation is not developed in the Czech Republic, I had to work with foreign examples and deduce which provisions of Czech law might be useful for the development of the theory. The first four chapters present and deal with concepts which are...

O clima apresenta uma importância indiscutível, constituindo-se num dos mais relevantes elementos da biosfera, desta forma imprescindível o conhecimento minucioso de sua dinâmica, bem como de sua interação com os outros elementos do ambiente. Optou-se pelo estudo de uma \"bacia hidrográfica\" pelas facilidades de análise que a mesma oferece, pois por se tratar de uma unidade bem delimitada, todos os processos geológicos, geomorfológicos, hidrológicos, pedológicos, climatológicos, entre outros, ocorrem, em seu limite natural. Para tanto, selecionou-se a Bacia do Ribeirão do Lobo, por apresentar uma consistência de dados meteorológicos fundamentais para este estudo, e por abranger uma área de foco de muitas pesquisas em diversas áreas do conhecimento. Assim, uma das metas desta pesquisa foi apresentar informações climatológicas que subsidiarão a compreensão dos fenômenos interligados em outras áreas. A concepção climática elaborada por SORRE (1951) e na análise rítmica preconizada por MONTEIRO (1971) foram os conceitos norteadores desta pesquisa, entretanto, numa primeira etapa efetuou-se uma abordagem climática tradicional, utilizando-se de estatística e de computação, para definir as tendências ao longo da referida bacia hidrográfica. Assim, sob a temática do clima, foram analisados quatro episódios representativos, descrevendo o comportamento da circulação atmosférica e as repercussões nos elementos climáticos. / The climate presents an unquestionable importance, being constituted in one of the most important elements of the biosphere, thus becoming indispensable the meticulous knowledge of its dynamics, as well as its interaction with the other elements ofthe atmosphere. The study of a hydrographic basin was opted due to its easiness of analysis therefore for being a well delimited physical unit, all the geological processes, geomorphologic, hidrologic, pedologic, climatological, amog others, occur in its natural boundary. For this purpose, the Wolf River System was selected, by presenting a consistence of fundamental meteorological data for this study, and for comprising a focus area of many researches in several areas of knowledge. Thus, one of the goals of this research was to present climatological information that will subsidize the understanding of the interlinked phenomena in other areas. The climactic conception elaborated by SORRE (1951) and in the rhythmic analysis extolled by MONTEIRO (1971) were the guideline of this research, however, in a first stage it occurred a traditional climactic approach, making use of the statistics and of the computation, to define the tendencies along referred hydrographic basin. So, under the optics dynamics of the climate, four representative episodes were analyzed, describing the behavior of the atmospheric circulation and the repercussions in the climactic elements.

The assumption in economics of a representative agent is often made. However, it is a very rigid assumption. Hall and Jones (2004b) presented an economic model that essentially provided for a representative agent for each age group in determining the group's health level function. Our work seeks to extend their theoretical version of the model by allowing for two representative agents for each age—one for each of “Healthy” and “Sick” risk-factor groups—to allow for additional heterogeneity in the populace. The approach to include even more risk-factor groups is also briefly discussed. While our “extended” theoretical model is not applied directly to relevant data, several techniques that could be applicable were the relevant data to be obtained are demonstrated on other data sets. This includes examples of using linear classification, fitting baseline-category logit models, and running the genetic algorithm.

This paper looks to examine how the Dayton Peace Agreement (1995) was meant to create a stable, unified Bosnia and Herzegovina versus what was actually achieved. The institutional rules of Dayton were designed to check and balance the three ethnic groups, yet the country is defined by political division rather than cooperation. The international community, prescribed by Dayton to oversee and enforce Bosnia’s transition, has supported a flawed institutional design. The theories of consociationalism, centripetalism, and the prevalence of the ethno-territorial principle are used to explain how Dayton has failed in facilitating cooperation and moderation. The impact of the prolonged, involved role of the High Representative and the European Court of Human Right's 2009 case, Sejdić and Finci, are used as analysis. I argue that Dayton’s institutional design has allowed ethnic division to define BiH's political system and the prolonged intervention of the High Representative has removed incentive for local elites to cooperate.

Advanced composites are playing a rapidly increasing role in all fields of material and structural related engineering practices. Damage tolerance analysis must be a critical integral part of composite structural design. The predictive capabilities of existing models have met with limited success because they typically can not account for multiple damage evolution and their coupling. As a result, current composite design is heavily dependent upon lengthy and costly test programs and empirical design methods. There is an urgent need for efficient numerical tools that are capable of analyzing the progressive failure caused by nonlinearly coupled, multiple damage evolution in composite materials. Such numerical tools are a necessity in achieving virtual testing of composites and other heterogeneous materials. In this thesis, an advanced finite element method named augmented finite element method (A-FEM) has been developed. This method is capable of incorporating nonlinear cohesive damage descriptions for major damage modes observed in composite materials. It also allows for arbitrary nucleation and propagation of such cohesive damages upon satisfactory of prescribed initiation and propagation criterion. Major advantages of the A-FEM include: 1) arbitrary cohesive cracking without the need of remeshing; 2) full compatibility with existing FEM packages; and 3) easy inclusion of intra-element material heterogeneity. The numerical capabilities of the A-FEM have been demonstrated through direct comparisons between prediction results and experimental observations of typical composite tests including 3-point bending of unidirectional laminates, open-hole tension of quasi-isotropic laminates, and double-notched tension of orthogonal laminates. In all these tests, A-FEM can predict not only the qualitative damage patterns but also quantitatively the nonlinear stress-strain curves and other history-dependent results. The excellent numerical capability of A-FEM in accurately accounting for multiple cracking in composites enables the use of A-FEM as a multi-scale numerical platform for virtual testing of composites. This has been demonstrated by a series of representative volume element (RVE) analyses which explicitly considered microscopic matrix cracking and fiber matrix interface debonding. In these cases the A-FEM successfully predicted the cohesive failure descriptions which can be used for macroscopic composite failure analyses. At the sublaminate scale, the problem of a transverse tunneling crack and its induced local delamination has been studied in detail. Two major coupling modes, which depends on the mode-I to mode-II fracture toughness ratio and cohesive strength values, has been revealed and their implications in composite engineering has been fully discussed. Finally, future improvements to the A-FEM so that it can be more powerful in serving as a numerical platform for virtual testing of composites are discussed.