Driven by the gradually increasing electrification of the transportation industry, in particular the aviation sector, the future’s electrified aircraft requires not only an improvement of the flight operation, but also an enhancement of the movement on ground. One very promising concept to improve the taxiing operation is the integration of an electric propulsion system into the aircraft’s undercarriage, also called “Electric Taxiing”. This yields a decrease of the overall fuel consumption, reduction of emissions, and improvement of aircraft maneuverability to help reducing operating times on ground. In this thesis, the performance requirements for an electric taxiing system are investigated by using self-recorded real-life aircraft taxiing drive cycle data. Based upon the system requirements, the powertrain for the electric propulsion system is sized for a commercial midsize aircraft to achieve a similar driving performance to conventional taxiing maneuvers. The sized powertrain, including the determined electric motor characteristics, is evaluated using a developed simulation model which allows testing the proposed electric taxiing system given the attained drive cycles. For the electric machine which is implemented into the wheel of the aircraft’s main landing gear, an axial flux permanent magnet (AFPM) motor with segmented stator windings is selected due to its very compact structure while providing high torque capabilities. The AFPM motor is designed and evaluated by using analytical models and three-dimensional finite element analysis (3D FEA) to fulfill the specified motor characteristics required for the electric propulsion unit. Finally, suggestions for potential improvements and future work are discussed. / Thesis / Master of Applied Science (MASc)

Research into negotiation systems has primarily focused on those for e-commerce and electronic markets, where quantitative values such as prices are key to what is being negotiated. However, there is a lack of research into tool support for complex real-life negotiations of documents that contain large amounts of textual (qualitative) clauses. Examples of such text-based agreements include international trade and climate-change treaties, as well as labor-management collective agreements. Our goal is to improve the state of the art in textual negotiation technology, so it can be applied to such agreements and their negotiations. In particular, we want to be able to develop technology that can facilitate the delicate give-and-take involving proposed changes, positions, rationale exchange, partial resolutions to disagreements, tracking of notes taken by the negotiators, as well as the ability to search and compare all of the above to facilitate negotiations. We posit that there would be significant societal benefit from the hyper-local to the international level if better technology was available. We performed literature reviews of existing negotiation systems and systems for representing legal documents to study what has been done in this domain. We also performed a grounded theory study based on interviews with people that have participated in real-life negotiations. An end-user's survey of negotiation systems was also conducted and analyzed. We used the results from the literature review, grounded theory and survey analysis, as the basis for a subsequent phase of design-science research in which we developed use cases, requirements and a comprehensive metamodel for qualitative negotiation tools, as well as a prototype negotiation tool.

Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia (CAH) describes a set of autosomal recessive diseases which affect enzymes mediating steroid biochemistry in the adrenal glands. In chromosomal females, the excess androgens associated with CAH cause virilization. Females with a high degree of virilisation can undergo feminizing genitoplasty in infancy or later in life. Parents and guardians are the medical proxies for their infants and therefore make decisions on their behalf. However, decision-making about feminizing genitoplasty can be very difficult. One tool that could help in such a situation is an electronic patient decision aid (PtDA). However, a PtDA for feminizing genitoplasty does not exist and there is insufficient information in existing literature to inform its design and development. Thus, the objectives of this study were to: (1) Identify user requirements, (2) Develop specifications for the design and development of the PtDA, and (3) Understand the best way to implement and distribute the PtDA We used the persona-scenario methodology to acquire user-requirements. Persona-scenario sessions were conducted with four parents of children with CAH, two adult patients with CAH, and four healthcare practitioners. Participants created fictitious personas, and scenarios wherein their personas interacted with an idealized version of the PtDA. Transcripts of these persona-scenarios and facilitator notes were analyzed to identify user-requirements, which were interpreted into specifications. Participants provided user requirements about (1) information and decisional content in the PtDA, (2) proposed functionalities for the PtDA, (3) web usability, and (4) implementation context. Many of these requirements are supported by existing literature. The requirements identified in this project will inform the design and development of a PtDA for feminizing genitoplasty in patients with CAH. However, further research is necessary to understand how to best implement these requirements and to ensure that the gathered information is useful for a broad range of potential end users. / Thesis / Master of Science (MSc)

Engineering secure software remains a significant challenge for today's software organizations as they struggle to understand the implications of security on their systems and develop systems that guarantee specified software security properties. The use of formal methods that are based on mathematical models has long been advocated in the development of secure systems, yet the promise of formal methods has not been realized. This is due to the additional discipline needed to formulate precisely the requirements and due complexities that often confront engineers. Further, the cost of development and the requisite learning curve of formal methods are quite high making them cost prohibitive to apply, especially for large software. The transition from requirements to design has been one of the most difficult steps in software development. Moreover, effective methods for deriving design from requirements that guarantee retention of the intended security properties remain largely unrealized on a repeatable and consistent basis. If security requirements are formalized and transformed into design using formal methods, the potential for security vulnerabilities would be diminished through better clarity, completeness, and consistency. Therefore, a requirements specification must be systematically transformable to a formal representation, and through effective formal methods the design can be derived such that the security properties are preserved and conveyed. This dissertation presents the FADES (Formal Analysis and Design for Engineering Security) approach that couples goal-oriented requirements specification with formal design specification to develop secure software in a constructive, provable and cost-effective way. To the best of our knowledge, FADES is the first security engineering approach that provides a systematic and automated bridge between semi-formal security requirements and formal design and implementation. FADES maintains the completeness and consistency of the security requirements specified with KAOS (Knowledge Acquisition for autOmated Specifications) when transformed to B formal specifications. Relaxing formality during requirements analysis enables security requirements to be better organized for producing more complete, consistent and clear requirements. The KAOS requirements model is then transformed to B, a popular formal representation used to derive and refine software systems. Security design specifications and implementation are produced using the B formal method which preserves the requisite security requirement properties. FADES treats security-specific elements in a systematic and constructive way while considering security early in the development lifecycle. Moreover, employing FADES provides better confidence for security evaluators in the evaluation of trusted software. A side effect of employing formal methods in development is the availability of sufficient traceability information at the various phases of development and maintenance allowing for more accurate impact analysis of security changes. FADES has been examined empirically both by security engineering experts and practitioners. Results obtained from the controlled experiments compare FADES to other formal methods, and show that FADES preserves security properties while maintaining better consistency, quality, and completeness. This is accomplished at a lower cost and with better results. These results have been evaluated by academic and industry experts working in the area of security and formal methods. / Ph. D.

Dieser Beitrag beschreibt das technologische Konzept und die praktische Realisierung einer universellen Telearbeitsumgebung. Dabei wird neben der Definition und Anforderungsanalyse von Telearbeit ein Architekturmodell für eine integrierte Arbeitsumgebung und die geplante prototypische Umsetzung auf der Basis von Web Services vorgestellt. Abschließend werden weitere Entwicklungs- und Ausbaumöglichkeiten des Konzeptes vorgestellt.

The goal of Master's thesis is analysis of suitability of Unicorn Universe service, which is operated by Unicorn Company, for implementation of PRINCE2 project management methodology. Theoretical and Methodological part of Master's thesis includes description of PRINCE2 methodology and description of methods, which are used for requirements analysis and analysis of Unicorn Universe service. The analysis of Unicorn Universe service confirmed that this service is suitable for implementation of PRINCE2 methodology. This suitability is also proven by implementation of chosen part of PRINCE2 methodology. The Master's thesis recommends the implementation of PRINCE2 methodology to Unicorn Universe service. There are estimated economical and non-economical benefits, which are brought by this implementation to Unicorn and Unicorn its clients.

This diploma thesis deals with the requirements engineering as one of the key areas of development of software applications. By requirements prospective users express their needs and goals which shall be achieved using the developed application. The correctness and completeness of the requirements is thus critical for the success of any software project. The main objective of this dissertation is determination of steps which must be made to improve quality of requirements on real software project in Czech financial institution. This is achieved by analysis of current requirements development process as well as by analysis of the sample of specific requirements. One part of the carried out analysis focuses also on the revision of actual settings of Atlassian JIRA application which is used for requirements management. Based on the analysis some crucial shortcomings are identified and steps for their elimination are introduced. This includes, inter alia, manual of how to specify correct requirements and checklists for different actors who work with requirements. The theoretical part gives a comprehensive overview of selected techniques and practices which are applicable for requirements gathering and analysis. Every mentioned technique is then evaluated from the perspective of its usability in the environment of large Czech bank. This overview can be useful both for junior analytics as a collection of best practices and for senior analytics as an overview of possible areas for their professional development.

In der vorliegenden Arbeit wird eine emirische Untersuchung vorgestellt, in der mittels eines multimethodalen Zuganges eine Anforderungsanalyse für intermediäre Tätigkeiten umgesetzt wurde. Genutzt wurden zur Anforderungsanalyse Experteniterviews, eine Anwendung der Grid-Technik, sowie die Critical-Incidence-Technique.

Covid-Pandemin i början av 2020 har på ett eller annat sätt påverkat och begränsat hur anställda arbetar. Flera förändringar har skett som att företag med förutsättningarna förlagt arbetet till de anställdas hem. Detta har bidragit till att spontana interaktioner minskat, nya arbetsmetoder har formats och nya verktyg lanserats. Denna nya situation har medfört en rad utmaningar och möjligheter kring hur anställda samarbetar och delar kunskap kring kundbehov. Syftet med uppsatsen har varit att undersöka hur mjukvaruföretag har anpassat metoder, aktiviteter och arbetsprocesser vid utvecklingsarbetet av mjukvara. Syftet besvaras genom att utreda processerna vid krav och behovsanalys samt till att kartlägga samarbetsverktyg, arbetssituationen hemifrån, interaktioner inom projektgruppen samt vilka möjligheter och hinder som finns vid kontakt med kunder. En kvalitativ intervjustudie genomfördes på två mjukvaruföretag med sex informanter inom olika roller i en projektgrupp med tre krav: att de arbetat på distans under pandemin, att de har kundkontakt samt är involverade i utveckling av mjukvara.  Resultatet visar att distansen leder till möjligheter i kombinationen arbets- och privatliv exempelvis ingen restid, lättare att planera in aktiviteter som barnlämning och hämtning. Vidare pekar resultatet på utmaningar och svårigheter i digitala interaktioner mellan arbetskollegor och kunder som att det exempelvis är svårt att tolka kroppsspråk, ansiktsuttryck och tystnad samt att spontana interaktioner minskat. Utmaningarna leder till att det kan bli svårt att uppfatta tyst kunskap vilket kan påverka arbetet med kravanalys och i sin tur slutprodukten.  Resultatet analyserades genom att betrakta hur kunskap kring kundbehov skapas exempelvis vilka metoder som används samt vilka förutsättningar som projektgruppen lever upp till för framgångsrik kunskapsdelning på distans. Analysen visar att den ökade användningen av digitala verktyg har skapat en social acceptans för digitala möten vilket resulterat i frekvent kontakt med kund samt skapande av mer underlag som exempelvis inspelade möten. När arbetet sker uteslutande via digitala verktyg kan fler roller involveras tidigare i utvecklingsprocessen. Då kommunikationen sker digitalt kan en minskning i förståelse för kundens behov upplevas då exempelvis informella möten inte längre sker samt att metoder som observationer inte längre används. Projektgrupper bör anpassa sig för att möta utmaningarna som distansen medför genom att exempelvis minst en gång om dagen träffa kollegorna i digitala träffar i syfte att ingen ska känna sig ensam och för att stärka samhörigheten. Digitala intervjuer och återkoppling med kund sker oftare och leder till ökad mängd lagrad data som exempelvis inspelningar och mötesanteckningar. Ökningen behöver hanteras i syfte att den blir lättillgänglig för projektmedlemmar. Vidare försöker projektgrupper anpassa sig till minskningen av fysiska interaktioner genom att aktiviteter som observationer och workshops inte längre används. / The Covid-Pandemic at the beginning of 2020 has in one way or another affected and limited how employees work. Changes such as companies with the possibility relocating the work to the employees' homes, changes in spontaneous interactions, new working methods have been formed and new tools have been launched. This new situation has led to several challenges and opportunities regarding how employees collaborate and share knowledge about customer needs. The purpose of the thesis has been to investigate how software companies have adapted methods, activities and work processes. The purpose is answered by investigating the processes for requirements and needs analysis and for mapping collaboration tools, the work situation from home, interactions within the project group and the opportunities and obstacles that exist in contact with customers. A qualitative interview study was conducted at two software companies with six informants in different roles with three requirements: that they worked remotely during the pandemic, that they have customer contact and are involved in software development. The results show that distance work leads to opportunities in the combination of work and private life, for example no travel time and easier planning of picking up children from school. Furthermore, the results point to challenges and difficulties in digital interactions between work colleagues and customers in that, for example, it is difficult to interpret body language, facial expressions and silence and that spontaneous interactions have decreased. The challenges lead to becoming difficult to perceive tacit knowledge, which can affect the work with requirements analysis and in turn the product.  The results were analysed by considering how knowledge about customer needs is created, for example which methods are used and which conditions the project group lives up to for successful knowledge sharing at a distance. The analysis shows that the increased use of digital tools has created a social acceptance for digital meetings, which has resulted in frequent contact with customers and the creation of more data in the form of, for example, recorded meetings. When the work is done exclusively with digital tools, more roles can be involved earlier in the development process. When communication takes place digitally, a reduction in understanding of the customer's needs can be experienced when, for example, informal meetings no longer take place and methods such as observations are no longer used. Project groups should adapt to meet the challenges posed by the distance by, for example, meeting colleagues in digital meetings at least once a day for no one to feel alone and to strengthen cohesion. Digital interviews and customer feedback take place more often and lead to an increased amount of stored data in the form of, for example, recordings and meeting notes. The increase in data needs to be managed for it to be easily accessible to project members. Furthermore, project groups try to adapt to the reduction in understanding and perception of tacit knowledge by no longer using activities such as observations and workshops.

Un développement d'un système débute par la constitution, dans la phase de spécification des besoins, d'un cahier des charges dans lequel un ensemble de scénarios d'utilisation du système est défini avec les contraintes auxquelles il doit obéir, dans lequel chaque scénario est un simple exemple d'exécution du système à concevoir. Une fois que tous les scénarios sont précisés, on obtient une description complète des interactions entre les composants. Toutefois, cette spécification n'est pas directement implémentable, car il est difficile, surtout pour les systèmes les plus complexes, d'apercevoir le comportement d'un système dans sa globalité directement à partir des scénarios. C'est pour cela que ces derniers sont souvent intégrés à d'autres modèles, utilisés dans la conception détaillée, qu'on appelle "les modèles de comportement", en particulier les machines à états [Harel 87] qui permettent de passer de la vue partielle à la vue globale du système afin de répondre à différents problèmes comme la validation du comportement ou la détection des inconsistances au sein du système. Notre thèse a pour but, d'une part, de recenser et étudier différents langages de scénarios, particulièrement les diagrammes de séquences UML et les diagrammes MSC's, et d'autre part de proposer une méthode se synthèse automatique permettant de générer des modèles exécutables à évènements discrets DEVS [Zeigler 76] à partir d'une base de scénarios décrivant le comportement fonctionnel du système. Les modèles obtenus sont déterministes et avec une sémantique formelle qui garantit une interprétation unique de chaque élément des modèles. / A development of a system begins with the constitution, in the phase of requirements analysis, a specification in which a set of scenarios describing the behavior of the system is defined with the constraints that it must obey, where each scenario is a partial representation of the system behavior. However, this specification is not directly implementable, because it is difficult, especially for more complex systems, to observe the global behavior of a system directly from scenario. That is why they are often integrated with other models used in the detailed design, called "behavioral models", in particular State Machines [Harel 87], who allow to move from partial to global view of the system in order to answer different problems such as validation of the behavior or the detection of system inconsistencies. Our thesis aims, firstly, to study different languages of scenarios, especially UML sequence diagrams, and MSC's (Message Sequence Charts), and secondly to propose an automatic synthesis method who generate executable discrete event DEVS models [Zeigler 76] from scenarios describing the desired behavior of a system. The resulting models are executable and deterministic with a formal semantics that ensures a unique interpretation of each element of models. The use of final models simulation traces, taking into account the coverage of the simulation compared to the number of states and transitions visited, allow validating the behavior.