L’autorisation de recourir à la force est une pratique par laquelle le Conseil de sécurité permet à des États membres des Nations Unies ou à des accords ou organismes régionaux, voire au Secrétaire général des Nations Unies de recourir à la coercition militaire. Elle est l’une des circonstances excluant l’illicéité face à l’interdiction de recourir à la force dans les relations internationales dont la règle est posée à l’article 2,§ 4 de la Charte des Nations Unies. Il est évident que cette pratique ne correspond pas clairement à la lettre de la Charte mais elle tire sa légitimité du fait qu’elle permet au Conseil de sécurité de s’acquitter de sa mission principale de maintien de la paix et de la sécurité internationales, étant donné que le système de coercition militaire prévu par la Charte s’avère inapplicable dans la pratique. Il reste que cette pratique est empreinte d’ambiguïté : elle apparaît tantôt comme une intervention des Nations Unies, tantôt comme une action unilatérale au profit de certaines puissances capables de mener des opérations de grande envergure. Cette ambiguïté est encore exacerbée par le problème de l’autorisation présumée que certainsÉtats pourraient déduire des actes du Conseil de sécurité, pour intervenir dans divers conflits. Dans les faits, la pratique de l’autorisation de recourir à la force semble actualiser une tendance belliciste qui caractérisait les époques antérieures. Elle peut, si l’on n’y prend garde, refondre, par pans entiers, les legs du droit contre la guerre (jus contra bellum) issu du XXème siècle, droit qui a été le fruit de longues tribulations dans l’histoire des relations internationales. Le danger le plus grave est que des acquis chèrement négociés risquent d’être jetés par-dessus bord avec trop de facilité et sans délai, pour servir des visées à court terme. / Authorization to use force is a practice whereby the Security Council allows member States of the United Nations or regional arrangements or agencies or the Secretary General of the United Nations to use military coercion. Such authorization circumvents the wrongfulness of using force in international relations as prohibited by article 2, § 4 of the UN Charter. It is obvious that this practice does not match the letter of the Charter, but it derives its legitimacy from the fact that it allows the Security Council to fulfill its primary mission of maintaining peace and security, since the system of military coercion under the Charter is inapplicable in practice. Nonetheless, this practice is marked by ambiguity: sometimes it appears as a UN intervention, and yet sometimes as a unilateral action of certain powers capable of conducting major operations. This ambiguity is exacerbated by the issue of presumed consent to intervene in various conflicts that some States attribute to the Security Council. In fact, the practice of authorization reinforces a hawkish tendency that characterized earlier periods. It can, if unchecked, undo the legacy of the law against war (jus contra bellum) of the twentieth century, which was the fruit of much effort in the history of international relations. The most serious danger is that hard-won negotiated achievements be thrown easily overboard and without delay, in order to serve short term goals.

L’autorisation de recourir à la force est une pratique par laquelle le Conseil de sécurité permet à des États membres des Nations Unies ou à des accords ou organismes régionaux, voire au Secrétaire général des Nations Unies de recourir à la coercition militaire. Elle est l’une des circonstances excluant l’illicéité face à l’interdiction de recourir à la force dans les relations internationales dont la règle est posée à l’article 2,§ 4 de la Charte des Nations Unies. Il est évident que cette pratique ne correspond pas clairement à la lettre de la Charte mais elle tire sa légitimité du fait qu’elle permet au Conseil de sécurité de s’acquitter de sa mission principale de maintien de la paix et de la sécurité internationales, étant donné que le système de coercition militaire prévu par la Charte s’avère inapplicable dans la pratique. Il reste que cette pratique est empreinte d’ambiguïté : elle apparaît tantôt comme une intervention des Nations Unies, tantôt comme une action unilatérale au profit de certaines puissances capables de mener des opérations de grande envergure. Cette ambiguïté est encore exacerbée par le problème de l’autorisation présumée que certainsÉtats pourraient déduire des actes du Conseil de sécurité, pour intervenir dans divers conflits. Dans les faits, la pratique de l’autorisation de recourir à la force semble actualiser une tendance belliciste qui caractérisait les époques antérieures. Elle peut, si l’on n’y prend garde, refondre, par pans entiers, les legs du droit contre la guerre (jus contra bellum) issu du XXème siècle, droit qui a été le fruit de longues tribulations dans l’histoire des relations internationales. Le danger le plus grave est que des acquis chèrement négociés risquent d’être jetés par-dessus bord avec trop de facilité et sans délai, pour servir des visées à court terme. / Authorization to use force is a practice whereby the Security Council allows member States of the United Nations or regional arrangements or agencies or the Secretary General of the United Nations to use military coercion. Such authorization circumvents the wrongfulness of using force in international relations as prohibited by article 2, § 4 of the UN Charter. It is obvious that this practice does not match the letter of the Charter, but it derives its legitimacy from the fact that it allows the Security Council to fulfill its primary mission of maintaining peace and security, since the system of military coercion under the Charter is inapplicable in practice. Nonetheless, this practice is marked by ambiguity: sometimes it appears as a UN intervention, and yet sometimes as a unilateral action of certain powers capable of conducting major operations. This ambiguity is exacerbated by the issue of presumed consent to intervene in various conflicts that some States attribute to the Security Council. In fact, the practice of authorization reinforces a hawkish tendency that characterized earlier periods. It can, if unchecked, undo the legacy of the law against war (jus contra bellum) of the twentieth century, which was the fruit of much effort in the history of international relations. The most serious danger is that hard-won negotiated achievements be thrown easily overboard and without delay, in order to serve short term goals.

Quel est le régime juridique applicable à la qualification juridique du site internet ? Cette question a pour intérêt d'inviter à un voyage dans des arcanes juridiques trop peu visités par les auteurs. Cette thèse ravira donc autant l'universitaire que le juriste spécialisé. Son ambition est d’éclairer juridiquement sur les spécificités du statut juridique du site internet, en parcourant aussi bien l’ensemble des dispositions concernant la réalisation d’un site internet que son exploitation. Pour faciliter sa lecture, la thèse est divisée en deux parties. La première est dédiée à la réalisation de sites internet, avec principalement, d’une part les contrats : le contrat de conception de sites internet, le contrat d’hébergement, le contrat de référencement et le contrat de maintenance ainsi que l’encadrement juridique de chacun d’eux, et, d’autre part, les nombreuses formalités du site internet à respecter : dépôt légal, noms de domaine, mentions légales et déclarations CNIL, ainsi que l'étude de la relation site internet-droit d’auteur. La deuxième partie de cette thèse est dédiée à l’exploitation de sites internet, avec d’une part la communication en ligne et, d’autre part, la relation site internet-publicité, le commerce électronique et le fonds de commerce électronique. Cette thèse souligne avec pertinence qu'internet n'est pas simplement un outil universel, mais aussi une matière vivante, interrogeant le juriste, jour après jour, innovation après innovation, dans sa recherche de solutions toujours plus audacieuses répondant aux problématiques posées par la nature de l’évolution des sites internet. / What is the legal framework regulating the web site? The main purpose of this question is to invite the reader into the world of web sites and the surrounding legal regime. The doctoral law thesis aims to shed light on the specificities of the web site’s legal framework. The thesis is divided into two parts: the first part is dedicated to the legal provisions of web site development and the second part is dedicated to the provisions of web site processing. The first part of the thesis, dedicated to the development of web sites, studies the different types of contracts related to web sites including web site development and design contracts, hosting contracts, search engine optimization, and content management system contracts. In addition, it delves into the web site’s requirements: legal web site registration, domain name, legal information and the independent administrative authority protecting privacy and personal data (CNIL), and last but not least the relationship website-copyright. The second part of the thesis, dedicated to the management of web sites, studies online communication, e-commerce, the relationship web site-advertisement, and digital business assets. This doctoral thesis therefore emphasizes the fact that the Internet is not only a universal tool, but also a living matter that challenges the legal profession day after day, and innovation after innovation to encompass new solutions and new regulations as a response to the arising conflicts posed by the evolution of web sites.

This thesis discusses the alternative dispute resolution methods in trade relations. The main objective of this thesis is to describe and analyze ADR as a group of methods used to resolute disputes with focus on two main methods - mediation and arbitration. My objective is to describe the main principles of ADR, to compare their main advantages and disadvantages and to analyse the process of resoluting disputes by these methods. Another objective is to evaluate and analyze the development of ADR in the Czech Republic, their legal regulation and its current status. A short part of the thesis concerns about regulation of mediation in the EU and the analysis of implementation of the European Parliament and Council Directive 2008/52/EC dated May 21, 2008 to national legislation. Thesis is divided into five separate chapters. The first, introductory chapter only briefly discusses about dispute and conflict and ways they can be solved. The second chapter already characterizes ADR as a group methods of dispute resolution, its main principles, advantages and disadvantages and finally briefly describes some of the ADR. The third and fourth chapter focuses on the mediation, its principles, advantages, disadvantages, the mediation process and mediator. It monitors the development of mediation in the Czech republic and the current situation in the legal regulation of mediation in the country. The last chapter deals with arbitration. It describes its basic principles, advantages and disadvantages again. The conclusion discusses the czech Arbitration law and the forthcoming amendment.

Esta dissertação investiga a relação entre eficiência econômica e reclamações trabalhistas. Especificamente, neste trabalho desenvolvemos um modelo teórico baseado na Teoria dos Jogos que explica o funcionamento econômico dos casos de reclamações trabalhistas, com ênfase na escolha entre soluções negociadas ou litigiosas para as mesmas. O texto dá atenção especial ao sistema existente no Brasil das Câmaras de Conciliação Prévia. Também testamos empiricamente as conclusões teóricas do modelo, para obter apoio empírico às suas previsões. Com base nas evidências obtidas, sugerimos alguns aperfeiçoamentos para melhorar o funcionamento das regras de solução das reclamações trabalhistas para extrair maior eficiência econômica destes procedimentos. / This dissertation investigates the relationship between economic efficiency and labor complaints. Specifically, this work developed a theoretical model based on Games Theory which explains the economic functioning of labor complaints cases, with emphasis on the choice between negotiated or litigant solutions to them. The text gives special attention to the existing system in Brazil called Câmaras de Conciliação Prévia (Prior Conciliation Boards). Moreover, we also have tested empirically the conclusions of the theoretical model, aiming to find empirical support to its forecasts. Based on the evidence obtained, we suggest some improvements to the functioning of the labor complaints solution rules, in order to extract greater economic efficiency from these procedures.

Dado um grupo G, a definição dos grupos de cohomologia com coeficientes em um ZG-módulo M podem ser dadas usando as técnicas usuais da Álgebra Homológica, que garantem a existência de resoluções projetivas P de Z como um ZG-módulo trivial, a equivalência entre resoluções distintas etc. Podemos também construir o produto cup em cohomologia, cuja definição depende de uma aproximação da diagonal para a resolução projetiva P. Entretanto, o cálculo explicito de tais resoluções e dos grupos de cohomologia pode ser bastante difícil na prática, e ainda mais difícil a obtenção de uma aproximação da diagonal. Nesta tese, obteremos resoluções livres e aproximações da diagonal para os grupos fundamentais das superfícies que são espaços K(G,1) e também para o grupo fundamental de fibrados do toro com base S^1, bem como a estrutura de anel de cohomologia de tais grupos. Ainda, para certos grupos virtualmente cíclicos G, obteremos o anel de cohomologia calculando diretamente uma resolução livre e uma aproximação da diagonal, ou então usando a sequência espectral de Lyndon-Hochschild-Serre. A motivação para o estudo da primeira família de grupos vem do fato de representarem variedades de dimensão 2 e 3, e da segunda família por ser constituída de grupos que atuam em esferas de homotopia. / Given a group G, a definition for its cohomology groups with coefficients in a given ZG-module M can be given using the standard techniques of Homological Algebra, that ensure the existence of projective resolutions P of Z as a trivial ZG-module, the equivalence between two such resolutions etc . We can also construct the cup product, whose definition depends on a diagonal approximation for a given projective resolution P. However, the explicit computation of such resolutions and of the cohomology groups may be very hard in practice, and even worse may be the task of constructing a diagonal approximation. In this thesis, we obtain free resolutions and diagonal approximations for the fundamental groups of surfaces that are K(G,1) spaces and for the fundamental group of the torus bundle with the circle as the base space, as well as the structure of the cohomology ring of these groups. Also, for some virtually cyclic groups, we obtain the cohomology ring by an explicit computation of a free resolution and a diagonal approximation, or by the Lyndon-Hochschild-Serre spectral sequence. The motivation for the study of the first family of groups comes from the fact that such groups represent manifolds of dimension 2 and 3, and the groups of the second family act on homotopy spheres.

A complexidade de um módulo M, sobre uma álgebra de dimensão finita R, é a medida do crescimento da dimensão de suas sizigias. No nosso trabalho, estudamos esse conceito, nos concentrando muito mais no caso das álgebras autoinjetiva. Relacionamos esse crescimento com o comportamento da componente do carcás de Auslander-Reiten, a qual o módulo M pertence. Em particular, estudamos, com bastante cuidado, o caso em que a complexidade é 1, o que significa que a dimensão das sizigias são eventualmente constante. Surpreendentemente, o comportamento de todos os módulos numa mesma componente é muito parecido. / The complexity of a module M under a finite dimensional algebra R is the measure of the growth of its syzygies\' dimension. In our work, we study this concept concentrating on the case of the selfinjective algebras. We relate this growth with the behavior of the Auslander-Reiten component containing this module. In particular, we study, carefully, the case in which the complexity is 1. Surprisingly, the behavior of every module in the same component as M is very similar.

La paramétrisation du transfert de chaleur par télédétection, basée sur le schéma SEBS, s'est déjà avérée très adaptée pour l'estimation de l'évapotranspiration (ET) sur des surfaces naturelles homogènes. Cependant, l'utilisation d'une telle méthode pour des paysages hétérogènes (e.g. régions semi-arides ou surfaces agricoles) est plus délicate, puisque le principe de la théorie de la similarité est compromis par la présence de différentes sources de chaleur et de hauteurs variées. Dans un premier temps, cette thèse a pour objectif de proposer et d'évaluer différents modèles basés sur la géométrie de la végétation qui permettent d'estimer la longueur de rugosité pour le transfert de quantité de mouvement à la surface (z0m), cette dernière étant un paramètre clé dans la caractérisation du transfert de chaleur. En revanche, une telle investigation ne peut être menée qu'à une petite échelle et à l'aide de données de télédétection très haute résolution permettant ainsi une description très détaillée de la surface. Ensuite, le second aspect de ce travail est de caractériser le transfert de chaleur dans le cas d'études régionales. Puis, la capacité de SEBS à estimer les flux de chaleur turbulents à de grandes échelles spatiales et temporelles sera évaluée. Pour ce faire, l’approche multi-échelle de SEBS (MSSEBS) a été implémentée afin de traiter une zone de 2,4 millions km2, incluant le Plateau du Tibet et l’amont des principaux fleuves d’Asie du sud-est. La combinaison de données horaires de température de surface FY-2 avec un rayonnement net journalier et des paramètres de surface avancés, permet de produire une série temporelle d’ET sur le Plateau du Tibet pour la période 2008-2010, et à une fréquence journalière. / The parameterization of heat transfer by remote sensing, and based on SEBS scheme for turbulent heat fluxes retrieval, already proved to be very convenient for estimating evapotranspiration (ET) over homogeneous land surfaces. However, the use of such a method over heterogeneous landscapes (e.g. semi-arid regions or agricultural land) becomes more difficult, since the principle of similarity theory is compromised by the presence of different heat sources with various heights. This thesis aims at first to propose and evaluate some models based on vegetation geometry for retrieving the surface roughness length for momentum transfer (z0m), which is a key parameter in the characterization of heat transfer. Such an investigation can only be led at a small scale with very-high resolution remote sensing data, for a precise description of the land surface. Therefore, the second aspect of this work is to determine how to address the characterization of heat transfer for regional studies. Then, the reliability of SEBS for estimating turbulent heat fluxes at large spatial and temporal scales has been evaluated. To do so, the Multi-Scale SEBS approach (MSSEBS) has been implemented for a 2.4 million km2 area including the Tibetan Plateau and the headwaters of the major rivers of East and South Asia. The addition of gap-filled hourly FY-2 LST data to advanced daily averaged net radiation and land surface parameters, allows to compute time-series of land surface ET over the Tibetan Plateau during the period 2008-2010, and on a daily basis.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-27T16:57:44Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Irineu Motta Filho.pdf: 3152803 bytes, checksum: 21da1746d05d62356344bd1c5afb711f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006-06-01 / The objective of this work is to identify attitudes and procedures related to students of EJA - Educação de Jovens e Adultos (Education for Young and Adult Students) concemed to problem resolutions. It is based upon a documental and bibliographic research as well as a diagnostic evaluation carried through 32 students of lhe first grade in lhe same class of senior high school, located in lhe county of Jundiaí, state of São Paulo. By means of suggestions of activities to lhe resolution of problems on which we tried to contemplate a wide range of altematives such as lhe quantity of problems resolutions, lhe Mathematic domination involved,we also tried to identifyand analyze attitudes and strategies of lhe students in those situations. Our purpose with this work is that of searching altematives in arder lhe students of EJA could be very close to lhe mathematics and, of course, they can make use of lhe daily experiences to overcome their fears related to their own capacity of leaming Mathematics.We also expect that educators who teach Mathematics for young aro adult students could make use of our work. / o presente trabalho tem como objetivo identificar as atitudes e procedimentos de alunos da Educação de Jovens e Adultos (EJA) frente à resolução de problemas. Utiliza pesquisa bibliográfica e documental e baseia-se numa avaliação diagnóstica realizada com 32 alunos de uma mesmaturma da 1a série do Ensino Médio, localizadano municípiode Jundiaí. Por meio de propostas de atividades de resolução de problemas em que procuramos contemplar diferentes variáveis, como o número de soluções do problema, o domínio matemático envolvido, buscamos identificar e analisar as atitudes e estratégias dos alunos nessas situações. Nossa intenção com este trabalho é a de buscar alternativa para a aproximação dos alunos da EJA com a Matemática, utilizando suas experiências cotidianas e superando medos relacionados à própria capacidade de aprender Matemática. Esperamos ainda que nosso trabalho possa ser utilizado por professores que atuam na EJA, ensinando Matemática

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T20:23:28Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Lais Rabello Zaros.pdf: 1612661 bytes, checksum: f404957fa913dbdcfe5df832d6d62d0a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-02-12 / The main purpose of this essay is to demonstrate that the use of the alternative dispute resolution (mainly mediation and conciliation) is the most appropriate way to resolve conflicts of family matters. The study found that the alternative dispute resolution have characteristics that make them ideal for the resolution of family conflicts, for its possibility to take into consideration the most profound aspects of the family relations, that lead to most disputes. The adjudication of the controversy may analyze only the superficial aspects of the conflict, leading to the generation of new disputes amongst the members of the family, and does not contribute to the social peace, sought in all family relationships. The Public Defenders have the institutional obligation of using the alternative dispute resolutions, therefore have a key role in the promotion and effective use of non-adversarial methods of resolving family disputes. The practical experience has shown that the ADRs are effective for bringing social peace and justice distribution, ultimate purpose of the Law / O principal objetivo dessa dissertação é demonstrar que a utilização das formas consensuais de resolução de conflitos (principalmente mediação e conciliação) é a maneira mais adequada de resolver as disputas nascidas em Direito de Família. O estudo considerou que os meios consensuais de resolução de disputas possuem características que os tornam ideais para a resolução de conflitos familiares, já que têm a possibilidade de levar em consideração aspectos mais profundos das relações entre as pessoas, que culminam com a ocorrência dos conflitos. A adjudicação estatal, em tais matérias, analisa apenas superficialmente a questão, de modo que não impede a formação de novos conflitos, tampouco pacifica profundamente a relação das partes. A Defensoria Pública do Estado de São Paulo possui como missão institucional a utilização de tais formas consensuais de forma primordial, razão pela qual tem papel fundamental no fomento e na adoção de métodos não-adversariais de solução de conflitos familiares. A experiência prática tem demonstrado que as formas consensuais são eficazes para a pacificação social com justiça, finalidade última do Direito